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In Europe, today's affordable housing and co-housing projects represent complex products, complementing the physical intervention with economic and social techniques. This means that purely environmental and economical evaluation is not sufficient for these projects. While environmental and economical evaluation methodologies are widespread and advanced in the construction sector, methodologies to evaluate the social impacts of housing projects are rarely used and therefore underdeveloped.This study elaborates a framework to evaluate and monitor the social impacts of a complex social housing and co-housing project. The method adopted implements the Social Life Cycle Assessment, integrating a Post Occupancy Evaluation as the main tool for collecting and analysing data. The presented assessment framework is elaborated for the E-Co-Housing Model, a new experimental model so far as the development of affordable housing in Budapest is concerned. However, it delivers a starting point for more complex sustainability analysis of residential buildings in general.The guideline for the Evaluation Framework is the methodology of the Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products, clarifying and improving some of its usual elements. The study of the E-Co-Housing Model shows that housing products, especially affordable and co-housing projects significantly differ from other products. The differences are their main stakeholder groups, their life cycle stages and in their impact ways too. Therefore, housing products need a special S-LCA methodology to assess in a balanced way the complex aspects of its environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

The paper examines the applicability of the concept of ‘generation rent’ in the ‘super-homeownership’ housing regime and better-off focused welfare regime of Hungary. Available official statistical and survey data show the increase in private rentals among young households, and the appearance of private rental housing as a potential longer-term solution in the attitudes of young people towards housing. In the Hungarian context, the strong role of intergenerational transfers in access to home ownership and public housing policies contribute to the development of a ‘generation rent’. Furthermore, housing policies also affect the housing experiences of the Hungarian ‘generation rent’. In order to reduce tenure security and affordability risks, many households turn to family and friend networks. The involvement of family relations tends to prolong dependency on the family, thus affecting the youth-adulthood transition. Meanwhile the housing career plans of young people reflect the strongly ownership-oriented public discourse, even in the case of low-status young people, for whom acquiring homeownership is not a realistic aspiration. The analysis argues that the concept can be applied in the Hungarian context; however, the development, housing experiences, and housing career plans of ‘generation rent’ in Hungary are strongly influenced by the specific welfare regime and housing system context.

The COVID-19 outbreak has had great psychological and social impacts, not just on the marginalized population but on the general population as well (Wang et al. 2020). Changing life circumstances and daily routines, job losses, an uncertain existence, etc. make people’s lives more difficult. The COVID-19 outbreak is likely to have a notable impact on student life as well, as the latter have had to face many challenges (Sahu 2020) such as studying via e-learning methods, online exams, possibly losing their jobs, and financial problems (such as paying tuition fees). International students have moved back to their homeland or live in an isolated way in student hostels, maintaining social distance far away from their families and close friends. So far, only a few studies have been carried out to analyze how COVID-19 has affected students’ lives (Sahu 2020, Wenjun et al. 2020, Wong et al. 2007). Four Hungarian universities – Corvinus University of Budapest,8 the University of Debrecen, the University of Miskolc, and the University of Szeged – participated in the COVID-19 International Student Well-Being Study (C19 ISWS) (Van de Velde et al. 2020, Buffel et al. forthcoming), organized and conducted by the University of Amsterdam (UA) to examine the effects of COVID-19 on student life, involving 27 countries. The research objectives (RO) are the following (Van de Velde et al. 2020:1-2.): RO 1: Assess how the living conditions (physical and socioeconomic status) and workload of higher education students changed during the COVID-19 outbreak. RO 2: Assess how changes in living conditions and workload are related to stress levels among higher education students during the COVID-19 outbreak. RO 3: Assess how changes in living conditions, workload, and stress levels relate to well-being, mental health, and health behavior among higher education students during the COVID-19 outbreak. RO 4: Assess how the associations described in RO 3 are mediated by stressors (fear of infection, boredom, frustration, inadequate information, etc.), social support, and COVID-19-related knowledge during the pandemic outbreak. RO 5: Assess the variation in well-being and mental health among university students across participating universities and countries. RO 5: Assess how the cross-university and cross-country variation in wellbeing and mental health in higher education students may be related to varying (a) university-level, and (2) national policy contexts.

