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The Western Atlantic goby Ctenogobius boleosoma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) was found at the Agri River mouth, south Italy. It is the northwesternmost record of an alien goby recorded in the Mediterranean Sea. The present record confirms the presence of C. boleosoma in the Mediterranean Sea, recently reported only by the DNA barcoding of larvae collected in the mesopelagic depths of the Levant Sea. The present record of adult individuals, including ripe females, indicates an established population present in shallow estuarine waters matching the species’ native habitat conditions. The morphology and coloration of Mediterranean C. boleosoma are described and discussed. A detailed description of the cephalic lateral-line system of C. boleosoma is given for the first time. Ten species of the Mediterranean alien gobies are most likely Lessepsian migrants. Three gobiid aliens are Indo-Pacific gobies not present in the Red Sea and probably introduced by shipping. The alien gobies include only one Atlantic species and the Eastern Atlantic ingression component is lacking compared to the other alien fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Indo-Pacific gobies have been quite successful in the colonization in Mediterranean and in the establishment of the Levant populations. However, contrary to other alien fishes, gobies show limited distribution across the Mediterranean Sea, with almost all alien gobies still being restricted to the Levant.

The mature larva and pupa of Otiorhynchus smreczynskii are described and illustrated with complete chaetotaxy for the first time. Five larval instars and the factors for larval growth are determined, and the larval development of this species is comprehensively described. In order to confirm species affiliation, selected larvae were subjected to genetic analysis (mtCOI). Host plants and unique feeding signs of some Entiminae species are presented, and all available data on development are documented and interpreted. Additionally, the morphometry of 78 specimens (48 of O. smreczynskii and 30 of O. rotundus) was examined in order to verify the usefulness of morphological features in distinguishing both species. The female genitalia of both species are illustrated, described and compared with each other for the first time. Finally, the updated distribution of O. smreczynskii is given, and a possible origin of O. smreczynskii and O. rotundus is proposed.

Insulin signaling is required for insect development. Insulin-like peptides and their signalings have been extensively assessed in various insects. However, little is known about them in Thysanoptera. This study identified the first insulin receptor in Thysanoptera using western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. A single Fo-InR (F. occidentalis insulin receptor) gene is encoded in its genome. A predicted amino acid sequence (1,645 residues) was highly (>70% homologies) matched to known insect InRs. However, it did not cluster with other known insect taxonomic groups. Domain analysis suggested an intracellular protein kinase and an extracellular ligand-binding regions. All developmental stages from larva to adult expressed Fo-InR. Starvation up-regulated its expression levels at all developmental stages except pupal stage. Different diet conditions resulting in different developmental rates altered expression levels of Fo-InR. There was a negative correlation between developmental rate and Fo-InR expression levels, especially at adult stage. Results of this study suggests a physiological role of insulin signaling in F. occidentalis development.

Genistein is a phytoestrogen, which is structurally similar to 17β-estradiol. It is present in plants, food, and as a contaminant in effluents. In this article, we demonstrate the effects of embryonic exposure to three different concentrations of genistein (10 μg/L, 40 μg/L, and 80 μg/L) which is similar to those found in effluents. Zebrafish eggs were exposed during the first 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). Heart rate was evaluated at 48 hpf and mortality rate was assessed during the first 72 hpf. The light/dark (LDT) and open field (OFT) behavioral tests were applied to the larvae (6 dpf), and the novel tank (NTT), social preference (SPT), light-dark (LDT), and sexing tests were performed on adult fish (90 dpf). Embryonic exposure to genistein caused anxiolytic-like behavior in both larvae and adult animals. In adult stage, we observed an increase in locomotor activity and antisocial behavior in the concentration of 40 μg/L. There was an increase in the mortality rate in all concentrations when compared to the control and an increase in heart rate at the concentration of 80 μg/L. Exposure to 10 μg/L generated a higher frequency of females when compared to the control group. Our results show that exposure to genistein during the embryonic phase brings damage in the short and long term as it increases the mortality rate and leads to behavioral disorders both in the larval stage, with perpetuation until adult stage. The anxiolytic-like effect and less social interaction are effects that harm fish survival.

