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India's vast geographical diversity provides plenty of scope for the Adventure sports. Adventure sports is an unusual experience or course of events marked by excitement, thrill and suspense. The British systematized the concept of adventure as a tool towards meeting an end leading to the birth of the Outward-Bound movement. It is about taking on challenges, meeting the unknown but more importantly it is about learning. Learning about ourselves and most of all about our potential, a stressbuster in the race of life. In order to get rid of the trauma of exams, career and results the best way to de-stress oneself is ADVENTURE SPORTS. Besides providing leisure time, it gives us eternal pleasure and calmness. Through this one can understand one's capabilities and talents, further valuing oneself. It encourages us to think about our own betterment. Adventure sports give us enthusiasm and courage to explore our hidden potentials in ourselves. Adventure sports stimulate balanced growth of body and mind. Thus, adventure sports are a tool, a magic wind that transforms the "CHICKEN HEART" into a "DARE - DEVIL. The study is to explore the potentials for Adventure sports in India. The study shall also try to find out the different types of adventure sports conducted in India. It is a matter of great concern to highlights the parameters of the adventure sports in its entire perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English Lake District played a key role in British rock climbing and is arguably the place where rock climbing first separated from mountaineering in the 1880s. This article sets its origins in the wider context of Alpinism. It then explains the attractions of the Lake District to early climbers and the ways and locations in which early rock climbing emerged as key participants exploited the landscape to create the innovative rock climbing challenges that were key to their enjoyment. It provides rich detail on how the sport extended body limits, developed new climbing techniques, and used better equipment. Leading climbers there began to record and measure the standard of climbs—another innovation. Although mountaineering clubs elsewhere were exclusively male, relegating leading women mountaineers to a marginal role, in the Lakes, women rock climbers made a notable contribution. The article concludes by evaluating the wider significance of the Lake District for British climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Theory suggests that matching self-talk to sport demands can result in performance benefits, but the effects of self-talk in adventure-sport contexts that feature high risk (e.g., self-contained underwater breathing apparatus [SCUBA] diving) have not been studied. This research explored the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk in a high-risk adventure-sport context. Students (N = 78) enrolled in SCUBA diving courses were randomly assigned to self-talk (instructional, motivational) or control conditions; practiced self-talk and SCUBA diving skills; rated their levels of effort, confidence, and focus; and were evaluated during certification dives. Results indicated that participants gained confidence over time. The instructional-self-talk group reported being significantly more focused and confident during certification dives than the motivational-self-talk group. These results demonstrate the efficacy of matching self-talk to task demands in the high-risk context of adventure sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent expansion of the sporting domain has meant sports have lacked distinct definitions. These definitions have pertained to specific activities and/or a general perception of an assumed experience, which arguably misunderstands these modern sports. While growth in this domain is encouraging, a clear understanding of modern sports remains a requirement for optimal research, coaching practice and participation. Therefore, we critically consider the difference between these types of sport. In an attempt to address this, the article revisits current definitions of these modern, non-competitive, sports. Specifically, we exemplify issues of conflation within research as justification for our desired clarity. Secondly, we propose a two-dimensional conceptual framework to meaningfully differentiate between these sporting domains and finally, propose several implications for future research, education and applied practice. We hope this article brings clarity within research and the potential positive flow to enhancing education to achieve appropriate outcomes for various participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double bounce is an unusual and potentially very hazardous phenomenon that most trampoline users may have experienced, yet few would have really understood how and why it occurs. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the double bounce. Firstly, the static and dynamic characteristics of a recreational trampoline are analysed theoretically and verified through experiments. Then, based on the developed trampoline dynamic model, double bounce simulation is conducted with two medicine balls released with different time delays. Through simulation, the process of double bounce is presented in detail, which comprehensively reveals how energy is transferred between users during double bounce. Furthermore, the effect of release time delay on double bounce is also presented. Finally, we conducted an experiment which produced similar results to the simulation and validated the reliability of the trampoline dynamic model and double bounce theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educación Física y Ciencia is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid growth in trick progression for competitive snowboarding over the past 20 years has resulted in increased physical demands required from snowboarding