The growth of the tourism and hospitality industry played an important role in the gentrification of the post-socialist city of Budapest. Although disinvestment was present, reinvestment was moderate for decades after 1989. Privatisation of individual tenancies and the consequent fragmented ownership structure of heritage buildings made refurbishment and reinvestment less profitable. Because of local contextual factors and global changes in consumption habits, the function of the dilapidated 19th century housing stock transformed in the 2000s, and the residential neighbourhood which was the subject of the research turned into the so called ‘party district’. The process was followed in our ongoing field research. The functional change made possible speculative investment in inner city housing and played a major role in the commodification of the disinvested housing stock.

This paper analyses the expansion and crisis of the foreign-currency (FX) loan market and responding mortgage rescue programs in Hungary, assessing changes in the housing regime. We argue that the existing, malformed housing regime has not changed significantly and remains vulnerable to similar events. During the economic growth of the 2000s, mortgage based growth seemed feasible for both institutional actors and individuals; a shared narrative emerged. As FX loans became unaffordable after 2008, conflicting interests in placing blame and paying for losses lead to the fragmentation of this narrative. We argue that the coping strategies and broader behaviour of the participants reinforced the disproportionate elements of the housing regime. After 2015, housing policies again rely on economic stabilisation, now subsidised by the EU, incentivizing market solutions for private home ownership and disregarding the experiences of the past decades.

A tanulmany a magyar es a lengyel lakasrendszer atalakulasat elemzi. A ket orszag lakasrendszereinek fejlődese szamos kozos vonast mutatott a masodik vilaghaboru utani időszakban, s a rendszervaltas utan is hasonlo iranyban valtoztak: a kozossegi berlakasszektor beszűkult, az allami lakasfinanszirozas megszűnt, a magantulajdoni szektor valt meghatarozova, ahol a tiszta piaci viszonyokat atszovik a rokoni/csaladi, valamint a szocialista lakasrendszerből atoroklott kapcsolatok. A gazdasag 2000 utani stabilizaciojaval parhuzamosan a lakashitelezes gyors fejlődesnek indult, mindket orszagban jelentős sullyal jelent meg a devizaalapu hitelezes. A ket orszag a lakaspolitikai beavatkozasai, lakaspiaci folyamatai kulonboztek egymastol, s a 2008-as gazdasagi/penzugyi valsag is elterően hatott. A szerzők arra a kovetkeztetesre jutottak, hogy bar a lakasrendszer fejlődese sok szempontbol nagyon kulonboző utat jart be a ket orszagban, ezek az utak az azonos lakasrendszerek elterő valtozatainak tekinthetők.

The processes of gentrification and tourism are often inextricably linked, but their relationship is not unequivocal: tourists can be explorers of stigmatised areas before gentrification or tourist...

Az utóbbi évtizedekben a kutatások homlokterébe került az ún. új gazdaság szerepe a városok megújulásában. Ez a jelenség a fejlett gazdaságok posztindusztriális átalakulásához köthető, ahol a korábbi belső városrészek lepusztult ipari zónái számára keresik a megújuláshoz vezető utat. Az egyik ilyen válaszút az új gazdaság különböző szegmenseinek (IKT-szektor, dizájn, új média stb.) vonzása volt a megújítandó területeken, de több nemzetközi kutatás rávilágított arra, hogy a siker nem univerzális és sok esetben nem is meggyőző. Az új gazdaság térnyeréséről Budapestre kevés átfogó kutatás készült, így munkánk ezt a hiányt pótolja. Mivel 2000 óta fővárosunk egyik leglátványosabb átalakulása a modern irodaház-állomány folyamatos bővülése, ezért kutatási kérdéseinkre a budapesti bérirodaházakra vonatkozó saját gyűjtésű adatbázisunk segítségével keressük a választ. Kutatásunk fő kérdése, hogy az új gazdaság térnyerésének mintázataiban milyen különbségek találhatók, és a klaszteresedés mennyiben hozható összefüggésbe a városátalakulás spontán és tervezett folyamataival. Feltáró kutatásunk eredményei arra engednek következtetni, hogy a budapesti bérirodaház-építés célcsoportjának egyharmadába a kreatív szolgáltatásokhoz sorolható tevékenységeket végző cégek tartoznak. Közel egynegyedét pedig a pénzügyi és ingatlanokkal foglalkozó szolgáltatást kínálók adják. Habár az új gazdaság bizonyos szegmenseinek szerepe kiemelkedő az irodaházak bérlői között, a különböző irodapiaci zónákban mégsem találunk jelentős eltéréseket. Vagyis a városközponthoz közeli budai és pesti irodapiaci zónák a belvárosi területekkel együtt osztoznak mind a klasszikus városközponti üzleti negyedet képző, mind az átmeneti zónát megújító új gazdasági ágazatokban. Így a központi üzleti negyed és a kreatív funkció nem válik el élesen a különböző irodapiaci zónák szerint Budapesten.