Manganese (Mn), even though an essential trace element, causes neurotoxicity in excess. In adults, over-exposure to Mn causes clinical manifestations, including dystonia, progressive bradykinesia, disturbance of gait, slurring, and stuttering of speech. These symptoms are mainly because of Mn-associated oxidative stress and degeneration of dopamine neurons in the central nervous system. Children with excessive Mn exposure often show learning disabilities but rarely show symptoms associated with dopaminergic neuron dysfunction. It is unclear why Mn exposure shows distinctive clinical outcomes in developing brains versus adult brains. Studies on nematode C. elegans have demonstrated that it is an excellent model to elucidate Mn-associated toxicity in the nervous system. In this study, we chronically exposed Mn to L1 larval stage of the worms to understand the effects on dopamine neurons and cognitive development. The worms showed modified behavior to exogenous dopamine compared to the control. The dopamine neurons showed resistance to neurodegeneration on repeated Mn exposure during the adult stage. As observed in mammalian systems, these worms showed significantly low olfactory adaptive learning and memory. This study shows that C. elegans alters adaptive developmental plasticity during Mn overexposure, modifying its sensitivity towards the metal ion and leads to remodeling in its innate learning behavior.

Unlike most larval organs and tissues, the central nervous system of holometabolous insects persists into the adult stage, although profoundly remodelled and with some neuropils largely newly formed during metamorphosis. Among the neuropils, those forming the optic lobes are particularly relevant as they are the visual processing centres and comprise more than half of the neurons of the adult insect brain. Using micro-CT, we document the morphological remodelling of the optic lobe during metamorphosis in the blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, and provide quantitative measures of volumetric changes in its neuropils. In addition, we compare these qualitative and quantitative changes to those in two neuropils of the central brain: the antennal lobe and the central complex. The most profound reconfigurations occur between the pupal stage and the beginning of the pharate adult stage, when the neuropils of the optic lobe rotate 90°, and during the pharate adult stage, when the lamina unfolds and extends below the newly formed retinular cells. There is a slow increase in volume of the neuropils of the optic lobe during the pupal stage and the beginning of the pharate adult stage, followed by a major increase in volume during the second half of intra-puparial development.

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the most significant agricultural pests in the world and invaded China in early 2019. We sampled and sequenced RNA-seq data from 15 individuals across different developmental stages. Developmental stages were the larval stage (5th instar larvae and 6th instar larvae), chrysalis stage, and adult stage (female adult and male adult). Individual samples were mainly clustered by developmental stages and we then identified variation between developmental stages of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs). There were 2136 upregulated DETs and 1391 downregulated DETs in the larval stage when comparing larval and chrysalis stages. In the comparison between the chrysalis and adult stages, there were 2033 upregulated DETs and 1391 downregulated DETs in the chrysalis stage. In total, 19,195 abundantly expressed transcripts were obtained and 10% of them were DETs. We then obtained stage-specific DETs to investigate the potential function of the fall armyworm during different developmental stages. We also constructed our annotation background set for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. This indicated that the fall armyworm may undergo active metabolism during its lifespan, even in the chrysalis stage. And it also may experience detoxifying and xenobiotic metabolism throughout its life, especially in the larval stage, which partially explains the difficulty to eradicate using chemical control. Our study is the first insight into the developmental patterns of the fall armyworm and we also provide the fundamental information about enhanced drug resistance at the level of transcriptome. These results are beneficial for a future investigation related to the eradication and/or control stage.

We evaluated the predatory bug, Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus as biocontrol agent of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, by analysing its predatory capacity, development to adult stage whe...

Behavioral and biological studies pholcid, Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) (Araneae: Pholcidae) at laboratory conditions of 60 ± 70% R.H and 25 ± 2°C. were studied. Female deposited its eggs in webbing basket and carried it all around through eggs incubation period. Newly hatched spiderlings are very transparent and delicate. They stayed in the basket and molted inside or shortly after getting out of it. This spider went through six spiderlings to reach adult as female and five ones as male. First to third spiderlings were reared on Tetranychus urticae mobile stages, while later ones on Ephestia kuehniella moths and Dorsophila melanogaster. Males developed faster than females during 93.5 and 154.9 days, respectively. Life span averaged 342.6 and 130.3 days for females and males, respectively. Females’ fecundity was 68.26 eggs/female. Female produced a mean of 4.0 sacs. Intervals between egg sacs’ deposition averaged 11.2 days. Mean consumption of T. urticae was 266.9 and 217.8 from first to third spiderlings for females and males, respectively. Mean consumption of E. kuehniella and Dorsophila melanogaster was 66.8 and 56.8 individual, for females and males, respectively, during fifth spiderling to adult stage. Mean consumption of E. kuehniella and D. melanogaster was 104.6 for females, during adult stage longevity.

