Search

Ole Nymoen / Wolfgang M. Schmitt: Influencer: Die Ideologie der Werbekörper. Berlin: Suhrkamp 2021. 978-3-518-07640-8

Während globale Werbeausgaben kontinuierlich steigen und wissenschaftliche Publikationen Beweise für den Einfluss des Medienumfelds auf den Werbeerfolg präsentieren, wird das Verständnis für das Vertrauen in Medienmarken und die Möglichkeit dieses zu managen und zu messen immer relevanter. Entgegen der Relevanz dieses Bereiches gibt es weder eine stichhaltige Definition der Medienmarke, noch eine etablierte Methode das Vertrauen in Medienmarken und damit verbundener Einflüsse des Halo Effects in der digitalen Werbeindustrie zu messen. In dieser Publikation wird ein Beitrag zur Medienforschung und -praxis präsentiert, der ein konzeptuelles Modell des Vertrauens in Medienmarken entwickelt und einen Ausblick auf weiter Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen der Entwicklung einer Media Brand Trust Scale aufzeigt. Die Skala wird für Medienmarken und Werbetreibende entwickelt, um das Vertrauen in die Marke zu messen und die Mediaplanung zu optimieren. Der Beitrag fokussiert die Definition des Konstrukts "Medienmarke" basierend auf einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche, die Erforschung der Media Economics Theory zur Beschreibung von Konsumenteneffekten und die Untersuchung der Verbindung dieser Effekte mit bewussten und unbewussten Reaktionen von Konsumenten auf Werbekontakte im Rahmen der Forschung zur Verhaltensökonomie und Psychologie. Abschließend wird ein konzeptuelles Modell präsentiert, das die Effekte von Vertrauen in Medienmarken auf digitale Werbekampagnen darlegt., As advertising spending is growing continuously and research provides evidence for the impact of the environment on advertising effectiveness, understanding, measuring, and managing trust in media brands has become crucial to media brands and advertisers alike. However, there is neither a timely, theoretically sound definition and conceptualization of a media brand nor an established mode of measuring media brand trust and accompanying halo effects in the digital advertising technology industry. Thus, this study aims at contributing to media research and practice by proposing an integrated conceptual model of media brand trust and at showing avenues for a research agenda to establish a related media brand trust scale that can also be used by media, agencies and advertisers to measure advertising effectiveness and, subsequently, manage media planning. First a (re-)definition of the construct ‘media brand’ based on an extensive literature review is developed. Second, drawing on media economics theory, audience effects on media brand trust are explained. Third, these effects are connected to behavioral economics and psychology to investigate subconscious and conscious consumer level responses to ads embedded in digital media. Finally an integrated conceptual model is created that can explain media brand trust effects on digital advertising.

New data collection methods and processing capabilities facilitate online personalization of advertisements but also challenge youth's understanding of how these methods work. Teenagers are often unaware of the commercial use of their personal information and are susceptible to the persuasive effects of personalized advertising. This raises questions about their ability to engage in privacy-protecting behaviors. This article examines teenagers' coping responses to commercial data collection and subsequent personalized advertising, considering their limited knowledge. Ten focus groups with 35 teenagers aged 12–14 were conducted. The findings show that teenagers hold certain folk theories (i.e., incomplete and/or inaccurate representations of reality) about how and why their personal information is being collected for commercial purposes (e.g., commercial data collection is unavoidable or all principles of privacy statements are the same). Their coping responses regarding commercial data collection (e.g., limiting information disclosure or refusing to accept privacy policies) and personalized advertising (e.g., trying to change settings or avoiding interaction) are often based on these folk theories and embedded in their everyday practices. Despite teenagers' efforts, we argue that their responses might not always be effective. Implications for educators, advertisers, and policymakers are discussed.

