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8. Development of a latex microsphere-based lateral flow immunoassay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.

Author

Tabilin, Emmanuel John, Gordon, Catherine A., Mu, Yi, Jiz, Mario, Inobaya, Marianette, Avenido-Cervantes, Eleonor, Gray, Darren, Mationg, Mary Lorraine, McManus, Donald P., Egwang, Thomas G., Adriko, Moses, Sako, Yasuhito, Sato, Marcello Otake, Sato, Megumi, You, Hong, Kelly, Matthew, and Cai, Pengfei

Subjects
ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, SCHISTOSOMA japonicum, ENDEMIC diseases, PUBLIC health, POINT-of-care testing, SERODIAGNOSIS
Abstract

Background: Zoonotic schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, is prevalent in China, the Philippines and Indonesia. Rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are attractive and promising tools for evaluating the efficacy of intervention strategies for schistosomiasis control. Methodology: The diagnostic potential of five recombinant antigens was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from individuals with positive Kato-Katz (KK) results for S. japonicum (n = 28) and non-endemic controls (n = 12). A latex microsphere (LM)-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) incorporating the recombinant SjSAP4 (rSjSAP4) was developed for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. The test conditions including diluent, dilution factor and reaction time, were optimised for the developed LFIA. Under the optimised conditions, serum samples from individuals living in a barangay endemic for S. japonicum (n = 549) and non-endemic controls (n = 50) were tested with the established LFIA cassettes. The results were imaged by a smartphone and analysed by the ImageJ program. The intensity ratio of the test line to the control line (T/C ratio) was calculated for each cassette. Main findings: ELISA confirmed that rSjSAP4 was the optimal candidate for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Under optimal testing conditions, the developed LFIA strips had a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 98.0% at a cut-off T/C ratio of 0.1031. Moreover, the results of the LM-based LFIA was positively correlated with those obtained from the rSjSAP4-ELISA (r = 0.8270, 95% CI, 0.7990–0.8514; p < 0.0001). The schistosomiasis prevalence determined by the LFIA strips was about 1.8 times greater than that obtained with the 6-slide KK procedure performed on three stool samples. Conclusions/Significance: The developed LFIA represents a POC diagnostic tool that is suitable for onsite screening of human S. japonicum infection with minimal equipment needed. The established immunochromatographic assay complies with most of the WHO's ASSURED criteria for POC diagnostics. Author summary: Schistosomiasis remains a significant global public health concern, with over 230 million people affected. Integrated multicomponent interventions targeting the various aspects of schistosomiasis epidemiology represent promising efforts that may eventually lead to the disease elimination. Rapid and accurate point-of-care diagnostics (POCs) are crucial tools for informing the effective implementation of these elimination efforts. In this study, we developed a latex microsphere (LM)-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) by incorporating rSjSAP4 for the rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Serum samples collected from subjects living in an area endemic for S. japonicum and non-endemic controls were tested with the established LFIA strips. In the individuals who tested positive by the Kato-Katz method, the LM-based LFIA cassette showed 80.6% sensitivity and 98.0% specificity. When the entire Philippines cohort was tested, the developed LFIA showed a high consistency with the rSjSAP4-ELISA. The schistosomiasis incidence deduced from the developed LFIA and rSjSAP4-ELISA was about 1.8 times higher than that determined with the KK procedure. The findings obtained here further indicate that the rSjSAP4-incorprated LFIA meets most of the ASSURED criteria set by the WHO for POC diagnostics, representing an effective diagnostic tool for the screening of S. japonicum infection in rural endemic areas with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Variants of IL6, IL10, FCN2, RNASE3, IL12B and IL17B loci are associated with Schistosoma mansoni worm burden in the Albert Nile region of Uganda.

Author

Nyangiri, Oscar Asanya, Mulindwa, Julius, Namulondo, Joyce, Kitibwa, Anna, Nassuuna, Jacent, Elliott, Alison, Kimuda, Magambo Phillip, Boobo, Alex, Nerima, Barbara, Adriko, Moses, Dunton, Nathan J., Madhan, Gaganjit Kaur, Kristiansen, Mark, Casacuberta-Partal, Miriam, Noyes, Harry, and Matovu, Enock

Subjects
SCHISTOSOMA mansoni, LOCUS (Genetics), INTERLEUKIN-6, SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms, GENE expression
Abstract

Background: Individuals genetically susceptible to high schistosomiasis worm burden may contribute disproportionately to transmission and could be prioritized for control. Identifying genes involved may guide development of therapy. Methodology/Principal findings: A cohort of 606 children aged 10–15 years were recruited in the Albert Nile region of Uganda and assessed for Schistosoma mansoni worm burden using the Up-Converting Particle Lateral Flow (UCP-LF) test detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA), point-of-care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) and Kato-Katz tests. Whole genome genotyping was conducted on 326 children comprising the top and bottom 25% of worm burden. Linear models were fitted to identify variants associated with worm burden in preselected candidate genes. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was conducted for candidate genes with UCP-LF worm burden included as a covariate. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism loci associated with UCP-LF CAA included IL6 rs2066992 (OR = 0.43, p = 0.0006) and rs7793163 (OR = 2.0, p = 0.0007); IL21 SNP kgp513476 (OR 1.79, p = 0.0025) and IL17B SNP kgp708159 (OR = 0.35, p = 0.0028). A haplotype in the IL10 locus was associated with lower worm burden (OR = 0.53, p = 0.015) and overlapped SNPs rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872. Significant haplotypes (p<0.05, overlapping significant SNP) associated with worm burden were observed in IL6 and the Th17 pathway IL12B and IL17B genes. There were significant eQTL in the IL6, IL5, IL21, IL25 and IFNG regions. Conclusions: Variants associated with S. mansoni worm burden were in IL6, FCN2, RNASE3, IL10, IL12B and IL17B gene loci. However only eQTL associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction. In summary, immune balance, pathogen recognition and Th17 pathways may play a role in modulating Schistosoma worm burden. Individuals carrying risk variants may be targeted first in allocation of control efforts to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis in the community. Author summary: This study investigated genetic risk factors for high worm burden in a cohort of 606 children aged 10–15 years old in the Albert Nile region of Uganda. Genotyping was conducted on 326 children who comprised the top and bottom 25% of worm burden. Results showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with worm burden in the IL6, IL21 and IL17B genes, and a haplotype in the IL10 locus associated with lower worm burden. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis revealed significant gene and worm burden associations in the IL6 region, and expression associations in the IL5, IL21, IL25 and IFNG loci. These findings suggest that immune balance, pathogen recognition and Th17 pathways may be involved in modulating Schistosoma worm burden and that individuals carrying risk variants may be prioritized to improve control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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23. Reconciling egg- and antigen-based estimates of Schistosoma mansoni clearance and reinfection: a modelling study

Author

Rachel Francoeur, Joaquin M. Prada, Edridah M. Tukahebwe, Poppy H. L. Lamberton, Adriko Moses, Aidah Wamboko, Jessica Clark, Andrina Nankasi, Diana Ajambo, Christina L. Faust, Alon Atuhaire, Lauren V. Carruthers, Moses Arinaitwe, and Fred Besigye

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Physiology, Schistosomiasis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Feces, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, fluids and secretions, Antigen, Epidemiology, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Child, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, Infection prevalence, Schistosoma mansoni, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Antigen test, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Treatment efficacy, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Antigens, Helminth, Reinfection, business, Clearance
Abstract