Pine wilt disease was first discovered in Dongtang town, Liaoning Province, China, in 2017. Monochamus saltuarius Gebler is a new vector of pinewood nematode and the only known vector in Liaoning Province. The biology of this pest has not been reported thus far; therefore, it is necessary to study its life history. During 2018 and 2019, we collected 138 and 491 adult M. saltuarius beetles, respectively, to analyze their eclosion from larva to adult stage. In mid-March, overwintering larvae began to feed (on xylem) and seek nutrition in preparation for pupation and eclosion. The adults began to appear in mid-April, and the population reached its peak in late May. The life span of the adults was 28–76 days. After approximately 1 week of supplemental nutrition (feeding on twigs), adults began to mate and lay eggs. The egg stage of M. saltuarius lasted 4–8 days. The larvae in Dongtang town have 4 instars and overwinter in tunnels as 3rd–4th instars. The 1st-instar stage lasted 3–9 days, the 2nd-instar stage lasted 11–23 days, the 3rd-instar stage lasted 30–130 days, and the 4th-instar stage lasted 44–180 days. The pupal stage lasted 7–12 days, and the life span of the adults was 28–76 days. In this study we systematically monitored the life history of M. saltuarius for the first time. Our objective was to lay a foundation for improving control of this pinewood nematode vector.

Whether the caste fate of social insects is determined before or after emergence is a key question for understanding the evolution of eusociality. Paper wasps are a suitable model for answering this question because there are no critical morphological differences between queens and workers in paper wasps, and these animals appear to represent an early stage of eusociality. We explored the above question by determining the effects of photoperiod during the adult stage on caste-fate determination in the paper wasp Polistes jokahamae. We collected colonies at different stages in the field and exposed emerging adults individually to long or short days. Under these isolated conditions, gyne-destined (diapausing) females were expected to exhibit large lipid stores without mature eggs, while the reverse was expected to be true for worker-destined (nondiapausing) females. The proportion of wasps with mature eggs was higher under long days in the second and subsequent broods, but not in the first brood. Lipid stores were larger among large females and under short days, and smaller for the first brood. These findings together suggest that the first brood emerges with a strong preimaginal bias toward workers (nondiapausing form), whereas the other broods emerge with no bias or an easily reversible bias. However, it is difficult to conclude whether the bias came from body size or the season of emergence. We discuss the possibility that the ancestor of paper wasps had workers with and without preimaginal bias toward becoming workers at emergence.

Environments experienced during development have long‐lasting consequences for adult performance and fitness. The “environmental matching” hypothesis predicts that individuals perform best when adult and developmental environments match whereas the “silver spoon” hypothesis expects that fitness is higher in individuals developed under favorable environments regardless of adult environments. Temperature and nutrition are the two most influential determinants of environmental quality, but it remains to be elucidated which of these hypotheses better explains the long‐term effects of thermal and nutritional histories on adult fitness traits. Here we compared how the temperature and nutrition of larval environment would affect adult survivorship and reproductive success in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The aspect of nutrition focused on in this study was the dietary protein‐to‐carbohydrate (P:C) ratio. The impact of low developmental and adult temperature was to improve adult survivorship. High P:C diet had a negative effect on adult survivorship when ingested during the adult stage, but had a positive effect when ingested during development. No matter whether adult and developmental environments matched or not, females raised in warm and protein‐enriched environments produced more eggs than those raised in cool and protein‐limiting environments, suggesting the presence of a significant silver spoon effect of larval temperature and nutrition. The effect of larval temperature on adult egg production was weak but persisted across the early adult stage whereas that of larval nutrition was initially strong but diminished rapidly after day 5 posteclosion. Egg production after day 5 was strongly influenced by the P:C ratio of the adult diet, indicating that the diet contributing mainly to reproduction had shifted from larval to adult diet. Our results highlight the importance of thermal and nutritional histories in shaping organismal performance and fitness and also demonstrate how the silver spoon effects of these aspects of environmental histories differ fundamentally in their nature, strength, and persistence.