It has been traditionally estimated that children begin to understand the persuasive intent of advertising at about the age of 8 which is when they acquire the skills of adult consumers. The ability to identify and interpret the persuasive content that minors are exposed to via mobile phones was analyzed through semi-structured interviews of children aged 10 to 14 years along with their parents in 20 households. Although minors seem to be able to recognize the persuasive intent of advertising, this does not necessarily mean that they have a deep understanding of the new digital formats that combine persuasion and entertainment. Data analysis of the interviews shows low recognition of the persuasive intent of commercial messages that are not explicitly identified as such, particularly on social networks. Data collected after minors viewing of different examples allowed researchers to conclude that standardized advertising is mainly identified by its format. Three levels of advertising processing were detected in minors: the liking of the advertisement, the affinity for the advertised product, and the ability to contrast the claims with searches for comments, forums or opinions of influencers. Recent research verified that conceptual knowledge of the persuasive intention of the advertising does not suffice for minors to interpret the message, a fact that must be taken into account when developing advertising literacy. For parents, the amount of time spent on these devices and the type of use minors make of their cellphones or the relationships they establish on them are more relevant than exposure to advertising itself.

Our study stresses the importance of developing understandable and easily recognizable ad disclosures for adolescents as a specific target group of social media influencer (SMI) advertising. A comprehensive advertising literacy concept that includes a cognitive, performative, and attitudinal component builds the theoretical background of the present research. We examine the effectiveness of ad disclosure in the native language of adolescent Instagram users, explore their understanding of the economic mechanism behind SMIs' advertising activities, and their skepticism toward sponsored content. Furthermore, we analyze the role that sponsorship transparency on Instagram stories plays in adolescents’ responses to advertising. A three-level between-subjects survey-based experimental design (manipulating the absence of ad disclosure versus ad disclosure in the participants' native language versus standardized paid partnership ad disclosure in English) was conducted online with female adolescent participants (N = 241) in a European country. Findings showed that adolescents who understand the economic model behind SMI advertising have positive intentions toward the SMI and intend to spread online information about the promoted brand. However, even if ad disclosure made in the adolescents' native language improved ad recognition, such knowledge did not result in more sophisticated defense mechanisms in the form of critical evaluations of the ads.

Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Spannungsverhältnis von "Vertrauen" (Luhmann 2001) und Kommerz, den Mütterbloggerinnen im Zuge von Markenkooperationen mit Firmen ausloten müssen und thematisiert einen Wertekonsens in Hinblick auf Konsum, "Authentizität" (Reckwitz 2012) und Profitorientierung innerhalb der Blogcommunity., This article examines the conflict between "trust" (Luhmann 2001) and commerce, which mother bloggers have to explore in the course of brand cooperation with companies and shows the consensus of values ​​regarding consumption, "authenticity" (Reckwitz 2012) and profit orientation within the blog community.

From content marketing and corporate publishing to storytelling and brand PR - the literature contains many examples of hybrid structures in strategic communication in general and more specifically in public relations (PR). The question that arises is which problem these hybrid structures solve. This article focuses on a systems theoretical basis on the function of these hybrid structures. Hybridization is understood as a process by which a social system adopts program structures of another system. Hybridization as a strategy assumes an innovation function in systems and facilitates learning. Hybridizations can be observed in PR on two logical levels: Firstly, PR is itself the result of a hybridization process. This is an example of how differentiated systems can originate from hybrid structures. Secondly, like every form of strategic communication, PR suffers from a lack of trustworthiness, attention and relevance of its communication objects. In order to be able to continue to influence decisions in the interest of those described positively, PR unscrupulously adopts structures of journalism, advertising and entertainment.

Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? Using the Facebook advertising tool, we implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning almost 8,000 postal codes to Save the Children fundraising videos or to a pure control. We studied changes in the volume and frequency of donations to Save the Children and other charities by postal code. Our design circumvents many shortcomings inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) video fundraising increased donation frequency and value to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks; (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser; and (iii) the effects were similar independent of video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found non-negligible crowding out of donations to other similar charities or projects. Finally, we demonstrated that click data are an inappropriate proxy for donations and recommend that managers use careful experimental designs that can plausibly evaluate the effects of advertising on relevant outcomes.