Background Despite decades of interventions, 240 million people have schistosomiasis. Infections cannot be directly observed, and egg-based Kato-Katz thick smears lack sensitivity, affected treatment efficacy and reinfection rate estimates. The point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) test is advocated as an improvement on the Kato-Katz method, but improved estimates are limited by ambiguities in the interpretation of trace results. Method We collected repeated Kato-Katz egg counts from 210 school-aged children and scored POC-CCA tests according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) and the externally developed G score. We used hidden Markov models parameterized with Kato-Katz; Kato-Katz and POC-CCA+; and Kato-Katz and G-Scores, inferring latent clearance and reinfection probabilities at four timepoints over six-months through a more formal statistical reconciliation of these diagnostics than previously conducted. Our approach required minimal but robust assumptions regarding trace interpretations. Results Antigen-based models estimated higher infection prevalence across all timepoints compared with the Kato-Katz model, corresponding to lower clearance and higher reinfection estimates. Specifically, pre-treatment prevalence estimates were 85% (Kato-Katz; 95% CI: 79%–92%), 99% (POC-CCA+; 97%–100%) and 98% (G-Score; 95%–100%). Post-treatment, 93% (Kato-Katz; 88%–96%), 72% (POC-CCA+; 64%–79%) and 65% (G-Score; 57%–73%) of those infected were estimated to clear infection. Of those who cleared infection, 35% (Kato-Katz; 27%–42%), 51% (POC-CCA+; 41%–62%) and 44% (G-Score; 33%–55%) were estimated to have been reinfected by 9-weeks. Conclusions Treatment impact was shorter-lived than Kato-Katz–based estimates alone suggested, with lower clearance and rapid reinfection. At 3 weeks after treatment, longer-term clearance dynamics are captured. At 9 weeks after treatment, reinfection was captured, but failed clearance could not be distinguished from rapid reinfection. Therefore, frequent sampling is required to understand these important epidemiological dynamics.

Published
2022

24. Translating from egg-to antigen-based indicators for Schistosoma mansoni elimination targets: a Bayesian latent class analysis study

Author

Clark, Jessica, Moses, Arinaitwe, Nankasi, Andrina, Faust, Christina L., Adriko, Moses, Ajambo, Diana, Besigye, Fred, Atuhaire, Arron, Wamboko, Aidah, Rowel, Candia, Carruthers, Lauren V., Francoeur, Rachel, Tukahebwa, Edridah M., Lamberton, Poppy H.L., and Prada, Joaquin M.

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 240-million people. World Health Organization (WHO) targets for Schistosoma mansoni elimination are based on Kato-Katz egg counts, without translation to the widely used, urine-based, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic (POC-CCA). We aimed to standardize POC-CCA score interpretation and translate them to Kato-Katz-based standards, broadening diagnostic utility in progress towards elimination. A Bayesian latent-class model was fit to data from 210 school-aged-children over four timepoints pre- to six-months-post-treatment. We used 1) Kato-Katz and established POC-CCA scoring (Negative, Trace, +, ++ and +++), and 2) Kato-Katz and G-Scores (a new, alternative POC-CCA scoring (G1 to G10)). We established the functional relationship between Kato-Katz counts and POC-CCA scores, and the score-associated probability of true infection. This was combined with measures of sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve to determine the optimal POC-CCA scoring system and positivity threshold. A simulation parametrized with model estimates established antigen-based elimination targets. True infection was associated with POC-CCA scores of ≥ + or ≥G3. POC-CCA scores cannot predict Kato-Katz counts because low infection intensities saturate the POC-CCA cassettes. Post-treatment POC-CCA sensitivity/specificity fluctuations indicate a changing relationship between egg excretion and antigen levels (living worms). Elimination targets can be identified by the POC-CCA score distribution in a population. A population with ≤2% ++/+++, or ≤0.5% G7 and above, indicates achieving current WHO Kato-Katz-based elimination targets. Population-level POC-CCA scores can be used to access WHO elimination targets prior to treatment. Caution should be exercised on an individual level and following treatment, as POC-CCAs lack resolution to discern between WHO Kato-Katz-based moderate- and high-intensity-infection categories, with limited use in certain settings and evaluations.

Published
2022

29. Additional file 1 of The praziquantel in preschoolers (PIP) trial: study protocol for a phase II PK/PD-driven randomised controlled trial of praziquantel in children under 4 years of age

Author

Webb, Emily L., Edielu, Andrew, Wu, Hannah W., Kabatereine, Narcis B., Tukahebwa, Edridah M., Mubangizi, Alfred, Adriko, Moses, Elliott, Alison M., Hope, William W., Mawa, Patrice A., Friedman, Jennifer F., and Bustinduy, Amaya L.

Abstract

Additional file 1. SPIRIT Checklist.

Published
2021
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31. Additional file 2 of The praziquantel in preschoolers (PIP) trial: study protocol for a phase II PK/PD-driven randomised controlled trial of praziquantel in children under 4 years of age

Author

Webb, Emily L., Edielu, Andrew, Wu, Hannah W., Kabatereine, Narcis B., Tukahebwa, Edridah M., Mubangizi, Alfred, Adriko, Moses, Elliott, Alison M., Hope, William W., Mawa, Patrice A., Friedman, Jennifer F., and Bustinduy, Amaya L.

Abstract

Additional file 2. Supplemental Material: PIP Information and Consent Sheet.

Published
2021
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33. High prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection and stunting among school age children in communities along the Albert-Nile, Northern Uganda: A cross sectional study.

Author

Mulindwa, Julius, Namulondo, Joyce, Kitibwa, Anna, Nassuuna, Jacent, Nyangiri, Oscar Asanya, Kimuda, Magambo Phillip, Boobo, Alex, Nerima, Barbara, Busingye, Fred, Candia, Rowel, Namukuta, Annet, Ssenyonga, Ronald, Ukumu, Noah, Ajal, Paul, Adriko, Moses, Noyes, Harry, de Dood, Claudia J., Corstjens, Paul L. A. M., van Dam, Govert J., and Elliott, Alison M.

Subjects
STUNTED growth, SCHOOL children, SCHISTOSOMA mansoni, SHORELINES, CHILD nutrition, FRESH water, GIRLS
Abstract

Background: Knowing the prevalence of schistosomiasis is key to informing programmes to control and eliminate the disease as a public health problem. It is also important to understand the impact of infection on child growth and development in order to allocate appropriate resources and effort to the control of the disease. Methods: We conducted a survey to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis among school aged children in villages along the Albert-Nile shore line in the district of Pakwach, North Western Uganda. A total of 914 children aged between 10–15 years were screened for Schistosoma mansoni using the POC-CCA and Kato Katz (KK) techniques. The infection intensities were assessed by POC-CCA and KK as well as CAA tests. The KK intensities were also correlated with POC-CCA and with CAA intensity. Anthropometric measurements were also taken and multivariate analysis was carried out to investigate their association with infection status. Results: The prevalence of schistosomiasis using the POC-CCA diagnostic test was estimated at 85% (95% CI: 83–87), being highest amongst children living closer to the Albert-Nile shoreline. Visual scoring of the POC-CCA results was more sensitive than the Kato Katz test and was positively correlated with the quantified infection intensities by the CAA test. The majority of the children were underweight (BMI<18.5), and most notably, boys had significantly lower height for age (stunting) than girls in the same age range (p < 0.0001), but this was not directly associated with S. mansoni infection. Conclusion: High prevalence of S. mansoni infection in the region calls for more frequent mass drug administration with praziquantel. We observed high levels of stunting which was not associated with schistosomiasis. There is a need for improved nutrition among the children in the area. Author summary: Schistosomiasis is a neglected but frequent disease that is caused by schistosomes, with over 290 million people worldwide at risk of infection. The major mode of transmission is through contact with fresh water sources infested with infected snails (the intermediate host). In this study, using the point of care test (POC-CCA), we screened 914 school aged children (10–15 years) living in the rural communities along the Lake Albert- River Nile shores of Pakwach district in Northern Uganda. We observed a very high prevalence of S. mansoni infections (over 80%) although the prevalence dropped to 40% in communities that were further from the lake shores. This high prevalence was also coupled with Kato Katz light schistosome infection intensities as categorised by WHO guidelines. We further compared the POC-CCA and Kato Katz tests to the more sensitive CAA assay and this revealed that even though both tests gave good probability of positive prediction, the POC-CCA had higher sensitivity in screening for S. mansoni infections than Kato Katz assay. The study also revealed high levels of stunting within the children, more so amongst boys. Frequent screening and mass treatment of these communities with praziquantel will reduce on the infection rates. But in addition, improved hygiene and sanitation will be required for a sustainable reduction in the prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis in the Albert-Nile communities along with dietary intervention for optimal child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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34. Translating from Egg- to Antigen-Based Indicators for Schistosoma Mansoni Elimination Targets: A Bayesian Latent Class Analysis Study