In our study, we have examined the housing mobility patterns of Hungarian integration groups – defined on the basis of the Centre for Social Sciences’ 2015 Social Integration Survey – based on a segment of the housing paths, i.e. the characteristics of current and previous housing. As a starting point, we present the main determinants of housing mobility, then some relevant characteristics of the Hungarian housing system. Using the data of the Centre’s 2015 Social Integration Survey, we explore the connection between social integration and the typical patterns of the housing path segments. Our results, in harmony with the life cycle theory of housing mobility, confirm the decisive role of demographic factors, especially age and marital status. At the same time the results suggest that, in addition to the socio-demographic variables, social position has an impact on housing paths, including mobility within the rental sector and the prospects of exit to the homeownership sector. Groups in radically divergent social positions follow different housing paths: while the rental sector typically does not appear in the housing path of people belonging to the ’well-connected, politically active’ social integration group, the proportion of people moving within the rental sector is above average among individuals in the ’nonintegrated excluded’ and ’poorly integrated’ social integration groups.

The relationship between urban planning and tourism consumption is presented through one of the most attractive and popular districts of Budapest (District VII). Budapest is the capital city of Hungary and has a population of 1.7 million inhabitants making it one of the largest metropolitan regions in Central Eastern Europe. Budapest is typical of many other post-socialist cities in that its urban development process has followed a somewhat different trajectory from many Western European cities until recently, for example the relatively slow rate of gentrification in the post-socialist years. The paper will focus in particular on one central district of the city (VII) which currently contains a high concentration of hospitality and entertainment facilities (especially ‘ruin pubs’) and attracts a large numbers of tourists. The planning and development history of the district will be explained, including many controversies and conflicts which have arisen over the years. In addition to analysing the ...

In Hungary's housing system, home ownership has become the dominant tenure, covering 85%–90% of the housing stock after the first decade of intensive privatisation in the 1990s. Mortgage loans were...

Introduction: Parental health literacy is an important factor of pediatric health. Although it is thorougly studied in other countries, neither proper definition, nor adequate tool for its measurement exists in Hungarian. Aim: The aim of this work was to define the dimensions of parental health literacy and to introduce a questionnaire for its measurement. Method: Opinions of parents, pediatric nurses and pediatricians on parental health literacy were used to establish the definition and basic components. Based on these and previously standardized tests a new questionnaire was developed. Results: Four dimensions of parental health literacy were formulated such as knowledge, functional literacy, self-confidence and motivation. The new questionnaire assesses all four dimension through eight topics. Conclusions: This is the first culturally adapted definition and test of parental health literacy in Hungarian. With its application the efficacy of both primary care services and health education may be improved and the correlation between parental health literacy and pediatric health may be properly studied. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(42), 1715–1718.

This article outlines recent social processes in central Budapest — Inner-Erzsebetvaros, focusing on social sustainability and gentrification, and presents the potential social conflicts emerging in this area. We examine the recent history and trends and possible long-term effects of real-estate development in the research area. The article concludes that the gentrification events in central Budapest could be a warning signal of future social displacement and social exclusion.