Ewige Jugend ist ein uralter Menschheitstraum. Er war schon lange zur Ware geworden, bevor Anfang der 1990er-Jahre der Ausdruck "Anti-Aging" geprägt wurde. Das macht bereits ein flüchtiger Blick in die illustrierten Magazine der Weimarer Republik deutlich. In fast jeder Ausgabe finden sich Anzeigen, mit denen für den verjüngenden Effekt eines Nahrungsergänzungsmittels oder eines Hormonpräparats, einer Schönheitsoperation oder eines Fitnessprogramms geworben wurde. Hundertfach gewähren solche Anzeigen, die unter anderem von (inter)nationalen Kosmetik- und Pharmaherstellern, Privatkliniken und Kureinrichtungen in Auftrag gegeben wurden, einen Einblick in den Verjüngungsdiskurs der 1920er- und frühen 1930er-Jahre. Zudem zeugen sie von der raschen Expansion der damaligen Verjüngungsindustrie und belegen, wie sehr diese Industrie und die Weimarer Bilderblätter, die wie "kaum ein zweites Medium [...] die Befindlichkeiten der Epoche" spiegeln, voneinander profitierten.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a pillar for any organization to portray the positive reputation of the organization to the public. The image and commitment of CSR initiatives reflect the corporate brand of the organization. This study aims to have a better understanding of brand and CSR from the role of public relations practitioner involving two telecommunication companies namely Maxis Berhad and Axiata group which are public-listed companies in Malaysia. A qualitative in-depth interview was carried out with both public relations senior practitioners. Findings indicated that public relations practitioners from both telecommunication companies have a common understanding of branding CSR within the respective company. Despite, the differences in the basis of branding CSR, it is also found that CSR plays an important role to strengthen the corporate brand.

This study examines the significance and the favorability of brand placements in Indian film industry (Bollywood) movies that would generate revenues and reduce the risk of production costs for the decision makers (film production houses). A theoretical model built on Cue utilization theory is used to assess the number of brand placements in movies with respect to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. The model is empirically tested on a sample of top 100 Bollywood movies that were box-office successes during two decades (1995-2015). The findings suggest that genre of a movie (intrinsic cue) and star power (extrinsic cue) serve as important indicators in placing brands in Bollywood movies. In particular, specific genre-comedy, drama and romance-attract more number of brand placements, as does the starring role of superstars in movies.

The purpose of this article was to examine the perception of the audience regarding the portrayal of women in Indian TV advertisements and the perception difference among them on the basis of their gender. 125 young adults comprising of 63 males and 62 females were selected randomly as the sample for the study. Primary data was collected through the survey method with the help of structured questionnaire. The study explored that majority of the respondents agreed that women in Indian TV advertisements are mostly depicted as young and beautiful, and rarely shown enjoying equal status with men and as professionals. They were not feeling much uncomfortable towards the sexual portrayal of women in advertisements. The study further revealed that gender has a great influence on the perception of the audience regarding the portrayal of women in Indian TV advertisements. Female in comparison to male were found to be more critical about the portrayal of women in Indian TV advertisements.

This paper uses a cultural approach to provide rich original qualitative data on the perspectives of female PR training students who newly finished their university degree in public relations in Bahrain. The research analyzes the relationships and stereotypes of these women through bridging PR education to the professional practice of public relations in the cultural context of Bahrain. The researcher adopts a cultural approach to analyze the data using cultural dimensions such as Hofstede (1994) and Hall (1976) in addition to theoretical concepts based on the literature on gender and power. The contribution of this research is that it is the first paper that offers primary data on female public relations education in Bahrain and its impact on the perceptions of female PR practitioners in term of leadership roles, image and power relationships from a cultural angle

Fairness industry is a multi-billion business endorsing the notion that being 'fair' is beautiful and being 'dusky' is always risky. This article explores how the advertising of fairness cream belittles the existence of women in India. Focusing on the promotion of whitening brands as a case study, the authors bring out the contradictions and unverifiable assertions in the marketing philosophy of beauty, the social obsession, the aspirations of young men and women, the Bollywood glamour, and the darker side of fairness. It is appalling to see the reckless promotional campaigns even when the tons of whitening tubes cannot change what is genetically determined by the amount of melanin in the skin. Such advertising campaigns of whitening creams and their strategies rob not only the consumers of their self-esteem but also infuse a false sense of inferiority and guilt. The article seeks to understand the marketing campaigns of whitening creams and suggests that their advertising appeals can be altered to salvage the image of Indian women whose survival is not just confined to the skin tone. It further urges the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)1 to have stringent guidelines to check the representation of stereotypical assumptions of women and their social status in advertisements.