Author

Clark, Jessica, primary, Moses, Arinaitwe, additional, Nankasi, Andrina, additional, Faust, Christina L., additional, Adriko, Moses, additional, Ajambo, Diana, additional, Besigye, Fred, additional, Atuhire, Arron, additional, Wamboko, Aidah, additional, Rowell, Candia, additional, Carruthers, Lauren V., additional, Francoeur, Rachel, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah M., additional, Lamberton, Poppy H. L., additional, and Prada, Joaquin M., additional

Published
2021
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35. Harnessing technology and portability to conduct molecular epidemiology of endemic pathogens in resource-limited settings

Author

Faust, Christina L, primary, Brunker, Kirstyn, additional, Ajambo, Diana, additional, Ryan, Mary, additional, Moses, Arinaitwe, additional, Rowel, Candia, additional, Wangoola, Robert Mandela, additional, Wampande, Eddie M, additional, Guma, Andrew, additional, Adriko, Moses, additional, Lamberton, Poppy H L, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, additional, Mugenyi, Albert, additional, and Waiswa, Charles, additional

Published
2020
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36. Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Giardiasis Co-Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Can a One Health Approach Improve Control of Each Waterborne Parasite Simultaneously?

Author

Archer, John, primary, O'Halloran, Lisa, additional, Al-Shehri, Hajri, additional, Summers, Shannan, additional, Bhattacharyya, Tapan, additional, Kabaterine, Narcis, additional, Atuhaire, Aaron, additional, Adriko, Moses, additional, Arianaitwe, Moses, additional, Stewart, Martyn, additional, LaCourse, James, additional, Webster, Bonnie, additional, Bustinduy, Amaya, additional, and Stothard, Russell, additional

Published
2020
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37. PS-003: EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICY MAKING: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Author

