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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different LED lamp colors (red and white) on the productive performance and egg quality of light laying hens. A total of 144 birds of the commercial strain Hy-Line® W-36 aged 44 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments (red and white LEDs) and 12 replicates, totaling 24 experimental plots with six birds each. Treatment means were compared by the F Test (5% probability) on the statistical software SISVAR. This study found that laying hens under red LED lamps showed a trend of greater egg production bird-1 day-1 (%) (p = 0.084), average egg weight (g) (p = 0.0826), egg mass (p < 0.05), and shell thickness (mm) and height (mm) (p < 0.01), whereas birds under white LED light showed better yolk color (p < 0.05). It is concluded that red LED illumination increases egg production and quality in light laying hens.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of thermal manipulation during incubation on the hatchability, the performance, the carcass characteristics, the intestinal villi, the nutrient metabolizability, and some physiological parameters in broiler chickens. Ross eggs were randomly distributed into four commercial automatic incubators. The treatments were as follows: incubator kept at 37.5 °C throughout the incubation period (Ctrl—control), and incubator temperature increased to 39 °C on days 16, 17, and 18 of incubation for 3 (T3h), 12 (T12h), or 24 h (T24h). The chicks were housed in an experimental performance barn and kept until 42 days of age under standard rearing conditions. The hatchability was lower when T24h was used. During the time after hatching, T3h caused higher levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the liver, a faster breathing rate, and a drop in the cloacal temperature and hematocrit. T12h increased the respiratory rate. T24h decreased the hematocrit, the weight gain, and the feed intake. The thermal manipulation during incubation did not affect the carcass characteristics, intestinal villi, or metabolizability of nutrients. It was concluded that raising the incubator temperature for 3 h during late incubation may be beneficial for thermoregulation, but raising it for 24 h during this period impairs animal performance.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o dano de Caryedes sp. em sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum; testar diferentes metodologias de superação da dormência; e determinar a influência destes danos na germinação e vigor. As sementes sadias foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos para superação de dormência. Foram avaliados 500 frutos totalizando 5245 sementes, com média de 10,47 ± 2,99 por fruto. Destas, 9,00 ± 3,32 estavam sadias e 0,26 ± 0,63 danificadas pelo bruquídeo. A escarificação mecânica no sentido do hilo promoveu maior germinação e foi utilizada para comparar com as sementes atacadas. O ataque do bruquídeo pode diminuir significativamente a germinação das sementes de tamboril.

This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the profile of volatile compounds found in the meat of chickens raised in a free-range system as a function of their sex and sexual maturity. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and 90 birds were categorized as immature males, mature males, immature females or mature females. Samples of breast and drumstick cuts were analyzed. The volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and the Kovats index. Ninety-six volatile compounds were identified. Aldehydes, terpenes, and alcohols composed the highest numbers of identified volatile compounds. There was a stronger relationship between aldehyde, ketone, terpene, furan and sulfur compounds with drumstick meat from mature males compared with the other samples. Ester compounds were more strongly associated with chicken meat from immature females in breast cut. In breast meat, the alcohol group was negatively correlated with immature chickens in both sexes and increased with sexual maturity. Compounds such as aldehydes, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and pyrazines were more strongly related to the breast meat of mature females. There was a difference in the profile of volatile compounds between mature and immature chickens according to sex and cut. Male and female chickens demonstrated compounds that could change the taste of chicken meat, indicating that the influence of sexual maturity was a common factor.

Emulsifiers in animal diets are an interesting and effective strategy for nutritionists to improve the digestion of dietary lipids and, consequently, provide better performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of diets with emulsifier based on mono- and diglycerides (120 g t-1 of feed) associated with different energy levels (2,775; 2,725; 2,675 and 2,625 kcal of metabolizable energy kg-1 of feed) on performance and egg quality of Hisex Brown laying hens. The laying hens were distributed in 50 experimental plots with eight birds each. A completely randomized design with five treatments and ten replicates/treatments was used. The treatments in this study were: control diet (C) with 2,775 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) kg-1 of feed; C + E: diet C supplemented with an emulsifier (E) at 120 g t-1 of feed; diet C with reduction of 50 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC50 + E); diet C with reduction of 100 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC100 + E); and diet C with reduction of 150 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC150 + E). All diets had the same inclusion level of degummed soybean oil (2%). There was no influence of the treatments on the performance and quality of the eggs (p >0.05). The current study has shown that diets supplemented with emulsifiers based on mono- and diglycerides (120 g t-1) allows reducing the metabolizable energy level up to 150 kcal kg-1 of feed, without impairment on performance and egg quality of Hisex Brown laying hens