athletes. Despite a wealth of knowledge surrounding strength and conditioning principles for other sports, researchers are yet to address the novel strength and conditioning challenges faced by the freestyle nature of competitive snowboarding. This article, therefore, offers practitioners strategies to address the unique considerations surrounding cultural qualities, injury prevention, unstable surface training, skill acquisition, and recovery strategies for the effective implementation of strength and conditioning interventions for snowboarding athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive snowboarding (SB) has rapidly grown in popularity since its introduction into the Olympics in 1998. This growth has seen a significant increase in trick difficulty and the associated physical demands required for success. Despite the increase in physical requirements, there are currently no evidence-based recommendations that incorporate strength and conditioning or injury prevention programs. This article draws on current research that details the physical demands of SB and integrates relevant strength and conditioning principles to create an evidence-based training plan. This plan highlights the essential physical attributes for snowboard athletes that are important for successful performance and mitigating injury risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double bounce is an unusual and potentially very hazardous phenomenon that most trampoline users may have experienced, yet few would have really understood how and why it occurs. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the double bounce. Firstly, the static and dynamic characteristics of a recreational trampoline are analysed theoretically and verified through experiments. Then, based on the developed trampoline dynamic model, double bounce simulation is conducted with two medicine balls released with different time delays. Through simulation, the process of double bounce is presented in detail, which comprehensively reveals how energy is transferred between users during double bounce. Furthermore, the effect of release time delay on double bounce is also presented. Finally, we conducted an experiment which produced similar results to the simulation and validated the reliability of the trampoline dynamic model and double bounce theoretical analysis.

This paper examines the coaching behaviours of different paddlesport coaches (n = 17). A sample of coaches specialising in non-competitive paddlesport from professional, club and educational contexts are examined utilising a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. The three groups are shown to share common aspect such the importance of interpersonal skills within their coaching, the development of their coaching skill set via experiential learning and effective reflection and the importance of effective Professional Judgment and Decision making. However, the groups differ in respect to how they view their coaching role, the role of personal performance skills within their coaching and the impact of formal coach education in their development. The implication for coach education is that coaches working in an educational setting may be better served by a coach educational process that focusses more specifically on their skill set requirements and less on performance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Parkour is a relatively new sport, and so there has not yet been much published research relating to parkour, or more specifically, parkour coaching. There is a large body of knowledge relating to how sport coaches learn to coach, but such research has examined regulated sports; that is, sports with national governing bodies. In North America, where this study was conducted, parkour does not have any national governing bodies, rendering it unregulated. When asked how they learned to coach, parkour coaches from this study described the influences of various sources of learning: parkour coaching experience, previous leadership experience, experience as an athlete in parkour and other sports, other parkour coaches, non-parkour coaches, parkour coach education programmes, school, reflection, and the Internet. It will be interesting to see how the specific influences of these sources might change in the future if parkour in North America becomes regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Action sports have increased in popularity, particularly over the past two decades. Research in the area has also proliferated, as multiple disciplinary perspectives and theoretical and conceptual frames have been applied to understanding and exploring a host of research questions concerning action sports culture, contexts and participants. However, despite this flurry of research activity, not much is known empirically about the learning of action sport participants, and few studies have focused specifically on learning in action sports. A scoping review was, therefore, conducted with the aim of synthesising the work that has been undertaken, and mapping future research agendas. Informed by Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage framework, leading sports and education databases and Google Scholar were searched for empirical literature on learning in action sports published before July 2018. After the results were screened and relevant studies identified, data were extracted and analysed using a frequency and thematic analysis to form both a descriptive and thematic summary. A total of 78 empirical studies both from the peer-reviewed and grey literature were included in the scoping review. The frequency analysis concerned information on publication year, academic field, study design, study tools, sport and population. The thematic analysis led to the development of five main themes, addressing learning in social, physical, cultural, and cognitive/psychological contexts and via various forms of feedback. The majority of articles on learning in action sports were published from 2010 onward, suggesting a growing interest in the area. More theses/dissertations resulted in peer-reviewed publications; however, less than half of all reviewed journal articles were published in education/pedagogy journals. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks were rarely explicitly referenced and/or lacked clarity. There was consensus that learning in action sports is largely informal and self-regulated. With the increasing professionalisation of many action sports and their inclusion in international competition events and also in national curricula, an increase in more formalised learning is predicted. Finally, learning in action sports can be highly individualistic but only a few studies acknowledged this. A greater variety of research questions and methodologies, and more work across disciplinary boundaries will assist in the generation of new knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although extreme-sport athletes’ experiences have been explored in sport psychology, more research is needed to understand the nuanced identity meanings for these athletes in the context of health and well-being. A case-study approach grounded in narrative inquiry was used to explore identity meanings of 1 elite extreme-sport athlete (i.e., skyrunner Kilian Jornet) in relation to well-being. Data gleaned from 4 documentary films and 10 autobiographical book chapters describing the Summits of My Life project were subjected to a thematic narrative analysis. Two intersecting narratives—discovery and relational—threaded the summits project and were used by Jornet to construct an “ecocentric” identity intertwined with nature in fluid ways, depending on 3 relationships related to well-being: the death of climbing partner Stéphane Brosse, team members’ shared values, and her relationship with partner Emelie Forsberg. An expansion of identity, health, and well-being research on extreme-sport athletes beyond simplistic portrayals of them as pathological risk takers and/or motivated by personality traits was gained from these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventure sport (AS) is inherently consisting of components of sensation seeking along with the established fact of aggression being an integral part of any sort of sports activity. In this study, it was intended to see how sensation seeking and aggression interact to develop unique characteristics of AS persons in comparison to NAS & NS persons. Cross-sectional, purposive sampling was used to select AS (n = 33; 26 M, 7 F) & NAS (n = 37; 26 M, 11 F) participants with NS (n= 31; 21 M, 10 F) as control group. All participants were assessed on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) to assess anger expression patterns and the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) to assess sensation-seeking behavior. ANOVA was done for group comparisons with the Bonferroni test for post-hoc analysis along with Students'ttest and Pearson correlation. Findings indicated comparatively lower anger temperament and higher sensation-seeking as distinctive factors in the choice of adventure sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"Lifestyle sports" are not the preserve of occidental cultures, even though late capitalist Western nations dominate them commercially and ideologically. Examples of these sports are snowboarding, BASE jumping, freestyle BMX, mountain biking, bouldering, skateboarding, kiteboarding, rock climbing, parkour/free running, windsurfing, and surfing. Non-occidental cultures—such as those in Asia, Latin America, and Africa—also influence lifestyle sport institutions, commodities, values, and practices. Arguably, this influence is expanding and is accelerating as the populations of non-occidental cultures champion their interests and perspectives. This article makes a modest proposal for the starting of a targeted discourse among those interested in the cultural politics of lifestyle sports in the region of East Asia, an area with its own unique international and intra-regional interactions and concomitant needs, desires, and perspectives. In specific regard to this region, we argue it is worth asking: What are the stories being narrated and what forms do they take? How are complex social, political, cultural, and economic relations of this region being negotiated through lifestyle sports? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the debut of BMX (bike motocross) cycling in the Beijing Olympics, lifestyle sports have gradually entered the public limelight and gained popularity in China. Lifestyle sports that celebrate leisure, excitement, and individuality have steadily grown a crowd of youth followers in major Chinese cities. This article contextualizes the BMX culture in contemporary China, particularly the local cultural dynamics of the subculture. Using evidence gleaned from interviews and media representations, I argue that while many of the features of development of BMX culture in China mirror that in the West acceptance by the family has become a central theme when it comes to BMX riders' career choice in China—a "Parents, Me & X-sports" relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased evidence of sport's ability to impact local economies, the purpose of this study was to examine how aesthetic, technical, and functional "sportscape" qualities influence adventure sport athletes' perceptions of the event, as well as the host destination. Data were collected from 341 athletes competing in adventure sport events throughout the 2016 summer season in two mountainous regions located in the US. Competitions under study included trail running, triathlons, mountain biking, open water swimming, and paddling events. Confirmatory factor analysis was able to confirm the content validity of the scale, providing practitioners and scholars alike with future means of measuring adventure