The guerrillas of the modern day marketing arena have been eyeing the innovative strategies to promote their products. They aim to grab the maximum attention with least amount the capital spent. This is what guerrilla marketing revolves around. YouTube has evolved as one such platform. It is being used as a powerful medium by the marketing managers to advertise their products on a world-wide stage by less spending. The paper throws light on the effectiveness of YouTube as a guerrilla strategy to know what attributes in a YouTube advertisement attracts the viewers to view and like it. Content analysis of fifty advertisements on YouTube of the consumer electronics segment has been done to know how the audience response to this new form of advertising platform.

In the paper, the authors have reviewed common actions, an aim of which is consumer engagement in interactions with a brand in social media. They have also reviewed engagement types and effects of their use. Based on a literature review, in a clearer way, the authors have presented attributes of Internet marketing and explored brand-marketing challenges on the Internet. Authors have summarized the information on Russian users' efforts in social media. Based on empirical data, the researchers have made a portrait of media actors and the audience in Russian social media, identified target groups among consumers by a number of criteria. They have also completed an analysis of common ways for promotion of companies (brands) and their products and services, taking into account a structure of social media users and specifics of communication channels. Findings include identified most common lines of business for promotion in a competitive social media based on efficiency of the engagement response (rate) per brand/product-specific page or post. These data have made it possible to formalize strategic goals and possible results of brand marketing for various types of social media.

Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? We implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning all of the country's 8,000 zip codes to Save the Children Facebook fundraising videos or a pure control and studied changes in the volume of donations to this and other similar charities by zip code. Our design circumvents many shortcomings inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) the video fundraising increased donation frequency and value to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks; (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser; and (iii) the effects were similar independent of the video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found that the overall volume of donations does not increase, due to a massive crowding out of donations to other similar charities. Finally, we demonstrate that click data are an inappropriate proxy for donations.

Gegenwärtig hat sich der schlanke Körper zum Idealbild für Frauen in allen Altersgruppen etabliert. Schlankheit bildet somit einen festen Bestandteil des weiblichen Schönheitsideals sowie der Geschlechterrolle. Insbesondere die Medien prägen das gesellschaftliche Körperideal und dessen Wahrnehmung. Ebenso sind Medien dafür verantwortlich, dass Körper- und Schönheitsideale immer präsenter und nachahmenswerter erscheinen. So werden in der Werbung präsentierte Darsteller*innen als repräsentant für die gesamte Bevölkerung wahrgenommen und prägen somit gesellschaftliche Idealvorstellungen maßgeblich. Körperideale sind jedoch keine geschichtslosen Erscheinungen, sondern weisen historische Prägungen auf. Sie stellen ein Symbol der jeweiligen Gesellschaft dar und sind von deren Strukturen geprägt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zwei Werbeanzeigen für Körpergewichtsregulierungsprodukte aus den Jahren 1967 und 2016 gegenübergestellt, um die mediale Aufbereitung und Kommunikation von Körperidealen im zeitlichen Verlauf näher zu beleuchten. Außerdem wird die Verbreitung der Personenwaage als Selbstvermessungsinstrument im 20. Jahrhundert in Haushalten vorgestellt. Dies zeigt wie auch die Vermessung als Methode der Selbstnormalisierung (durch Einübung des Selbstabgleichens mit der Norm) Zusammenhänge mit der Verbreitung des vorherrschenden Körperideals aufweist., Today the slim body established as a ideal for women of all ages. Slimness is an inherent part of the female ideal of beauty just like the gender role. Especially the media influence the social ideal of body image and its perception. Media is also a reason that the ideal of body images and beauty become more presentative and important. In commercials actors are depicted as a representative for the whole population and influence the social perceptions of ideal essentially. Ideals of body image are not a modern invention but rather a phenomenon with a historical development. They are a symbol of the population and are influenced by its social structures. Two ads for diet products from the years 1967 and 2016 are compared to demonstrate the historical development of the communication of body image ideals in the media. Furthermore the dissemination of personal scales in households in the 20th century are presented to demonstrate how self-measurement as a method of self-normalization (by comparing the self with the norm) is linked to the dissemination of prevailing ideals of body image.