Makanga, Michael, Beattie, Pauline, Breugelmans, Gabrielle, Nyirenda, Thomas, Bockarie, Moses, Tanner, Marcel, Volmink, Jimmy, Hankins, Catherine, Walzl, Gerhard, Chegou, Novel, Malherbe, Stephanus, Hatherill, Mark, Scriba, Thomas J., Zak, Daniel E., Barry, Clifton E., Kaufmann, Stefan H.E., Noor, Abdisalan, Strub-Wourgaft, Nathalie, Phillips, Patrick, Munguambe, Khátia, Ravinetto, Raffaella, Tinto, Halidou, Diro, Ermias, Mahendrahata, Yodi, Okebe, Joseph, Rijal, Suman, Garcia, Coralith, Sundar, Shyam, Ndayisaba, Gilles, Sopheak, Thai, Ngoduc, Thang, Loen, Harry Van, Jacobs, Jan, D'Alessandro, Umberto, Boelaert, Marleen, Buvé, Anne, Kamalo, Patrick, Manda-Taylor, Lucinda, Rennie, Stuart, Mokgatla, Boitumelo, Bahati, Prince, Ijsselmuiden, Carel, Afolabi, Muhammed, Mcgrath, Nuala, Kampmann, Beate, Imoukhuede, Egeruan, Alexander, Neal, Larson, Heidi, Chandramohan, Daniel, Bojang, Kalifa, Kasaro, Margaret Phiri, Muluka, Brenda, Kaunda, Kaunda, Morse, Jill, Westfall, Andrew, Kapata, Nathan, Kruuner, Annika, Henostroza, German, Reid, Stewart, Alabi, Abraham, Foguim, Francis, Sankarganesh, Jeyaraj, Bruske, Ellen, Mfoumbi, Arnault, Mevyann, Chester, Adegnika, Ayola, Lell, Bertrand, Kranzer, Katharina, Kremsner, Peter, Grobusch, Martin, Sabiiti, Wilber, Ntinginya, Nyanda, Kuchaka, Davis, Azam, Khalide, Kampira, Elizabeth, Mtafya, Bariki, Bowness, Ruth, Bhatt, Nilesh, Davies, Gerry, Kibiki, Gibson, Gillespie, Stephen, Lejon, Veerle, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Mumba, Dieudonné, Camara, Mamady, Kaba, Dramane, Lumbala, Crispin, Fèvre, Eric, Jamonneau, Vincent, Bucheton, Bruno, Büscher, Philippe, Chisenga, Caroline, Sinkala, Edford, Chilengi, Roma, Chitundu, Hellen, Zyambo, Zude, Wandeler, Gilles, Vinikoor, Michael, Emilie, Dama, Camara, Oumou, Mathurin, Koffi, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, Dayo, Philippe, Büscher, Regassa, Fikru, Hassane, Sakande, Bienvenu, Somda Martin, Fabrice, Courtin, Ouédraogo, Elie, Kouakou, Lingue, Owusu, Michael, Mensah, Eric, Enimil, Anthony, Mutocheluh, Mohamed, Ndongo, Francis Ateba, Tejiokem, Mathurin Cyrille, Texier, Gaetan, Penda, Calixte, Ndiang, Suzie, Ndongo, Jean-Audrey, Guemkam, Georgette, Sofeu, Casimir Ledoux, Afumbom, Kfutwa, Faye, Albert, Msellati, Philippe, Warszawski, Josiane, Vos, Alinda, Devillé, Walter, Barth, Roos, Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin, Tempelman, Hugo, Venter, François, Coutinho, Roel, Grobbee, Diederick, Ssemwanga, Deogratius, Lyagoba, Frederick, Magambo, Brian, Kapaata, Anne, Kirangwa, Joseph, Nannyonjo, Maria, Nassolo, Faridah, Nsubuga, Rebecca, Yebra, Gonzalo, Brown, Andrew, Kaleebu, Pontiano, Nylén, Hanna, Habtewold, Abiy, Makonnen, Eyasu, Yimer, Getnet, Burhenne, Jürgen, Diczfalusy, Ulf, Aklillu, Eleni, Steele, Duncan, Walker, Richard, Simuyandi, Michelo, Beres, Laura, Bosomprah, Samuel, Ansumana, Rashid, Taitt, C., Lamin, J.M., Jacobsen, K.H., Mulvaney, S.P., Leski, T., Bangura, U., Stenger, D., Vries, Sophie De, Zinsou, Frejus Jeannot, Honkpehedji, J, Dejon, Jean Claude, Loembe, Marguerite Massinga, Bache, Bache, Pakker, Nadine, Leeuwen, Remko Van, Hounkpatin, Aurore Bouyoukou, Yazdanbakhsh, Maria, Bethony, Jeffrey, Hotez, Peter, Diemert, David, Bache, Bache Emmanuel, Fernandes, José F., Mba, Régis M Obiang, Kabwende, Anita L., Grobusch, Martin P., Krishna, Sanjeev, Kremsner, Peter G., Todagbe, Agnandji Selidji, Nambozi, Michael, Kabuya, Jean-Bertin, Hachizovu, Sebastian, Mwakazanga, David, Kasongo, Webster, Buyze, Jozefien, Mulenga, Modest, Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre, Gitaka, Jesse, Chan, Chim, Kongere, James, Kagaya, Wataru, Kaneko, Akira, Kabore, Naomie, Barry, Nouhoun, Kabre, Zachari, Werme, Karidia, Fofana, Aminata, Compaore, Daniel, Nikiema, Frederic, Some, Fabrice, Djimde, Abdoulaye, Zongo, Issaka, Ouedraogo, Bosco, Kone, Aminatou, Sagara, Issaka, Björkman, Anders, Gil, Jose Pedro, Nchinda, Godwin, Bopda, Alain, Nji, Nadesh, Ambada, Georgia, Ngu, Loveline, Tchadji, Jules, Sake, Carol, Magagoum, Suzanne, Njambe, Ghislain D., Lisom, Abel, Park, Chae Gyu, Tait, Dereck, Sibusiso, Hlatjwako, Manda, Olga, Croucher, Kristin, Westhuizen, Anja Van Der, Mshanga, Isaac, Levin, Jonathan, Nanvubya, Annet, Kibengo, Freddie, Jaoko, Walter, Pala, Pietro, Perreau, Matthieu, Namuniina, Annemarie, Kitandwe, Paul, Tapia, Gonzalo, Serwanga, Jennifer, Yates, Nicole, Fast, Pat, Mayer, Bryan, Montefiori, David, Tomaras, Georgia, Robb, Merlin, Lee, Carter, Wagner, Ralf, Sanders, Edward, Kilembe, William, Kiwanuka, Noah, Gilmour, Jill, Kuipers, Hester, Vooij, Dani, Chinyenze, Kundai, Priddy, Frances, Ding, Song, Hanke, Tom, Pantaleo, Giuseppe, Ngasala, Billy, Jovel, Irina, Malmberg, Maja, Mmbando, Bruno, Premji, Zul, Mårtensson, Andreas, Mwaiswelo, Richard, Agbor, Lenshina, Apinjoh, Tobias, Mwanza, Sydney, Chileshe, Justin, Joshi, Sudhaunshu, Malunga, Phidelis, Manyando, Christine, Laufer, Miriam, Dara, Antoine, Niangaly, Amadou, Sinha, Indranil, Brodin, David, Fofana, Bakary, Dama, Souleymane, Dembele, Demba, Sidibe, Bakary, Diallo, Nouhoum, Thera, Mahamadou, Wright, Karin, Gil, Jose, Doumbo, Ogobara, Baraka, Vito, Nabasumba, Carolyn, Francis, Filbert, Lutumba, Pascal, Mavoko, Hypolite, Alifrangis, Michael, Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre Van, Sissoko, Sekou, Sangaré, Cheick, Toure, Sekou, Sanogo, Kassim, Diakite, Hamadoun, Toure, Siaka, Doumbia, Diagassan, Haidara, Kadiatou, Julé, Amélie, Ashurst, Hazel, Merson, Laura, Olliaro, Piero, Marsh, Vicki, Lang, Trudie, Guérin, Philippe, Awuondo, Kennedy, Njenga, Daniel, Nyakarungu, Elizabeth, Titus, Pauline, Sutamihardja, Awalludin, Lowe, Brett, Ogutu, Bernhards, Billingsley, Peter, Soulama, Issiaka, Kaboré, Moïse, Coulibaly, Aboubacar, Ouattara, Maurice, Sanon, Souleymane, Diarra, Amidou, Bougouma, Edith, Ouedraogo, Alphonse, Sombie, Benjamin, Ouedraogo, Amidou, Kargougou, Désiré, Ouattara, Daouda, Issa, Nebie, Tiono, Alfred, Sirima, Sodiomon, Chaponda, Mike, Dabira, Edgard, Dao, François, Dara, Nianwalou, Sidibe, Bouran, Coulibaly, Moctar, Tolo, Allaye, Maiga, Hamma, Ouologuem, Nouhoum, Niangaly, Hamidou, Botchway, Felix, Wilson, Nana, Dickinson-Copeland, Carmen M, Adjei, Andrew A., Wilson, Michael, Stiles, Jonathan K., Hamid, Muzamil