sport facets that are most salient and effective in explaining competitors' sport tourism hedonistic outcomes. Further, structural equation modeling was able to explain causal relationships between the adventure sportscape constructs and nonlocal participants' destination image and event loyalty. Specifically, the model provides evidence that an event's atmosphere, extension events, and novelty characteristics are instrumental in fostering memorable sport tourism experiences. Results and implications extend previous sportscape research that has focused predominately on sport specatators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport tourism organizations engage in the practice of developing marketing communication and editorial information with the belief that these types of sport- and tourism-related communications are an important element of the sport tourists' prepurchase decision process. However, understanding the extent of its effectiveness requires an investigation into what communication mediums are preferred and from which source do they generally hold in highest regard. Thus, the purpose of this study was to first validate a survey instrument that provides a comprehensive means of measuring the information search behaviors of sport tourists, and second, examine how experience associated with an event and tourism status may influence consumers' information source preferences. Data were collected by surveying participants competing in multiple adventure sport tourism events. Confirmatory factor analysis validated a four-factor information source scale that illustrates sport tourism consumers' utilization of internet, interpersonal, print/media, and internal memory search methods. Findings revealed that adventure sport athletes, when lacking past experience with an event, will favor information derived from social peer groups. However, when participants became more experienced they relied more heavily upon their memory. Cultural explanations underpinning these communicative tendencies are discussed and marketing implications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento: RBCM is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencia e Movimento and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adventure participants have traditionally been viewed as having thrill or risk-seeking motives, and this perception remains despite empirical research suggesting that other motives may drive participation. This study was conducted to extend understanding of participation motives of adventure recreation participants in relation to Csiksentmihalyi's nine-dimension model of flow and other proposed motivational constructs. Participants (n = 199) who had typically engaged in their adventure recreation activity (i.e., highlining, rock climbing, downhill mountain biking, freefalling, snow sports) regularly, and with considerable competence, took part in this investigation by completing self-report measures of dispositional flow (The Dispositional Flow Scale; DFS-2), state flow (The Short Flow State Scale; SFSS), and participation motives in their adventure recreation environments. Support was observed in confirmatory factor analytic procedures for the factorial validity of DFS-2 and SFSS data obtained from adventure recreation participants. Mean scores from measures on participant experience of flow in adventure recreation were generally found to be significantly higher than previously observed in other physical activity domains, with some differences also being observed among adventure recreation subgroups. Contrary to traditional explanations of adventure recreation participation, risk-seeking was not supported as a key underlying motive by participants in this study. Mastery of one's adventure recreation activity, perceived connection to one's activity, and trust in one's skills, were identified as important participation motives. This study demonstrated that the DFS-2 and SFSS were able to satisfactorily assess flow constructs in adventure recreation, and supported recent research demonstrating flow to be a relevant experience to this setting. The implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research directions in adventure recreation are discussed. • This study is the first quantitative investigation of flow measurement in adventure recreation. • Support for the efficacy of nine-dimension flow measurement tools for adventure populations. • Adventure recreation participants strongly endorse the experience of flow state in their activity engagement. • Risk-seeking not supported as a key underlying motive by study participants. • Adventure recreation participants reported mastery, connection to activity, and trust in skills as important motivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente estudo analisa o risco na percepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura. A amostra foi constituída de 121 (cento e vinte e um) instrutores de diferentes modalidades de esporte de aventura praticadas em Minas Gerais, com média de idade de 31 (trinta e um) anos; considerou-se o desvio-padrão com significância < 0,05%. Utilizou-se o método de estudo descritivo-exploratório. A coleta de dados se deu a partir de um questionário, validado em conformidade com a Técnica Delphi. Os resultados obtidos expressam que o risco percebido pelos instrutores é a forma mais genuína do risco-aventura provido do sentido lúdico. Ao se considerarem procedimentos e recomendações que visam prever, calcular e minimizar o risco imprevisto, verificou-se que a percepção do risco pelos instrutores decorre de uma atitude na qual prevalece a confiança no domínio da técnica e da qualidade dos equipamentos no momento dessas práticas corporais junto a natureza.This study analyzes the risk perceptions of adventure sports instructors. The sample consisted of 121 (one hundred and twenty-one) instructors of different types of adventure sport practiced in Minas Gerais, with a mean age of 31 (thirty-one) years. It was considered the standard deviation with significance >< 0,05%. The exploratory method was used in this study. Data collection took place from a questionnaire, validated in accordance with the Delphi technique, containing 15 items based on the theoretical literature. The results express that the risk perceived by the instructors is the most genuine risk-filled adventure of the sense of play. When considering procedures and recommendations that aim to predict, calculate and minimize the risk unexpected, it was found that the perception of risk by the instructors is due to an attitude which prevails in the domain of technique and quality equipment at the time these bodily practices close to nature.