Die Globalisierung erfasst die japanischen Inseln: ökonomisch über das Weltwährungssystem, kulturell über das Weltwerbesystem. Der Einheit des global zirkulierenden Geldes entsprechen interkulturelle Werbekampagnen, Textbausteine, Bildsprachen. Der erste, theoretische Teil des vorliegenden Bandes deutet Werbung als ein äußeres Komplement zum innerökonomischen Medium Geld. Als Verpackungshaut der Wirtschaft spiegelt sie die Latenz der Produktion: Subjektivität, Träume, Körperbezüge und kulturelle Identität. Der zweite, empirische Teil erläutert Werbeslogans aus dem Reich der Zeichen: pure Lust am Text für Wissenschaftler und Manager.

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las campañas electorales organizadas por los candidatos y los partidos políticos durante el proceso de elecciones presidenciales de 2018 en México. Se aborda desde la perspectiva teórica del pluralismo democrático como condición política necesaria para el desarrollo de prácticas políticas y de comunicación novedosas, las que se caracterizaron, por un lado, por la flexibilización de las plataformas ideológicas tradicionales de los principales partidos competidores, que dotaron de un carácter especialmente pragmático a este proceso al formalizar coaliciones políticas inéditas. Y, por otro lado, esta condición democrática facilitó el despliegue de estrategias de comunicación que por sus características se denominan: tierra, digital y aire, en las cuales se usaron de forma intensiva recursos financieros, técnicos y humanos autorizados por el INE para dar a conocer sus proyectos de gobierno, incrementando la interacción entre candidatos y electores y promoviendo con ello la pluralización política del votante y la participación electoral de forma dirigida., The purpose of this paper is to analyze the electoral campaigns organized by candidates and political parties during the 2018 elections presidential in Mexico, from the theoretical perspective of democratic pluralism as a necessary political condition for the development of novel political and communication practices, which were characterized, on the one hand, by the flexibilization of the traditional ideological platforms of the main competing parties, which endowed this process with a particularly pragmatic character, by formalizing unprecedented political coalitions. On the other hand, this democratic condition facilitated the deployment of communication strategies that based on their characteristics are termed as land, air and digital, in which financial, technical and human resources authorized for ine, to publicize their projects were used intensively, thus increasing the interaction between candidates and voters, and promoting the political pluralization of the voter and electoral participation in a targeted manner.

Humans have always been prone to adorning the truth and to producing twisted fallacious arguments in order to sketch a truth (i.e., their own truth) that best suited their interest at a certain time, within certain circumstances. Even more, the communication climate of nowadays has moved from face-to-face communication - that offered a limited kit of means to mold the truth - towards the emerging technology mediated virtual communication that enhances the dressing up and the re-shaping of truth to make the message more appealing to its target public to such an extent that truth loses its substance and may turn into its opposite. Advertising messaging exhibits some contradictory characteristics that are involved in producing what we call and aim at coining here as the Műnchausen Effect. Our research findings have shown that all of the 100 taglines on bestslogans.com relied on enthymematic argumentation and where erroneous in terms of content, all as non sequitur fallacies. However, due to the ambiguity brought about by their elliptical structure (as all of them lacked the conclusion and at least one of the premises), these implicit arguments have proved hard to analyze with regard to the specific kind of fallacies that could hide beyond the missing premise(s), as one could imagine any kind of missing premise(s), where there is an elliptical structure of argumentation. This difficulty that is encountered leaves room to another kind of approach to research in communication, the quantum approach that in critical thinking may have to do with informal logic, and that takes into account creativity and the Umberto Eco idea of opera aperta. We may dwell on such an approach in a further study.