Abdel, Awad-Elgeid, Mona, Nasr, Awad, Netongo, Palmer, Kamdem, Séverin, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy, Lasry, Estrella, Diarra, Modibo, Bamadio, Amadou, Traore, Aliou, Coumare, Samba, Soma, Bahonan, Dicko, Yeyia, Sangare, Boubou, Tembely, Aly, Traore, Djibril, Haidara, Aboubecrin, Dicko, Alassane, Diawara, Elisabeth, Beavogui, Abdoul, Camara, Daouda, Sylla, Malick, Yattara, Mohamed, Sow, Amadou, Camara, Gnèpou Camara, Diallo, Saliou, Mombo-Ngoma, Ghyslain, Remppis, Jonathan, Sievers, Moritz, Manego, Rella Zoleko, Endamne, Lilian, Hutchinson, David, Held, Jana, Supan, Christian, Salazar, Carmen L. Ospina, Bonkian, Léa Nadège, Nahum, Alain, Sié, Ali, Abdulla, Salim, Cantalloube, Cathy, Djeriou, Elhadj, Bouyou-Akotet, Marielle, Mordmüller, Benjamin, Siribie, Mohamadou, Sirima, Sodiomon B., Ouattara, San Maurice, Coulibaly, Sam, Kabore, Jean Moïse, Amidou, Diarra, Tekete, Mamadou, Burhenne, Juergen, Traore, Oumar, Haefeli, Walter, Borrmann, Steffen, Kaboré, Naomie, Kabré, Zachari, Nikèma, Fréderic, Compaoré, Daniel, Somé, Fabrice, Djimdé, Abdoulaye, Ouédraogo, Jean, Chalwe, Victor, Miller, John, Diakité, Hamadoun, Greco, Beatrice, Spangenberg, Thomas, Kourany-Lefoll, Elly, Oeuvray, Claude, Mulry, Jim, Tyagarajan, Kamala, Magsaam, Bettina, Barnes, Karen, Hodel, Eva Maria, Humphreys, Georgina, Pace, Cheryl, Banda, C.G, Denti, Paulo, Allen, Elizabeth, Lalloo, David, Mwapasa, Victor, Terlouw, Anja, Mwesigwa, Julia, Achan, Jane, Jawara, Musa, Ditanna, Gian, Worwui, Archibald, Affara, Muna, Koukouikila-Koussounda, Félix, Kombo, Michael, Vouvoungui, Christevy, Ntoumi, Francine, Etoka-Beka, Mandingha Kosso, Deibert, Julia, Poulain, Pierre, Kobawila, Simon, Gueye, Nerly Gampio, Koukouikila-Koussounda, Felix, Seda, Brian, Kwambai, Titus, Jangu, Phelix, Samuels, Aaron, ter Kuile, Feike, Kariuki, Simon, Barry, Aissata, Bousema, Teun, Okech, Brenda, Egwang, Thomas, Corran, Patrick, Riley, Eleanor, Ezennia, Ifeoma, Ekwunife, Obinna, Muleba, Mbanga, Stevenson, Jennifer, Mbata, Keith, Coetzee, Maureen, Norris, Douglas, Moneke-Anyanwoke, Ngozi, Momodou, Jasseh, Clarke, Ed, Scott, Susana, Tijani, Adelani, Djimde, Moussa, Vaillant, Michel, Samouda, Hanen, Mensah, Victorine, Roetynck, Sophie, Kanteh, Ebrima, Bowyer, Georgina, Ndaw, Amy, Oko, Francis, Bliss, Carly, Jagne, Ya Jankey, Cortese, Riccardo, Nicosia, Alfredo, Roberts, Rachel, D'Alessio, Flavia, Leroy, Odile, Faye, Babacar, Cisse, Badara, Gerry, Stephen, Viebig, Nicola, Lawrie, Alison, Ewer, Katie, Hill, Adrian, Nebie, Issa, Tiono, Alfred B, Sanou, Guillaume, Konate, Amadou T, Yaro, Baptiste J, Sodiomon, Sirima, Honkpehedji, Yabo, Agobe, Jean Claude Dejon, Zinsou, Frejus, Mengue, Juliana, Richie, Thomas, Hoffman, Stephen, Nouatin, Odilon, Ngoa, Ulysse Ateba, Edoa, Jean R, Homoet, Andreas, Engelhon, Julie Englhon, Massinga-Louembe, Marguerite, Esen, Meral, Theisen, Michael, Sim, Kim Lee, Luty, Adrian Jf, Moutairou, Kabirou, Dinko, Bismarck, King, Elizabeth, Targett, Geoffrey, Sutherland, Colin, Likhovole, Clement, Ouma, Collins, Vulule, John, Musau, Susan, Khayumbi, Jeremiah, Okumu, Albert, Murithi, Wilfred, Otu, Jacob, Gehre, Florian, Zingue, Dezemon, Kudzawu, Samuel, Forson, Audrey, Mane, Morto, Rabna, Paulo, Diarra, Bassirou, Kayede, Salako, Adebiyi, Emmanuel, Kehinde, Aderemi, Onyejepu, Nneka, Onubogu, Catherine, Idigbe, Emmanuel, Ba, Awa, Diallo, Aissatou, Mboup, Souleymane, Disse, Kodjo, Kadanga, Gerard, Dagnra, Yaotse, Baldeh, Ignatius, Corrah, Tumani, Jong, Bouke De, Antonio, Martin, Musanabaganwa, Clarisse, Musabyimana, Jean Pierre, Karita, Etienne, Diop, Blondin, Nambajimana, Abidan, Dushimiyimana, Valentine, Karame, Prosper, Russell, Jim, Ndoli, Jules, Hategekimana, Theobald, Sendegeya, Augustin, Condo, Jeannine, Binagwaho, Agnes, Okonko, Iheanyi, Okerentugba, Phillip, Opaleye, Oluyinka, Awujo, Ezinwanne, Frank-Peterside, Nnenna, Moyo, Sikhulile, Kotokwe, Kenanao, Mohammed, Terence, Boleo, Coretah, Mupfumi, Lucy, Chishala, Samuel, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, Tsalaile, Lesedi, Bussmann, Herman, Makhema, Joseph, Baum, Marianna, Marlink, Richard, Engelbretch, Susan, Essex, Max, Novitsky, Vladimir, Saka, Emmanuel, Kalipalire, Zex, Bhairavabhotla, Ravikiran, Midiani, Dalitso, Sherman, Judith, Mgode, Georgies, Cox, Christophe, Bwana, Dickens, Mtui, Leah, Magesa, Daniel, Kahwa, Amos, Mfinanga, Godfrey, Mulder, Christiaan, Borain, Nick, Petersen, Lizette, Plessis, Julianne Du, Theron, Grant, Holm-Hansen, Carol, Tekwu, Emmanuel Mouafo, Sidze, Larissa Kamgue, Assam, Jean Paul Assam, Eyangoh, Sarah, Niemann, Stefan, Beng, Veronique Penlap, Frank, Matthias, Atiadeve, Samuel, Hilmann, Doris, Awoniyi, Dolapo, Baumann, Ralf, Kriel, Belinda, Jacobs, Ruschca, Kidd, Martin, Loxton, Andre, Kaempfer, Susanne, Singh, Mahavir, Mwanza, Winnie, Milimo, Deborah, Moyo, Maureen, Kasese, Nkatya, Cheeba-Lengwe, Maina, Munkondya, Stembiso, Ayles, Helen, Haas, Petra De, Muyoyeta, Monde, Namuganga, Anna Ritah, Kizza, Harriet Mayanja, Mendy, Alieu, Tientcheu, Leopold, Ayorinde, Abigail, Coker, Edward, Egere, Uzochukwu, Coussens, Anna, Naude, Celeste, Chaplin, George, Noursadeghi, Mahdad, Martineau, Adrian, Jablonski, Nina, Wilkinson, Robert, Ouedraogo, Henri Gautier, Matteelli, Alberto, Regazzi, Mario, Tarnagda, Grissoum, Villani, Paola, Sulis, Giorgia, Diagbouga, Serge, Roggi, Alberto, Giorgetti, Francesco, Kouanda, Seni, Bidias, Amel, Ndjonka, Dieudonné, Olemba, Clémence, Souleymanou, Arabo, Mukonzo, Jackson, Kuteesa, Ronald, Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper, Gustafsson, Lars L., Owen, Joel, Bassi, Peter, Gashau, Wadzani, Olaf, Klungel, Dodoo, Alexander, Okonkwo, Prosper, Kanki, Phyllis, Maruapula, Dorcas, Seraise, Boitumelo, Einkauf, Kevin, Reilly, Amanda, Rowley, Christopher, Musonda, Rosemary, Framhein, Anna, Mpagama, Stella, Semvua, Hadija, Maboko, Leonard, Hoelscher, Michael, Heinrich, Norbert, Mulenga, Lloyd, Kaayunga, Callistus, Davies, Mary-Ann, Egger, Matthias, Musukuma, Kalo, Dambe, Rosalia, Usadi, Benjamin, Ngari, Moses, Thitiri, Johnstone, Mwalekwa, Laura, Fegan, Greg, Berkley, James, Nsagha, Dickson, Munamunungu, Virginia, Bolton, Carolyn, Siyunda, Alice, Shilimi, Jacinta, Bucciardini, Raffaella, Fragola, Vincenzo, Abegaz, Teshome, Lucattini, Stefano, Halifom, Atakilt, Tadesse, Eskedar, Berhe, Micheal, Pugliese, Katherina, Castro, Paola