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a preliminary sport tourism motivation scale (STMS) that detected unique active sport tourist segments according to their social psychological motives for traveling to a destination to compete in sport. Segments’ conative loyalty were also analyzed to gain a greater understanding of how underlying motives for sport event tourism influences consumers’ behavioral intentions. A convenient sampling approach was used to collect data from 380 athletes participating in the 2014 GoPro Mountain Games in Colorado. In developing the STMS, items derived from previously validated sport and tourism motivation scales were used to reduce and verify a parceled STMS factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded acceptable psychometric properties. Ward’s Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three segments: tourism-oriented, sport tourism enthusiasts, and sport-oriented. The sport tourism enthusiasts, who exhibited favorable valuations on each of the nine STMS factors, demonstrated elevated conative loyalty characteristics above those of the other two segments. Additionally, the STMS was able to explain 30% of the variation in consumers’ conative loyalty with factors, ‘Destination Attributes’ and ‘Competitive Desire’ being the most influential predictors. Overall, the study’s findings may better equip event managers with information necessary to tailor event service elements which may enhance customer satisfaction and lead to greater retention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A four-tiered approach to understanding motorised recreation in natural and protected areas is introduced, using examples of motor events from Australia to demonstrate each conceptual level. The aim is to increase understanding of motorsport and motorised recreation phenomena that impact natural and, in particular, protected areas and other users of the natural environment. An illustrative study approach shows the interrelatedness of multi-level motorised recreation and its governance, from local community motor clubs and amateur motor racing competition through to international hallmark motor racing events and how their sociocultural significance influences protected area management. The illustrative examples show user groups engaged in governance and policy issues of motorised recreation in natural and protected areas. These groups include both motor clubs involved with environmental management of natural and protected areas, as well as professional and community groups opposed to motorised recreation in protected areas. An agenda for further research is identified, including policy and governance of motorsport, large-scale events and protected area management and impacts of motorised recreation and events on the environment and the community including those who access the natural environment for more contemplative and quiet leisure pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Jessica (2012) paintball is recognised as one of the world's most exciting outdoor participation sports. Paintball is played in over 104 countries by millions of men and women of all ages and lifestyles. Whether homemakers or high-school students, professionals or retirees, all paintball players share in common a love for adventure and a strong competitive spirit. Some confusion exists in industry and amongst players on whether paintball is and adventure or extreme sport as well as terminologies used. The article serves to analyse and clarify the unique terminologies used in paintball and debate classification of paintball as either an adventure or extreme sport. A detailed description of equipment used, player categories as well as formats that are employed are discussed so as to elucidate for readers who are unfamiliar with paintball.

Adventure tourism is among the sectors that has experienced the greatest growth in participation in recent years. In addition, it provides a unique opportunity to generate different benefits for rural populations as well as for the preservation of their environment. The objective of this study was to analyze gender differences in the profile, estimated expenditure, perception of economic impact and satisfaction of adventure tourists visiting the Valle del Jerte (Extremadura, Spain) for kayaking activities. The sample was composed of 511 tourists who kayaked in the Valle del Jerte. Gender differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test in continuous variables and Pearson's chi-square test in categorical variables. The predominant profile of the kayaking tourist is Spanish, married, employed, with university education, lives with their partner with children at home, chooses a rural home for accommodation, travels with companions, uses their own car for transportation, spends 550 euros on average, has good perceptions of the economic impact of the activity on the destination and is satisfied with the kayak service received. This information is relevant for public and private organizations as well as for the local community to be able to offer services more oriented to the tourist who engages in these activities, as well as to attract more tourists.