The present study is the first attempt in Egypt which focused on determining the development rate of Spodoptera frugiperda at different constant temperatures, the number of degree-days (DD’s) required for each stage to complete development, as well as the degree-days required for overall egg-to-adult development. The study was conducted under three constant temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C at the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Vally University, Qena Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this study was to determine the development rate of S. frugiperda at different temperatures and to calculate the number of degree-days (DD’s) required for each stage to complete its development. The study showed that the mean incubation period was6.9, 3.4, and 2.1 days at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively, and the larval duration were 38.5, 23.7, and 18.6 days at the same temperatures, respectively. On the other hand, The average pupal durations were 22.5 at 20, 9.4 at 25, and 7.7days at 30°C. For the adult stage the mean time required for maturation of the ovaries and starting to egg-laying, decreased as the temperature increased, from 4.8 days at 20°C to 2.1 days at 30°C. Meanwhile, the mean duration of generation for S. frugiperda was 72.7, 40.1, and 30.5 days at 20, 25, and 30°C, respectively. The lower threshold of development (t0) and average thermal units in degree-d (dd’s) were 15.79 °C and 30.0 dd’s for egg stage; 10.39 °C and 360.2 dd’s for the larval stage; 14.05 °C and 129.8 dd’s for the pupal stage; 12.95 °C and 37.73 dd’s for pre- oviposition period and 12.49°C and 527.3 dd’s for a complete generation. The study of heat requirementsof the fall armyworm as a new invasive pest came to Egypt from the South Africa countries is very important to determine the thermal heat units for the development and growth of this pest in order to predict the annual field generations in other supplementary studies and draw up a planning IPM strategy for this dangerous pest during the absence of any local information about it.

As a result of the experimental infection of rats with metacercariae of Paragonimus heterotremus Chen et Hsia, 1964 from crabs (Potamiscus tannanti) caught in Yen Bai province, Vietnam, it was found that worms migrated into the lungs, to the liver and less frequently to the tissue that lines body cavities of the hosts, where they reached the adult stage, but in the muscles, worms stayed at the larval stage. Studies have shown that for P. heterotremus, rats can simultaneously play the role of the final and paratenic host; herewith, an infection with the trematode of this species can lead to the development of three forms of paragonimiasis: pulmonary, hepatic and muscular. Eggs from the adult worms localised in the liver, unlike eggs from the adult worms localised in the lungs, were not excreted into the external environment, but accumulated inside the organ. Histology and description of changes, which take place on the external surface of organs affected with P. heterotremus, are given in this study. Based on the behavioural characteristics of worms during rat infection and molecular genetic data, we established that worms from Vietnam and India should be assigned to different species of Paragonimus. P. heterotremus distribution is limited to the territory of the Southeast China, Northern Vietnam, Laos and Thailand.

Goal. To investigate the effect of low temperatures on coccinellides at different stages of growth with the aim to develop and improve methods of their storage and transportation before introduction into agrocenoses. Methods. Adults and larvae were kept in thermostats at different temperatures. Results. The survival of adult insects of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata and Harmonia axyridis increased with gradual decrease in temperature. The survival of the adult insects of Coccinella septempunctata in the laboratory and natural populations was the same. Keeping adult insects of this species at temperatures of 5 ± 0.5°C and 3 ± 0.5°C showed the same results. The best survival of adult insects, as well as larvae of P. Quatuordecimpunctata of the 2nd and 4th age groups was observed during storage at the temperature of 8 ± 0.5°C. Conclusions. During storage of adult insects of Harmonia axyridis and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata for 30 days, if the temperature was reduced gradually, survival was increased. Breeding insects of Coccinella septempunctata in the laboratory did not affect the survival of adult insects during storage. The comparison was made with the insects of the natural population. The results of storage of insects of the natural population at the temperature of 5 ± 0.5°C and 3 ± 0.5°C did not differ significantly. Insects of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata in the adult stage were more vulnerable to lower temperatures. The number of beetles that survived after being kept at 5 ± 0.5°C was lower than in the variant where the final storage temperature was 8 ± 0.5°C. It is recommended to store imago of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata at the temperature of 8 ± 0.5°C in the ventilated container. Also, the temperature of 8 ± 0.5°C was determined to be much better for storing Propylea quatuordecimpunctata larvae. Insects in the stage of larvae of the 4th age group can be kept at this temperature for 2 weeks without losses, larvae of the 2nd age group — for 1 week with insignificant losses (6–7%). The development of methods of storage of coccinellides can be a useful tool for reducing production costs and meeting the peak demand of farmers during the growing season.