De, Terlizzi, Roberta, Fucili, Luca, Gregorio, Massimiliano Di, Mirra, Marco, Zegeye, Teame, Binelli, Andrea, Vella, Stefano, Abraham, Loko, Godefay, Hagos, Rakotoarivelo, Rivo, Raberahona, Mihaja, Randriamampionona, Njary, Andriamihaja, Rabezanahary, Rasamoelina, Tahinamandranto, Cornet, Muriel, Randria, Mamy Jean De Dieu, Benet, Thomas, Vanhems, Philippe, Andrianarivelo, Mala Rakoto, Chirwa, Uchizi, Michelo, Charles, Hamoonga, Raymond, Wandiga, Steve, Oduor, Patience, Agaya, Janet, Sharma, Aditya, Cavanaugh, Sean, Cain, Kevin, Mukisa, John, Mupere, Ezekiel, Worodria, William, Ngom, Justice Trésor, Koro, Francioli, Godwe, Celestin, Adande, Clemence, Ateugieu, Romaric, Onana, Tatiana, Ngono, Annie, Kamdem, Yannick, Ngo-Niobe, Sara, Etoa, François-Xavier, Kanengoni, Muchineripi, Ruzario, Sithembile, Ndebele, Paul, Shana, Melody, Tarumbiswa, Fadzai, Musesengwa, Rosemary, Gutsire, Rutendo, Fisher, Kevin, Thyagarajan, Bargavi, Akanbi, Olusola, Binuyo, Michael, Ssengooba, Willy, Respeito, Durval, Mambuque, Edson, Blanco, Silvia, Mandomando, Inacio, Cobelens, Frank, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto, Tamene, Ayele, Topp, Stephanie, Mwamba, Chanda, Padian, Nancy, Sikazwe, Izukanji, Geng, Elvin, Holmes, Charles, Sikombe, Kombatende, Hantuba, Cardinal, Czaicki, Nancy, Simbeza, Sandra, Somwe, Paul, Umulisa, Michele, Ilo, Jennifer, Kestelyn, Evelyne, Uwineza, Mireille, Agaba, Stephen, Delvaux, Therese, Wijgert, Janneke, Gethi, Dickson, Odeny, Lazarus, Tamandjou, Cynthia, Kaindjee-Tjituka, Francina, Brandt, Laura, Cotton, Mark, Nel, Etienne, Preiser, Wolfgang, Andersson, Monique, Adepoju, Abiola, Magana, Musa, Etsetowaghan, Andrew, Chilikwazi, Mutinta, Sutcliffe, Catherine, Thuma, Philip, Sinywimaanzi, Kathy, Matakala, Hellen, Munachoonga, Passwell, Moss, William, Masenza, Issa Sabi, Geisenberger, Otto, Agrea, Peter, Rwegoshora, France, Mahiga, Hellen, Olomi, Willyhelmina, Kroidl, Arne, Kayode, Gbenga, Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary, Ansah, Evelyn, Uthman, Olalekan, Fokam, Joseph, Santoro, Maria-Mercedes, Musolo, Chrissie, Chimbiri, Isabel, Chikwenga, Gloria, Deula, Ruth, Massari, Riccardo, Lungu, Agness, Perno, Carlo-Federico, Ndzengue, Georgia, Loveline, Ngu, Lissom, Abel, Flaurent, Tchouangueu, Sosso, Samuel, Essomba, Claudine, Kpeli, Grace, Otchere, Isaac, Lamelas, Araceli, Buultjens, Andrew, Bulach, Dieter, Baines, Sarah, Seemann, Torsten, Giulieri, Stefano, Nakobu, Zuliehatu, Aboagye, Samuel, Owusu-Mireku, Evelyn, Danso, Emelia, Hauser, Julia, Hinic, Vladimira, Pluschke, Gerd, Stinear, Timothy, Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy, Elshayeb, Ayman, Siddig, Marmar El, Ahmed, Abdel Azim, Hussien, Adil El, Kabwe, Mwila, Tembo, John, Chilukutu, Lophina, Chilufya, Moses, Ngulube, Francis, Lukwesa, Chileshe, Enne, Virve, Wexner, Hannah, Mwananyanda, Lawrence, Hamer, Davidson, Sinyangwe, Sylvester, Ahmed, Yusuf, Klein, Nigel, Maeurer, Markus, Zumla, Ali, Bates, Matthew, Beyala, Landry, Etienne, Guenou, Anthony, Njimbia, Benjamin, Azike, Ateudjieu, Jerome, Chibwe, Bertha, Ojok, David, Tarr, Christine Attia, Perez, Guillermo Martinez, Omeonga, Senga, Kibungu, Fanta, Meyer, Ana, Lansana, Peter, Mayor, Alfredo, Onyango, Peter, Loggerenberg, François Van, Furtado, Tamzin, Boggs, Liam, Segrt, Alexis, Dochez, Carine, Burnett, Rosemary, Mphahlele, M. Jeffrey, Miiro, George, Mbidde, Edward, Peshu, Norbert, Kivaya, Esther, Ngowi, Bernard, Kavishe, Reginald, Maowia, Mukhtar, Sandstrom, Eric, Ayuo, Elizabeth, Mmbaga, Blandina, Leisegang, Cordelia, Thorpe, Marie, Batchilly, Elizabeth, N'Guessan, Jean-Pierre, Kanteh, Dembo, Søfteland, Solrun, Sebitloane, Motshedisi, Vwalika, Bellington, Taylor, Myra, Galappaththi-Arachchige, Hashini, Holmen, Sigve, Gundersen, Svein Gunnar, Ndhlovu, Patricia, Kjetland, Eyrun Floerecke, Kombe, Francis, Toohey, Jacintha, Pienaar, Elizabeth, Kredo, Tamara, Cham, Pa Modou, Abubakar, Ismaela, Dondeh, Bai Lamin, Vischer, Nerina, Pfeiffer, Constanze, Burri, Christian, Musukwa, Kalo, Zürcher, Samuel, Mwandu, Temwani, Bauer, Sophie, Adriko, Moses, Mwaura, Peter, Omolloh, Kevin, Jones, Clarer, Malecela, Mwelecele, Hamidu, Buhari Adamu, Jenner, Tettevi Edward, Asiedu, Larbi John, Osei-Atweneboana, Mike, Afeke, Innocent, Addo, Phyllis, Newman, Mercy, Durnez, Lies, Eddyani, Miriam, Ammisah, Nana, Abas, Mona, Quartey, Maxwell, Ablordey, Anthony, Akinwale, Olaoluwa, Adeneye, Adeniyi, Ezeugwu, Sylvanus, Olukosi, Yetunde, Adewale, Babatunde, Sulyman, Medinat, Mafe, Margaret, Okwuzu, Jane, Gyang, Pam, Nwafor, Timothy, Henry, Uzoma, Musa, Bilkisu, Ujah, Innocent, Agobé, Jean Claude Dejon, Grau-Pujol, Berta, Sacoor, Charfudin, Nhabomba, Augusto, Casellas, Aina, Quintó, Llorenç, Subirà, Carme, Giné, Ricard, Valentín, Antònia, Muñoz, Jose, Nikiema, Marguerite, Ky-Ba, Absatou, Comapore, Kiswendsida Abdou Muller, Traore, Alfred, Sangare, Lassana, Oluremi, Adeolu, Michel, Mandro, Camara, Yaya, Sanneh, Bakary, Cuamba, Inocencia, Gutiérrez, Jose, Lázaro, Carlota, Mejia, Rojelio, Adedeji, Abimbola, Folorunsho, Sola, Demehin, Pelumi, Akinsanya, Bamidele, Cowley, Giovanna, Silva, Eunice Teixeira Da, Nabicassa, Meno, Barros, Pedrozinho Duarte Pereira De, Blif, Milena Mbote, Bailey, Robin, Last, Anna, Mahendradhata, Yodi, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, Nys, Kateljine De, Casteels, Minnes, Nona, Sylvie Kwedi, Lumeka, Kabwende, Todagbe, Agnandji, Djima, Mariam Mama, Ukpong, Morenike, Sagay, Atiene, Khamofu, Hadiza, Torpey, Kwasi, Afiadigwe, Evaristus, Anenih, James, Ezechi, Oliver, Nweneka, Chidi, Idoko, John, Muhumuza, Simon, Katahoire, Anne, Nuwaha, Fred, Olsen, Annette, Okeyo, Seth, Omollo, Raymond, Kimutai, Robert, Ochieng, Michael, Egondi, Thaddaeus, Moonga, Clement, Chileshe, Chisele, Magwende, George, Anumudu, Chiaka, Onile, Olugbenga, Oladele, Victoria, Adebayo, Adewale, Awobode, Henrietta, Oyeyemi, Oyetunde, Odaibo, Alexander, Kabuye, Emily, Lutalo, Tom, Njua-Yafi, Clarisse, Nkuo-Akenji, Theresa, Anchang-Kimbi, Judith, Mugri, Regina, Chi, Hanesh, Tata, Rolland, Njumkeng, Charles, Dodoo, Daniel, Achidi, Eric, Fernandes, José, Bache, Emmanuel B., Matakala, Kalumbu, Searle, Kelly, Greenman, Michelle, and Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin

Subjects
Abstracts of Poster Presentations, Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Author Index, Abstracts of Presentations in Plenary Sessions, Article, Abstracts of the Eighth Edctp Forum, 6–9 November 2016
Published
2017

38. MOESM1 of Two-year longitudinal survey reveals high genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni with adult worms surviving praziquantel treatment at the start of mass drug administration in Uganda

Author

Faust, Christina, Crotti, Marco, Arinaitwe Moses, Oguttu, David, Aidah Wamboko, Adriko, Moses, Adekanle, Elizabeth, Kabatereine, Narcis, Edridah Tukahebwa, Norton, Alice, Gower, Charlotte, Webster, Joanne, and Lamberton, Poppy

Subjects
Pharmacology, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Science Policy, 60506 Virology, Computational Biology, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, FOS: Health sciences, 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified, Inorganic Chemistry, Space Science, FOS: Chemical sciences, FOS: Biological sciences, Medicine, 110309 Infectious Diseases, 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Additional file 1: Text S1. Additional methods. Table S1. Travel distances between schools. Table S2. Summary of infrapopulations (individuals) sampled at each timepoint (listed as weeks since start of study). Table S3. Microsatellite loci utilized in this study. Text S2. Additional results. Table S4. Comparison of genetic diversity at the seven microsatellite loci used in the study. Table S5. Proportion infected at pre- and post-treatment. Table S6. Infection intensity between pre- and post-treatment timepoints. Table S7. Summary of infrapopulation phenotyped. Table S8. Frequency of miracidia isolated per individual from relative timepoints. Table S9. Frequency of full-sibling miracidia belonging to a family structure (including singletons) per individual. Table S10. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for Schistosoma mansoni. Figure S1. Parasite structure through time. Figure S2. Trees of phenotype data. Figure S3. Phylogenies of infrapopulations from individual children sampled over time (continued from Fig. 5). Figure S4. Pairwise FST between each school and timepoint. Figure S5. Population differentiation by village. Figure S6. Clustering by discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC).

Published
2019
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39. Surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control: a comparison of four diagnostic tests across five Ugandan primary schools in the Lake Albert region

Author

Al-Shehri, Hajri, Koukounari, Artemis, Stanton, Michelle C, Adriko, Moses, Arinaitwe, Moses, Atuhaire, Aaron, Kabatereine, Narcis B, and Stothard, J Russell

Subjects
DNA-TaqMan®, Male, Kato-Katz, Point-of-Care Systems, urine-CCA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, SEA-ELISA, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Feces, parasitic diseases, latent class analysis, Prevalence, Animals, Humans, Uganda, Child, ws_430, wa_30, Schools, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Schistosoma mansoni, Helminth Proteins, wc_810, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Lakes, Antigens, Helminth, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Special Issue Research Article, ws_440
Abstract

Programmatic surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control can typically use four diagnostic tests, either singularly or in combination, but these have yet to be cross-compared directly. Our study assembled a complete diagnostic dataset, inclusive of infection intensities, from 258 children from five Ugandan primary schools. The schools were purposely selected as typical of the endemic landscape near Lake Albert and reflective of high- and low-transmission settings. Overall prevalence was: 44.1% (95% CI 38.0–50.2) by microscopy of duplicate Kato-Katz smears from two consecutive stools, 56.9% (95% CI 50.8–63.0) by urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipstick, 67.4% (95% CI 61.6–73.1) by DNA-TaqMan® and 75.1% (95% CI 69.8–80.4) by soluble egg antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SEA-ELISA). A cross-comparison of diagnostic sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values was undertaken, inclusive of a latent class analysis (LCA) with a LCA-model estimate of prevalence by each school. The latter ranged from 9.6% to 100.0%, and prevalence by school for each diagnostic test followed a static ascending order or monotonic series of Kato-Katz, urine-CCA dipstick, DNA-TaqMan® and SEA-ELISA. We confirm that Kato-Katz remains a satisfactory diagnostic standalone in high-transmission settings but in low-transmission settings should be augmented or replaced by urine-CCA dipsticks. DNA-TaqMan® appears suitable in both endemic settings though is only implementable if resources permit. In low-transmission settings, SEA-ELISA remains the method of choice to evidence an absence infection. We discuss the pros and cons of each method concluding that future surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis would benefit from a flexible, context-specific approach both in choice and application of each diagnostic method, rather than a single one-size fits all approach.

Published
2018

41. Risk assessment for the implementation of controlled human Schistosoma mansoni infection trials in Uganda

Author

Koopman, Jan Pieter, primary, Egesa, Moses, additional, Wajja, Anne, additional, Adriko, Moses, additional, Nassuuna, Jacent, additional, Nkurunungi, Gyaviira, additional, Driciru, Emmanuella, additional, van Willigen, Gijsbert, additional, Cose, Stephen, additional, Yazdanbakhsh, Maria, additional, Kaleebu, Pontiano, additional, Kabatereine, Narcis, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah, additional, Roestenberg, Meta, additional, and Elliott, Alison M., additional

Published
2019
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43. Confirmed local endemicity and putative high transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in the Sesse Islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda

Author

Kabatereine Narcis B, Besigye Fred, Adriko Moses, Standley Claire J, and Stothard Russell J

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract The Sesse Islands, in the Ugandan portion of Lake Victoria, have long been considered a low transmission zone for intestinal schistosomiasis. Based on observations of high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the northern-most islands of this archipelago, a follow-up survey was conducted to ascertain whether transmission was endemic to this island group, combining parasitological and malacological surveys. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was again observed to be high, as was intensity of infections which, combined with low reported incidence of treatment, suggests that chemotherapy-based control initiatives are not being maximally effective in this region as high levels of population movement between islands and districts are confounding. The local disease transmission was confirmed by the observations of high abundance of Biomphalaria, as well as field-caught snails shedding S. mansoni cercariae. DNA sequencing of 12 cercariae revealed common mitochondrial cox1 haplotypes, as well as, novel ones, consistent with the high genetic diversity of this parasite in Lake Victoria. Intestinal schistosomiasis is firmly endemic in parts of the Sesse Islands and more broadly, this island group provides an insight into the future challenges to be faced by the Ugandan National Control Programme in regularly reaching these rather remote, inaccessible and largely itinerant communities.