This study examined the integration of professional judgement and decision-making processes in adventure sports coaching. The study utilised a thematic analysis approach to investigate the decision-making practices of a sample of high-level adventure sports coaches over a series of sessions. Results revealed that, in order to make judgements and decisions in practice, expert coaches employ a range of practical and pedagogic management strategies to create and opportunistically use time for decision-making. These approaches include span of control and time management strategies to facilitate the decision-making process regarding risk management, venue selection, aims, objectives, session content, and differentiation of the coaching process. The implication for coaches, coach education, and accreditation is the recognition and training of the approaches that “create time” for the judgements in practice, namely “creating space to think”. The paper concludes by offering a template for a more expertise-focused progression in adventure sports coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aspects related to the performance of professional radical sport instructors are herein analyzed regarding three detected educational levels: those who graduated in Physical Education, those whose diplomas are in other fields, and those who are high school graduates. By exploring available literature and considering the educational levels of these professionals, it was possible to verify discrepancies regarding the procedures adopted by these instructors in conducting the activities that constitute radical sports, sometimes creating situations vulnerable to risk. In connection with this, there is a need for the institutions responsible for these sports to standardize the requirements for the education and performance of radical sport instructors in the state of Minas Gerais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indoor rock climbing (IRC) can be performed in fitness centers, hence it's important to know the people's interest in this modality. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate the profile of people who workout in fitness centers (PWFC) in Ipatinga city and their interest in practice IRC. Therefore, we recruited 120 volunteers at four fitness center A (n = 30; age = 24 ± 5.7 years old), B (n = 30; 30 ± 10.8 years old), C (n = 30; 33 ± 9.7 years old) and D (n = 30; 32 ± 12.9 years old) and requested them to answer two questionnaires. A descriptive analysis of these data was performed. The results indicated that 60% of PWFC were male, 66% were between 18 and 30 years old, 52% were college graduates, 55% were enrolled in the gym for less than one year, 83% have practiced only bodybuilding, 60% have not been engaged in outdoor activities, and 54% would like to practice IRC. We conclude that the PWFC are young, male, college-educated, gym beginners and that most of them would like to practice IRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fast growing nature of the adventure tourism industry and the commodification of adventure activities therein, improved understanding of adventure tourism experiences and mountaineer adventure tourists in particular is needed. In an effort to move beyond traditional market segmentation approaches, this study analysed autoethnographical data from an adventure tourism mountaineering experience in Bolivia. This autoethnographic method facilitated a deeper understanding of mountaineering adventure tourism experiences and allowed for a multifaceted view of risk perceptions that has often been neglected in the literature. Data were analysed with a robust psychological framework (i.e. reversal theory) that was used to explain: (a) paradoxical desires for risk and safety in adventure tourism and (b) emotional and motivational fluctuations experienced by mountaineer adventure tourists. The importance of creating a ‘protective frame’ to ensure enjoyable experiences was identified, along with key factors that influenced this frame (e.g. guide behaviour, equipment, safety management procedures, other tourists, environmental conditions). Implications for adventure tourism practitioners are discussed, along with theoretical analyses. The utility of autoethnographic research in adventure settings, particularly in conjunction with established psychological theory, is highlighted and suggested as a fruitful avenue through which to enhance the adventure tourism discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Kronos is the property of Revista Kronos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many philosophers of sport maintain that athletics can contribute to our understanding of ourselves and the environments in which we live. It may be relatively easy to offer accounts of how athletes might acquire self-knowledge through sport; however, it is far more difficult to see how sport could add to the general understanding of human individuals, cultural frameworks or the material world. The study of sport as a way of worldmaking is helpful in understanding how sport can contribute to the pursuit of knowledge in such areas. The position I present is based on arguments made by Gunter Gebauer in his 1993 presidential address to the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport, 'Sport, theater, and ritual: Three ways of worldmaking', and in my explanation and interpretation of Gebauer's position, I rely heavily on Nelson Goodman's Ways of worldmaking. Gebauer's work is focused on traditional sports, and he argues that such sports create worlds that represent fundamental attitudes and values of the cultures that produce them. I argue that alternative sports are well suited to create new and original worlds that instantiate value systems in opposition to mainstream culture. I argue further that nature sports such as climbing and surfing represent relationships between humans and natural features, and that such sports, as a subcategory of alternative sports, are in a position to create new and original frameworks that can help us to better comprehend our relationships with natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, Kevin Krein argues that the notion of self-competition is misplaced in adventure sports and of only limited application altogether, for two main reasons: (i) the need for a consistent and repeatable measure of