A városfejlődés hátterében egyrészt a piacgazdaság által generált spontán folyamatok állnak, másrészt várospolitikai-várostervezési folyamatok. Ez utóbbi folyamatok következményeként egyes társadalmi csoportok előnyösebb, mások hátrányosabb helyzetbe kerülhetnek. Amikor várostervezési, várospolitikai döntések szociológiai elemzéséről gondolkozunk, nem csupán – sokszor talán nem is elsősorban – a konkrét fizikai valójában is megjelenő eredmény az, amelyet szemügyre veszünk, hanem az e mögött meghúzódó nyílt, vagy rejtett társadalmi érdekek, hatalmi viszonyok, konfliktusok rendszere elemzésünk tárgya (hogyan függenek össze a külső érdekek és hatalmak küzdelmeivel, mennyiben képes autonóm működésre, saját ethosának a képviseletére, mikor és mennyiben szolgálója, illetve kiszolgálója a körülötte működő erősebb érdekviszonyoknak.) E bonyolult kérdéskör részletes kifejtését – amelyet az egyszerűség kedvéért a várostervezés szociológiájának is nevezhetünk – ebben a tanulmányban a nyilvánosság és részvétel vizsgálatával kezdjük.

V članku so orisani najnovejši družbeni procesi v središču Budimpešte, pri čemer se največ pozornosti posveča socialnemu trajnostnemu razvoju in gentrifikaciji, predstavljeni pa so tudi potencialni socialni konflikti na tem območju. Poleg tega so obravnavani najnovejše dogajanje na nepremičninskem trgu in območja gentrifikacije v središču mesta. V drugem delu so predstavljene smeri razvoja in mogoči dolgotrajni vplivi gradnje nepremičnin na preučevanem območju. Članek se konča z ugotovitvijo, da so lahko primeri gentrifikacije v središču Budimpešte opozorilni znak prihodnjega socialnega razseljevanja in socialne izključenosti.

Parental health literacy is an important factor of pediatric health. Although it is thorougly studied in other countries, neither proper definition, nor adequate tool for its measurement exists in Hungarian.The aim of this work was to define the dimensions of parental health literacy and to introduce a questionnaire for its measurement.Opinions of parents, pediatric nurses and pediatricians on parental health literacy were used to establish the definition and basic components. Based on these and previously standardized tests a new questionnaire was developed.Four dimensions of parental health literacy were formulated such as knowledge, functional literacy, self-confidence and motivation. The new questionnaire assesses all four dimension through eight topics.This is the first culturally adapted definition and test of parental health literacy in Hungarian. With its application the efficacy of both primary care services and health education may be improved and the correlation between parental health literacy and pediatric health may be properly studied.

In the last few years, Inner-Erzsebetvaros (the inner part of Budapest, near to the city cen- ter) has experienced construction works in such a large scale that, taken into account the ratio of empty plots and houses permitted to demolish, might bring forth the total transformation of both the physical and the social image of the area. The study analyses changes in the social status of the area in the past years; the views of present residents on renewal; the way the repeatedly announced and delayed city renewal plans affect their lives. We present processes which seem to make gentrification inevitable, interests advocating such a process, and interests being overshadowed in policy-making. The analysis is based on data of the 1990 and 2001 population census, and a survey conducted in 2005.

A Budapest és agglomerációjának helyzete jó példája annak, hogy a politikai-hatalmi struktúra változása hogyan hat a társadalmi viszonyokra. Az elmúlt néhány év alatt a két terület között – a korábbinál – sokkal szorosabb kapcsolat és kölcsönhatás épült ki. Mindezek a változások indokolttá teszik, hogy azt vizsgáljuk meg, hogy a városi társadalom térbeli dimenziói hogyan értelmezhetőek akkor, ha nem egyszerűen a főváros közigazgatási határainak keretei között vizsgálódunk, hanem vizsgálati egységünknek a fővárost és agglomerációját tekintjük. A tanulmány első kérdése az, hogy a főváros és agglomerációja területén belül hogyan értelmezhetőek a társadalmi folyamatok térbeli dimenziói. Más szóval, azt vizsgáljuk, hogy a magas és alacsony státusú rétegek térbeli elkülönülése, szegregációja milyen mértékben lép át a településhatárokon, és a szegénység koncentrálódásának kockázatai milyen mintákat öltenek fel egy ilyen léptékű vizsgálat során.

The study presents research finding on changes in the property market position of the large housing estates of Budapest. During the last ten years the relative position of large housing estates has been decreasing, even faster, than it had before 1990. This trend was still not big enough to make these flats assailable. The result is, that the status of these housing estates has remained a somewhat middle-class one. The reason is, that the number of newly built flats continues to be very low in Budapest. That is why housing estates remain for certain groups of the middle class to be suitable places for living. When the speed of construction of new housing will higher, some estates will face the danger of falling into slum-situation.