Abs against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) and Abs against malondialdehyde (anti-MDA) may be protective in chronic inflammation, like atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. It is not known how they develop early in life. Ab titers were measured using ELISA in healthy women (n = 105; born into life study) and their children. Plasma samples were collected from the mothers before conception and from the children at birth as well as at 1 and 2 y after birth. Extracted Abs were compared using a proteomics de novo sequencing approach. It was observed that children were born with very low levels of IgM anti-PC, whereas IgM anti-MDA was present at birth. Both IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA increased during the first 2 y of life, but IgM anti-PC in contrast to IgM anti-MDA was still significantly lower than in the mothers. IgG anti-PC decreased after 1 y but reached similar levels as mothers’ after 2 y, whereas IgG anti-MDA reached similar levels as mothers’ already after 1 y. Proteomics peptide sequencing analysis indicated large peptide sequence variation without specific clone expression during the early stage of life compared with the adult stage for which specific peptide sequences dominated. IgM anti-PC levels develop much slower than anti-MDA and are still relatively low at 2 y. We hypothesize that anti-PC is developed by a combination of preprogramming and exposure to the external world, in which infectious agents may play a role. For anti-MDA, preprogramming is likely to play a major role and at an earlier stage than for anti-PC.

The present study may be the first attempt in Egypt which devoted to studying the biological aspects of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). The study was conducted under laboratory conditions (26 ±1°C and 65 % R.H.) at the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Vally University, Qena Governorate, Egypt. The results included both hatchability (%) and incubation period (days) for egg stage; larval duration (days), pupation %, larval mortality %, malformed larvae %, and normal larvae % for the larval stage. While, the pupal duration, normal pupae %, malformed pupae %, pupal weight (gm), malformed pupae %, pupal mortality %, and emergence % for the pupal stage. Adult malformation %, sex ratio %, adult longevity (days), male longevity, female longevity, pre- oviposition period, oviposition period, post -oviposition period, fecundity (No. eggs/ ♂) and fertility % for the adult stage. The study of the biological aspects of the fall armyworm as a new invasive pest came to Egypt from the of South Africa countries is very important in order to determine the stages of life history to contribute to the planning IPM strategies for this dangerous pest in the absence of any local information about it

Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life‐cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, for example, many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, for example, some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size‐structured consumer‐resource models in conjunction with the adaptive‐dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. Although this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favorable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes.

The goal of this research was to understand the biology of P. marginatus, a common pest for papaya plants. This research used 1 type of treatment which was repeated 10 times. The results of this research were intended to illustrate the average development time of each development phase of P. marginatus. These phases were: the egg phase (6 days), the female nymph phase (10 days), the male nymph phase (17 days), female adult stage (11 days), male adult stage (3 days). On average, the female life cycle was 27 days, and the male life cycle was 26 days. On average, the pre-fertile stage lasted 4 days, the fertile stage lasted 6 days and the post fertile stage lasted 1 day. On average the pre-egg-laying adult stage lasted 4 days, the egg-laying adult stage lasted 6 days and the post-egg-laying stage lasted 1 day. After the egg-laying stage, the average fecundity of P. marginatus was 370 eggs per female and from these, a total of 350 offspring were hatched per individual. The ratio of surviving Descendents to reproductive couples of P. marginatus white lice was 9:1.

Ash-free dry mass (AFDM) values are presented for the adult stage of 63 caddisfly species commonly found throughout the northcentral US. Weights ranged from 0.01 mg for the smallest species to 7.22 mg for the largest. These values represent the first published data on the AFDM of the adult stage of Trichoptera, and can be used in other studies for more precise assessments of stream conditions without destruction of specimens. This increased precision is demonstrated herein by re-analyzing a previously published data set.

The tick Amblyomma humerale is endemic to South America, where its adult stage has been reportedmostly from terrestrial tortoises, whereas larvae and nymphs have been reported on various species of...