En este artículo, e) autor realiza una lectura de las particularidades que caracterizaron a la competencia electoral en el ámbito de comunicación. Partiendo de las implicaciones de las reformas constitucionales de 1996 (donde se garantizaban las condiciones de equidad en la competencia electoral para los comicios de 1997), analiza la presencia de los partidos políticos en los medios de comunicación, el impacto de aquélla en éstos y las perspectivas para las elecciones del año 2000., In this article the author gives us a reading of the particularities that characterized the electoral competition in the ambit of communications. Starting from the implications of the constitutional reforms of 1996 (whereby the conditions of equity for the electoral competition of 1997 was fully guaranteed) he analyzes the presence of political in the communications media, its impact and the perspectives for the election of the year 2000.

¿Cómo organizan los políticos su discurso en los mensajes televisivos? ¿A qué elementos tecnológicos e ideológicos recurren para la construcción de la propaganda televisiva? ¿Hacen uso de emociones en su propaganda? ¿Cómo utilizan los instrumentos mediáticos para apelar a ellas y de qué forma? El propósito del presente artículo es dar respuesta a estas integrantes, a partir del análisis del uso de las emociones en la propaganda política en televisión durante los más recientes procesa electorales presidenciales celebrados en España y en México., Elow are politicians organizing their discourse on N? What are tlie rnost common technolo- gical and ideological resources to construct TV propaganda? Do they use emotions? Elow do tliey use media intruments to appeal to tliern, and in wliat way?The purpose of this article is to answer tliese questions analising tlie use of negative and positive emotions in Üie political advertising of the rnain candidatesduring tlie last presidential elections in México and Spain.

Este artículo analiza las estrategias de campaña publicitarias de los candidatos en las elecciones presidenciales de 2006 en México a partir de los resultados de las encuestas electorales y de las vicisitudes experimentadas por los entrevistados en la configuración de la decisión del voto en el contexto de las campañas. Asimismo, se intenta responder una serie de preguntas derivadas de la problemática, tales como: ¿detectan las encuestas las variaciones de las preferencias electorales en el transcurso de la campaña electoral?, ¿existe relación entre las actividades de campaña y las variaciones en las preferencias electorales?, ¿impactan las campañas publicitarias en la definición del voto electoral?, This article analyzes the strategies of publicity campaigns followed by the candidates of the presidential election of 2006 in Mexico taken from the results of the electoral polls and of the difficulties encountered by those interviewed on the configuration of the decision around the vote within the contexts of the campaigns. It also intends to answer a series of questions derived from the problematic, such as, do the polls detect the variations on electoral preferences during the course of the electoral campaign?, Is there a relation between the campaign activities and the variations in the electoral preferences? Do the publicity campaigns have an impact on the definition of the electoral vote?

En este artículo, la autora analiza la definición del proceso comunicativo que se sigue en las instituciones públicas procurando profundizar en un estudio que abarque los distintos modos de comunicación que en ellas se aplica y que tantas veces resultan confusos en su identificación. La autora sostiene que partimos de un discurso político que, en muchas ocasiones, deja a un lado el fin meramente informativo de la administración respecto a sus administrados y pasa a entroncar, de forma directa, con la propaganda y el ámbito de las relaciones públicas al servicio de la política. Sostiene también que los nexos de unión entre los tres modos comunicativos información, propaganda y publicidad- se funden en uno sólo al hablar de relaciones públicas y, de forma especial, cuando nos referimos al empleo de técnicas y estrategias de estas mismas aplicadas al campo de la comunicación política., The following texts deals with the definition of communication processes carried out by public institutions. The purpose is to elaborate a study which spans the different types of communication used in public institutions. In fact, political discourses often tend to propaganda and public relations instead of strictly providing the citizen with information. Thus, the link between the three basic types of communication, i.e. information, propaganda and advertising, merge into a discipline such as public relations, especially in terms of employed techniques and public relation strategies referred to the field of political communication.