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with biocomplexed selenium and chromium on the fatty acid profile of the breast and thigh of males and females broilers of the Label Rouge lineage. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to three diets (control; 0.40 ppm of chromium; 0.50 ppm of selenium) and two sexes. Each treatment consisted of three plots of five broilers. The fatty acid profile was evaluated in the breast and thigh samples. The addition of biocomplexed selenium in the broilers diets increased the content of long chain fatty acid of the omega 3 and 6 series (docosahexaenoic - DHA and arachidonic acids, respectively), the total of omega 6 and the stearic acid content on the breast (pectoralis major muscle). In addition, selenium supplementation caused a reduction in oleic acid content and in total of monounsaturated in the same muscle. Males had higher contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and total of polyunsaturated; and lower content of oleic acid, total of monounsaturated and saturated in the thigh. The broilers supplemented with biocomplexed selenium and males presented better lipid quality in the muscle by breast and thigh, respectively.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of yellow natural pigment levels based on Marigold Flower extract (2%) and yellow synthetic pigment (Carophyll Yellow 10%) in sorghum-based rations for commercial laying hens and their influence on bird performance and egg quality. A completely randomized design was adopted with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 5 laying hens in each repetition. The treatments evaluated were: Sorghum based diet without supplementation with pigmentant - Negative Control; 150 g t-1 of Yellow Natural Pigment feed; 300 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 450 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 25 g t-1 of yellow industrial pigment feed. The Tukey test was applied at 5% for the analysis of the variables of performance and quality of the eggs. The variables related to external and internal egg quality and poultry yield performance did not present significant results (p > 0.05). Only the variable color of the yolk obtained significance (p < 0.01), with an increase according to the number of pigments included in the diet. Sorghum can be used together supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments in the diet to improve yolk pigmentation. It is recommended to include 450g t-1 of natural marigold flower pigment feed (2%) in sorghum-based diets for better pigmentation of the yolk in place of 25 g t-1 of yellow synthetic pigmented, by improving the color of the yolk and not interfering in the productive performance of the laying hens and the quality of the eggs.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de pigmentante sintético (Cantaxantina 10%) aliado a níveis de suplementação de pigmentantes naturais e sintéticos na dieta de poedeiras comerciais em rações a base de sorgo. Foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras comerciais com 67 semanas de idade da linhagem Hisex Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições de cinco aves/repetição. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 25 g/t de carophyll yellow 10% + 20 g/t de carophyll vermelho (T1); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 10 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T2); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 20 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T3); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 30 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T4); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% +20 g/t carophyll vermelho (T5). Foi aplicado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Houve diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para coloração da gema, onde o aumento da coloração teve reflexo de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de pigmentante nas dietas, sendo que as demais variáveis não foram afetadas. O nível de suplementação de 300 g.t-1 de pigmento natural amarelo + 30 g.t-1 de pigmento vermelho industrial em dietas a base de sorgo para poedeiras proporcionou melhor índice de coloração da gema.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and quality of eggs of laying hens of the Hisex Brown signage submitted to diets with the inclusion of pequi pulp flour. The experiment was conducted with a total duration of 63 days (3 periods of 21 days each), and 240 birds of the commercial lineage Hisex Brown were used at 35 weeks of age distributed in 30 experimental plots, with 2 birds in each, totaling 8 birds per plot. A completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments (inclusions of 0%; 0.125%; 0.250%; 0.375% and 0.5% of pequi pulp flour). The variables of egg performance and quality were submitted to linear and quadratic regression analysis at the level of 5% probability. No significant differences were observed for the inclusion levels of pequi pulp flour. The flour levels of pequi pulp tested in the present study were not sufficient to demonstrate improvements in the productive performance of birds and egg quality. Further research with higher inclusion percentages is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this natural supplement.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a germinação de sementes de Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose (Fabaceae) atacadas por bruquíneos (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Frutos dessa espécie foram coletados em São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, MG. As sementes indenes e as danificadas por bruquíneos foram submetidas aos testes de germinação em cinco tratamentos, com 100 sementes cada. O melhor percentual de germinação foi obtido nas sementes sadias e lixadas. As sementes sadias embebidas em água apresentaram baixo percentual de germinação. O ataque de bruquíneos proporcionou redução na taxa de germinação, mas não impediu que esse processo ocorresse nas sementes danificadas.