Published
2011
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44. Investigating portable fluorescent microscopy (CyScope®) as an alternative rapid diagnostic test for malaria in children and women of child-bearing age

Author

Sousa-Figueiredo José, Oguttu David, Adriko Moses, Besigye Fred, Nankasi Andrina, Arinaitwe Moses, Namukuta Annet, Betson Martha, Kabatereine Narcis B, and Stothard J Russell

Subjects
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Prompt and correct diagnosis of malaria is crucial for accurate epidemiological assessment and better case management, and while the gold standard of light microscopy is often available, it requires both expertise and time. Portable fluorescent microscopy using the CyScope® offers a potentially quicker, easier and more field-applicable alternative. This article reports on the strengths, limitations of this methodology and its diagnostic performance in cross-sectional surveys on young children and women of child-bearing age. Methods 552 adults (99% women of child-bearing age) and 980 children (99% ≤ 5 years of age) from rural and peri-urban regions of Ugandan were examined for malaria using light microscopy (Giemsa-stain), a lateral-flow test (Paracheck-Pf®) and the CyScope®. Results from the surveys were used to calculate diagnostic performance (sensitivity and specificity) as well as to perform a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses, using light microscopy as the gold-standard. Results Fluorescent microscopy (qualitative reads) showed reduced specificity (400 parasites/μL blood): sensitivity of 64.2% and specificity of 86.0%. Overall, the diagnostic performance of the CyScope was found inferior to that of Paracheck-Pf®. Discussion Fluorescent microscopy using the CyScope® is certainly a field-applicable and relatively affordable solution for malaria diagnoses especially in areas where electrical supplies may be lacking. While it is unlikely to miss higher parasitaemia, its application in cross-sectional community-based studies leads to many false positives (i.e. small fluorescent bodies of presently unknown origin mistaken as malaria parasites). Without recourse to other technologies, arbitration of these false positives is presently equivocal, which could ultimately lead to over-treatment; something that should be further explored in future investigations if the CyScope® is to be more widely implemented.

Published
2010
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45. Epidemiology and control of intestinal schistosomiasis on the Sesse Islands, Uganda: integrating malacology and parasitology to tailor local treatment recommendations

Author

Fenwick Alan, Kazibwe Francis, Atuhaire Aaron, Arinaitwe Moses, Adriko Moses, Standley Claire J, Kabatereine Narcis B, and Stothard J Russell

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Intestinal schistosomiasis is often widespread among the populations living around Lake Victoria and on its islands. The Sesse Island group (containing some 84 islands), however, is typically assumed to be a low prevalence zone, with limited transmission, but has never been surveyed in detail. Here, we present a rapid mapping assessment, bringing together snail and parasite information, at 23 sites for the presence of intermediate host snails and at 61 sites for the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in school-aged children (N = 905). Two different diagnostic tools were used and compared at 45 of these sites: Kato-Katz thick faecal smears and circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine dipsticks. Results Biomphalaria snails were found at 11 sites but in low numbers; none was found shedding schistosome cercariae. At 22 out of the 45 sites, local prevalence by urine and/or stool diagnostics was in excess of 50%, although mean prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis overall was 34.6% (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 31.0-38.3%) by Kato-Katz and 46.5% (95% CI = 42.7-50.4%) by CCA if 'trace' reactions were considered infection-positive (if considered infection-negative, mean prevalence was 28.1% (95% CI = 24.7-31.7%)). Diagnostic congruence between CCA and Kato-Katz was poor and significant discordance in estimated prevalence by location was found, with each often inferring different mass drug administration regimes. Conclusions Accurate estimation of schistosome prevalence is important for determining present and future treatment needs with praziquantel; the wide range of schistosome prevalence across the Sesse Island group requires a treatment regime largely tailored to each island. In high prevalence locations, further malacological sampling is required to confirm the extent of local transmission, especially on the northern islands within the group. The observation that different diagnostic tests can provide varying results in terms of estimating prevalence by location, and hence change treatment recommendations, suggests that care must be taken in interpreting raw prevalence data. In particular, further research into the reasons for the differences in the poorer performance of the CCA test should be pursued.

Published
2010
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46. Understanding the relationship between egg and antigen based diagnostics of Schistosoma mansoni infection pre- and post-treatment in Uganda

Author

Prada, Joaquin Miguel, Touloupou, Panayiota, Adriko, Moses, Tukahebwa, Edridah M., Lamberton, Poppy H.L., and Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre

Subjects
parasitic diseases
Abstract

Background: \ud Schistosomiasis is a major socio-economic and public health problem in many sub-Saharan African countries. After large mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns, prevalence of infection rapidly returns to pre-treatment levels. The traditional egg-based diagnostic for schistosome infections, Kato-Katz, is being substituted in many settings by circulating antigen recognition-based diagnostics, usually the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test (CCA). The relationship between these diagnostics is poorly understood, particularly after treatment in both drug-efficacy studies and routine monitoring.\ud \ud Results: \ud We created a model of schistosome infections to better understand and quantify the relationship between these two egg- and adult worm antigen-based diagnostics. We focused particularly on the interpretation of “trace” results after CCA testing. Our analyses suggest that CCA is generally a better predictor of prevalence, particularly after treatment, and that trace CCA results are typically associated with truly infected individuals.\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud Even though prevalence rises to pre-treatment levels only six months after MDAs, our model suggests that the average intensity of infection is much lower, and is probably in part due to a small burden of surviving juveniles from when the treatment occurred. This work helps to better understand CCA diagnostics and the interpretation of post-treatment prevalence estimations.

Published
2018

47. Additional file 1: of Understanding the relationship between egg- and antigen-based diagnostics of Schistosoma mansoni infection pre- and post-treatment in Uganda

Author

JoaquĂ­N Prada, Touloupou, Panayiota, Adriko, Moses, Edridah Tukahebwa, Lamberton, Poppy, and T. DĂŠirdre Hollingsworth

Subjects
FOS: Clinical medicine, FOS: Biological sciences, Immunology, 60506 Virology, FOS: Mathematics, 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified, Computational Biology, 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Detailed model description. Document explaining and justifying all model assumptions. Posterior distributions from the analysis are also shown, as well as the fit to the data. (PDF 2476 kb)

Published
2018
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48. Additional file 2: of Understanding the relationship between egg- and antigen-based diagnostics of Schistosoma mansoni infection pre- and post-treatment in Uganda

Author

JoaquĂ­N Prada, Touloupou, Panayiota, Adriko, Moses, Edridah Tukahebwa, Lamberton, Poppy, and T. DĂŠirdre Hollingsworth

Subjects
FOS: Clinical medicine, fungi, Immunology, 60506 Virology, 111714 Mental Health, Computational Biology, FOS: Health sciences, Microbiology, body regions, nervous system, FOS: Biological sciences, Medicine, 110309 Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology
Abstract

Sampling interpolation methodology. Methodology to sample correlated infection levels and average intensity of infection. (PDF 82 kb)

Published
2018
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49. Ethical and scientific considerations on the establishment of a controlled human infection model for schistosomiasis in Uganda: report of a stakeholders’ meeting held in Entebbe, Uganda.

Author

Elliott, Alison M., primary, Roestenberg, Meta, additional, Wajja, Anne, additional, Opio, Christopher, additional, Angumya, Francis, additional, Adriko, Moses, additional, Egesa, Moses, additional, Gitome, Serah, additional, Mfutso-Bengo, Joseph, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Kapulu, Melissa, additional, Seager, Zoe, additional, Lutalo, Tom, additional, Nazziwa, Winfred Badanga, additional, Muwumuza, Asuman, additional, Yazdanbakhsh, Maria, additional, Kaleebu, Pontiano, additional, Kabatereine, Narcis, additional, and Tukahebwa, Edridah, additional

Published
2018
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