EI objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar que en las elecciones presidenciales de julio de 2000, la forma de hacer política en México se modificó al introducir en las campañas electorales el marketing político y nuevas estrategias de comunicación, en especial los spots televisivos., The objective of this work is to demónstrate that in the presidential elections, on July 2000, the way to make politics in México was modified by introducing to the electoral campaigns the political marketing and new communication strategies, specially the televisión spots.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que explora el fenómeno de la promoción publicitaria de los políticos de carrera en contenidos televisivos no comerciales, la cual tuvo un auge a partir de la reforma electoral de los años 2007-2008. A partir de entonces se prohibió la compraventa de espacios en medios electrónicos para la promoción político-electoral, así como la aparición de funcionarios públicos en la publicidad oficial. Por medio de entrevistas a profundidad se recopiló información que, codificada con base en el modelo de la teoría fundamentada de Strauss y Corbin, permitió comprobar la existencia de publicidad política encubierta, así como esbozar una definición de la misma y determinar sus características, causas y consecuencias. De esta forma se concluye que, pese al cambio legal con el que se intentó introducir un nuevo modelo de comunicación política más equitativo y erradicar la venta de espacios en televisión para publicidad política, esto no fue posible dadas las condiciones estructurales del sistema político mexicano y la relación existente entre medios y gobierno, misma que impacta sobre la comunicación política a la vez que rebasa la cuestión electoral y su marco regulatorio., This work presents the results of a qualitative research that explores the phenomenon of political publicity on noncommercial television content, which has been growing since the electoral reform of 2007-2008. Since then, the acquisition of airtime for electoral advertising purposes, as well as the appearance of public officials on government advertising has been prohibited. The information was gathered through "in depth" interviews, and analyzed through Strauss and Corbin grounded theory model, which allowed confirmation of the existence of covert political publicity, as well as to provide a definition of this concept and determine its causes, characteristics, and consequences. It was concluded that, despite the legal modification aiming to guarantee a more equitable political communication model and the eradication of airtime commercialization for electoral campaigning, this was not achieved due to structural conditions of the political system in Mexico and the relation between media and government, which impacts political communication, and extends beyond the electoral issue and its regulatory framework.

En este artículo se analiza la naturaleza de las campañas negativas llevadas a cabo en Méxicoen dos elecciones presidenciales (2000 y 2006). El objetivo es evidenciar que su difundida utilización coincide con el desarrollo de dos procesos electorales peculiares: el de la transición del partido de Estado a otro de oposición (2000) y la de su consolidación como gobierno (2006). Con base en las propuestas teóricas de Shiv (1997), Lau (1999) y Finkel (1998), se describe el desarrollo de las campañas negativas en aquellas elecciones que representaron el punto de inici oy la supuesta culminación de la utilización de este tipo de campañas. Con base en el registro documental de periódicos y el seguimiento de los spots emitidos en televisión en ambas elecciones, se concluye que la elección presidencial del año 2000 evidenció la aplicación de campañas negativas basadas en la crítica al partido oficial, mientras que en la elección del 2006, se instala el uso del spot negativo en televisión., This article explores the nature of negative campaigns that were held in both 2000 and 2006 Mexican presidential elections. The purpose is to establish that the generalized use of negative campaigning concurs with the development of two unusual electoral processes: the transition of the State party into an opposition party (2000), and its consolidation as government (2006). Based on the theoretical claims of Shiv (1997), Lau (1999), and Finkel (1998), the author describes the development of negative campaigns in those elections that represented the starting point and the presumed consummation of the use of this kind of campaigns. With journals' documented records and the monitoring of tv spots of both elections it is established that the 2000 presidential election used negative campaigns based on decrying the official party, while the 2006 election resorted to negative tv spots.

Charity communication campaigns, essential for humanitarian and charitable organizations to raise funds, use persuasive messages to get the general public to support them financially. However, in spite of the fundamental stakes of these campaigns, in the literature no research has been carried out on the social representations that the producers mobilize when they conceive the messages. Conducted from eighteen campaign producers for charitable and humanitarian organizations, this qualitative survey aims to better understand how persuasive messages are designed. The results show that producers create naive causal theories about the psychological effects caused by different persuasive processes. The fundamentally different social representations between experienced and less experienced producers lead them to conceive openly different messages. They concern reception and influence, the perceived receivers, their motivation, the degree of complexity of the message and the types of affects that the latter must generate. After discussing the scientific validity of social representations in the light of experimental research on persuasive communication, we give some recommendations to producers, indicate the limitations and new research perspectives.