ABSTRACT We intended to evaluate the influence of supplementation with biocomplexed minerals on the performance and carcass characteristics of Label Rouge broilers of both sexes, as well as on the feed efficiency and feed costs. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in factorial scheme (3×2) – three experimental diets (control, 0.50 ppm of selenium, and 0.40 ppm of chromium) and two sexes (male and female). Each treatment was composted of three plots, each one represented by 21 birds. The average weight (g/bird), weight gain (g/bird), feed intake (g/bird), and feed conversion in periods of 1 to 7, 1 to 21, 1 to 35, 1 to 49, 1 to 63, and 1 to 90 days were calculated. Weight and yield of carcass and cuts were determined. Both average feed cost (AFC, R$/bird) and cost per kg of weight gain (CWG, R$/kg weight gain) as well as economic efficiency index (EEI) were estimated. There was no influence of the diet on performance, carcass characteristics, and feed costs of the birds. The males presented higher means of average weight (3819.2 g/bird), weight gain (3780.9 g/bird), feed intake (11030.2 g/bird), and better feed conversion index (2.9) in the period of 1 to 90 days, besides presenting higher values of live weight at slaughter (3740.2 g), carcass weight (3117.5 g) and carcass yield (83.4%), breast weight (832.4 g), thigh weight (432.5 g), and thigh yield (13.9%); the females presented higher breast yield values (28.1%). The males presented higher AFC and lower CWG. The addition of minerals in the diet does not change performance, carcass characteristics and feed costs. The males present better performance and better carcass characteristics, in addition to being economically more viable.

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of male colonial chickens fed diet supplemented with commercial probiotic (Calsporin ®). A total of 210 male chicks Label Rouge lineage were used and they were raised in experimental shed up to 30 days old. These birds had free access to the pickets of Tifton-85, from 31-90 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized, two treatments, one containing feed supplemented with probiotic Bacillus subtillis (300 g t-1 Bacillus subtillis 1×109 UFCg-1) and another one without it, with ten replications per treatment, consisting of 21 chickens/replication. The mean of body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), mortality and viability were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the averages of the treatments were compared by the F-test at 5% of significance. The addition of probiotic (300 g t-1 Bacillus subtillis 1×109 UFCg-1) in the diet of Label Rouge broilers did not interfere in the MW, WG, and FC variables in the total period from 1 to 90 days (P>0.05); the MFI variable differed (P

Resumo. Syagrus glaucescens Glaziou ex Becc (Arecaceae) é uma palmeira pequena, endêmica da região do Espinhaço Meridional, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Esta espécie ocorre em campos rupestres da Serra do Cipó e é muito abundante na região de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Em trabalhos de campo, foi observado ataque em seus frutos por um coleóptero, identificado como Pachymerus nucleorum Fabricius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae). O dano causado por este coleóptero inviabiliza a germinação das sementes de S. glaucescens, o que, aliado às queimadas frequentes pode diminuir a população desta palmeira, que por ser endêmica já apresenta elevado risco de extinção. Deste modo, é importante dimensionar os efeitos decorrentes desta predação na dinâmica populacional desta espécie. Occurrence of predation in seeds of Syagrus glaucescens Glaziou ex Becc by Pachymerus nucleorum Fabricius in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract. Syagrus glaucescens Glaziou ex Becc (Arecaceae) is a small palm tree, endemic to the Southern Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This species occurs at rupestrian fields in Cipó mountain range and it is very abundant in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In field work, an attack on its fruits was observed by a beetle, identified as Pachymerus nucleorum Fabricius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae). The damage caused by this beetle prevents the germination of S. glaucescens seeds, which, together with the frequent burning, can decrease the population of that palm tree, which, because it is endemic, already presents a high risk of extinction. Therefore, it is important to know the effects of this predation on the population dynamics of this species.