performance; and (ii) the requirement of multiple competitors. Moreover, where an individual is engaged in a sport in which the primary feature with which they are engaged is a natural one, Krein argues that the more accurate description of their activity is not 'competition', but an attempt at harmonious interaction. I raise a number of problems against both criteria and argue that traditional and adventure sports do both involve self-competition on at least two levels: bettering one's previous performance and resisting the desire to quit. I argue that self-reflexive competition is not so much with one's self (which is philosophically absurd), but within one's self, between conflicting motivations and desires. I explore what is involved in self-reflexive competition, particularly at a phenomenological, self-constituting level, and raise the question of whether it is appropriate for activity in wilder natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The primary aims of this study were to establish a client injury baseline for the New Zealand adventure tourism and adventure sport sector, and to examine patterns and trends in claims for injury during participation in adventure activities. Content analysis of narrative text data for compensated injuries occurring in a place for recreation and sport over a 12-month period produced over 15,000 cases involving adventure tourism and adventure sport. As found in previous studies in New Zealand, highest claim counts were observed for activities that are often undertaken independently, rather than commercially. Horse riding, tramping, surfing and mountain biking were found to have highest claim counts, while hang gliding/paragliding/parasailing and jet boating injuries had highest claim costs, suggesting greatest injury severity. Highest claim incidence was observed for horse riding, with female claimants over-represented for this activity. Younger male claimants comprised the largest proportion of adventure injuries, and falls were the most common injury mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

‘Parasports’ comprise parachuting, skydiving, paragliding, parapenting, parascending, parasailing and hang-gliding, and may involve rapid deceleration on landing. The aims of this study were to determine the spectrum of parasport-related trauma presenting to Auckland City Hospital and to make recommendations to reduce further injury.The Auckland City Hospital Trauma Registry was used to identify all patients requiring admission with serious injury as a result of parasport incidents over an 8-year period. Demographic and injury-related data were then analysed.Parachuting/skydiving was responsible for 66% of all serious parasport injuries and 96% of patients were men. Fractures of the lower limbs and lumbar spine were the predominant injuries. Misjudgement of landing speed and attitude resulting in injurious landing forces were the usual causes of injury.The magnitude of serious parasport-related trauma is greater than that indicated by previous studies in New Zealand. Appropriate use of protective clothing and close attention to safe flight planning and landing techniques may reduce the injury rate without degrading the experience of flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last few decades have witnessed a surge of interest in adventure sports, and has led to an emerging research focus on these activities. However, recent conceptual analyses and scientific reviews have highlighted a major, fundamental question that remains unresolved: what constitutes an adventure sport. Despite several proposals for definitions, the field still seems to lack a shared conceptualization. This deficit may be a serious limitation for research and practice, restricting the development of a more nuanced theoretical explanation of participation and practical implications within and across adventure sports. In this article, we address another crucial question, how can adventure sports be better understood for research and practice? We briefly summarize previous definitions to address evident confusion and a lack of conceptual clarity in the discourse. Alternatively, we propose how an ecological perspective of human behaviors, such as interactions with the environment, may provide an appropriate conceptualization to guide and enhance future research and practice, using examples from activities such as freeride skiing/snowboarding, white-water kayaking, climbing, mountaineering and the fields of sport science, psychology and avalanche research and education. We draw on ecological dynamics as a transdisciplinary approach to discuss how this holistic framework presents a more detailed, nuanced, and precise understanding of adventure sports.

The present study sought to identify distinct personality profiles in competitive climbers (N = 331, Mean age = 29.85, SD = 10.92), and also sought to explore whether these climbers differed in their sensation seeking tendencies based on these personality profiles. Employing a cross-sectional design, participants completed measures of the big five personality dimensions (agreeableness; conscientiousness; extraversion; neuroticism; openness to experience) and sensation seeking (boredom susceptibility; experience seeking; disinhibition; thrill and adventure seeking). Latent profile analysis identified four distinct big five personality profiles (Curious and Impulsive; Emotionally Unstable; Healthy; and Measured and Compliant). MANCOVA and follow-up ANCOVAs demonstrated significant differences between the four personality profiles in relation to thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, and disinhibition. The findings suggest that the identification of distinct personality profiles using a person-centred approach is a useful way of distinguishing and optimizing typical behaviors and preferences in adventure sports in the future. • We adopted a person-centred approach in examining competitive climbers' personality. • Big five personality and sensation seeking questionnaires were completed (N = 331). • Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified four distinct big five personality profiles. • MANCOVA showed significant differences on three of the four sensation seeking subscales. • LPA could support tailored programs to optimize participation in high-risk sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]