The stem borer Sphenoptera (Tropeopeltis) servistana Obenberger, 1929 is one of the most dangerous orchard insect pests in the Kurdistan region. The larvae create large diameter exit holes and tunnels which can significantly degrade the quality and quantity of horticultural and forest trees. In contrast to the adult stage little information known about the larval stage. During the survey, 50 larval samples were collected. Using dissecting, scanning electron microscope and hand sketching, the mature larvae of S. servistana were dissected then described and illustrated in details. The morphological structures across the larval body are discussed. The combined data set will contribute to a more reliable identification of the larval stage of this dangerous species in the future.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most damaging foliardiseases of wheat world-wide. Nineteen powdery mildew differential monogenic lines (Pm) and ten durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for powdery mildew reaction at the seedling stage in a control-conditioned glasshouse and at adult stage under field conditions during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons in Gemmeiza Agriculture Research Station, ARC, Egypt. At seedling stage, Pm13, Pm24, Pm35, Pm36 and Pm37 were completely effective against 78 tested isolates of powdery mildew followed by Pm16, Pm32, Pm34, Pm29 and Pm43 according to their descending order. At adult stage, all the Pm genes were resistant except Pm8 and Pm9, which showed susceptibility to the disease. Although, the durum wheat cultivars were susceptible to powdery mildew isolates at seedling stage, they ranged from intermediate resistant to resistant at the adult stage. To confirm the presence of resistant genes in 10 Egyptian durum wheat cultivars, five specific molecular markers i.e. KSUG53, Xgwm337, Xcfd7, Bj261635, and Xgwm332 linked to Pm13, Pm24., Pm35., Pm36 and Pm37resistance genes were selected. The linked markers used in this study assured the presence of Pm13, Pm36 and Pm37 in all tested durum cultivars. However, Pm35 was present in BeniSweif1, BeniSweif3, BeniSweif5 and BeniSweif6. Moreover, data showed that Pm24 was absent in all tested cultivars.

Psychologically, Human Age Limits include, First, Childhood. Second, Adolescence, Third Adulthood, Fourth, Old Age. At the Adult Stage is calculated at the age of 21 years to about 40 years. Means that the age of marriage aged 19 years does not include the adult category. In general, marriage problems between men and women are not seen from the age factor but age limits affect the maturity of thinking and human development psychologically. Especially in the case of marriages that need to be considered is the age of maturity, since the enactment of Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning amendments to Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning marriages, the current marriage age limit between men and women is equal to the age of 19 years. Of course this becomes a problem, because at that age according to the psychological development of the ego is still relatively high. So the cause of early divorce at the age of about 25 years and over.

Rationale: BMX (bone marrow kinase on the X chromosome) is highly expressed in the arterial endothelium from the embryonic stage to the adult stage in mice. It is also expressed in microvessels and the lymphatics in response to pathological stimuli. However, its role in endothelial permeability and sepsis remains unknown. Objective: We aimed to delineate the function of BMX in thrombin-mediated endothelial permeability and the vascular leakage that occurs with sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture models. Methods and Results: The cecal ligation and puncture model was applied to WT (wild type) and BMX-KO (BMX global knockout) mice to induce sepsis. Meanwhile, the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing assay was used to detect transendothelial electrical resistance in vitro and, the modified Miles assay was used to evaluate vascular leakage in vivo. We showed that BMX loss caused lung injury and inflammation in early cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis. Disruption of BMX increased thrombin-mediated permeability in mice and cultured endothelial cells by 2- to 3-fold. The expression of BMX in macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and lung epithelial cells was undetectable compared with that in endothelial cells, indicating that endothelium dysfunction, rather than leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, was involved in vascular permeability and sepsis. Mechanistically, biochemical and cellular analyses demonstrated that BMX specifically repressed thrombin-PAR1 (protease-activated receptor-1) signaling in endothelial cells by directly phosphorylating PAR1 and promoting its internalization and deactivation. Importantly, pretreatment with the selective PAR1 antagonist SCH79797 rescued BMX loss-mediated endothelial permeability and pulmonary leakage in early cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis. Conclusions: Acting as a negative regulator of PAR1, BMX promotes PAR1 internalization and signal inactivation through PAR1 phosphorylation. Moreover, BMX-mediated PAR1 internalization attenuates endothelial permeability to protect vascular leakage during early sepsis.

Mating generally occurs with adult females, which undergo a suite of changes in morphology, physiology and behaviour during maturation. In the brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus, however, males can mate with immature females during a short period before they moult to the adult stage. Mating with immature females seems beneficial for males, because they are not at risk of being cannibalized, whereas cannibalism inevitably occurs in matings with adult females. We conducted choice experiments to elucidate male preference, courtship and mating behaviour with immature and adult females of different ages. We controlled for age of the females’ webs to provide males with potential web-borne attractants of similar age. We tested whether males distinguish immature females that are ready to mate (late subadult stage) from adult females and from immature females that do not mate (early subadults), and we examined male response to young versus old adult females. Males approached and mated with adult females more frequently than late subadult females, but there were no differences in the frequencies of approach to early and late subadults or to adult females of different ages. Once on the web, however, males attempted to mate with the late subadults. We suggest that web-borne volatile cues, typical of adult females, may be reduced or lacking in late subadult females, yet less volatile cues may indicate receptivity.