SUMMARY This study had as an objective to evaluate the carcass yield, morphology and intestinal pH of male country hick broilers raised on Tifton-85 pickets, fed with commercial probiotic supplemented ration. A total of 210 one-day-old males broiler's chicken from the Peeled Neck lineage were raised in experimental boxes on a conventional shed until 30 days of age, and from 30 to 90 days of age they had access to Tifton-85 pickets (Cynodonspp.). The carcass yield variables evaluated were live weight at 90 days, carcass weight (with foot, neck and head), carcass weight (without foot, neck and head), thigh, chest, wings, edible viscera, inedible viscera, abdominal fat, pH, length and weight of the gastrointestinal tract compartments (gut, duodenum, jejunum, ileus, proventriculus, gizzard, and cecum). All data went through analysis of variance, and the means of the treatments were compared by the F test with 5% of probability. Variables of carcass yield, primary and secondary cuts, length, weight and pH of gastrointestinal tract compartments were not influenced (P> 0.05) by treatments with and without probiotic addition. Inclusion of 300 g / ton of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis DSM 15,544 in broiler's chicken from the Peeled Neck lineage had no influence over the carcass yield, pH and morphology of the gastrointestinal compartments of the birds in the period and levels in the present experiment. The sanitary challenge was not enough to demonstrate the effectiveness of probiotic action.

Resumo. A Teca (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) é uma espécie arbórea oriunda do sudeste da Ásia que foi introduzida no Brasil nos anos 60. Atualmente seu cultivo está em franca expansão em vários estados. Apesar desta espécie apresentar relativa resistência, alguns insetos têm sido reportados em povoamentos homogêneos, com possibilidades de provocar perdas em sua produção. Foi observada a ocorrência de uma cigarrinha em teca no município de Paulistas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A espécie Aethalion reticulatum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) foi encontrada em galhos e folhas de árvores com três anos de idade. A ocorrência dessa cigarrinha indica a colonização e adaptação por insetos nativos, que futuramente poderão alcançar o status de praga da cultura da teca. Occurrence of Aethalion reticulatum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) in Tectona grandis Linn. f. (Verbenaceae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract. Teca (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) is a tree species originating in Southeast Asia wich was introduced in Brazil in the 1960s. Currently, its cultivation is booming in several states. Although this species shows relative resistance, some insects have been reported in homogenous stands, with possibilities of causing losses in their production. It was observed the occurrence of a spittlebug in teak in the municipality of Paulistas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The specie Aethalion reticulatum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) was found on branches and leaves of three years old trees. The occurrence of this spittlebug indicates colonization and adaptation by native insects, which may eventually reach the pest status of teak culture.

The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of protease enzyme supplementation on performance parameters and quality shell of laying hens. We used 240 Isa Brown commercial laying hens with 44 weeks of age. A completely randomized split-plot design (5 periods of 21 days) with four treatments and six replications (10 hens per replication) was used. The experimental diets were formulated according to the requirements of the breed. The following parameters were evaluated: egg production, feed intake, feed conversion, average egg weight, egg loss, specific gravity, percentage and shell thickness. After collection, the data were analyzed with SISVAR Statistical Package, and the means compared by SNK test at 5% probability. It was concluded that supplementation of diets low in nutrients with 500 g ton-1 of protease (100 U g-1), provides egg production and feed conversion rates similar to those obtained in laying hens fed diet with the nutritional level recommended for the breed. However, protease supplementation did not show effect on egg shell quality.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de rações de poedeiras comerciais com um complexo multienzimático (CE), nas formas “on top”, com reduções nos níveis de PB, EM, Ca, P disponível e aminoácidos, com adição em níveis crescentes do complexo enzimático. Foram utilizadas 384 poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown, com idade inicial de 29 semanas, distribuídas em seis tratamentos com oito repetições, sendo oito aves por parcela experimental, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com parcelas subdividas no tempo (4 períodos de 28 dias cada). Os tratamentos foram: Controle Positivo (CP) 2.750 kcal kg-1 EM, 17,2% PB e 0,41% P disponível; Controle Negativo (CN) 2.600 kcal kg-1 EM, 16,7% PB e 0,26% P disponível; Controle Positivo + 350 g tonelada-1 do complexo enzimático (CP350); Controle Negativo + 250 g tonelada-1 de complexo enzimático (CN250); Controle Negativo + 350 g tonelada-1 de complexo enzimático (CN350) e; Controle Negativo + 500 g tonelada-1 do complexo enzimático (CN500). As variáveis analisadas de desempenho zootécnico foram: consumo de ração/ave/dia, produção de ovos/ave/dia, peso médio do ovo e conversão alimentar por massa de ovos. As variáveis de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos foram: espessura da casca, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, Unidade Haugh e gravidade específica. A inclusão do complexo multienzimático não interferiu nos resultados de importância zootécnica nem na qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras com idade entre 29 a 44 semanas de vida. O aumento no consumo de ração/ave/dia foi suficiente para suprir os níveis nutricionais reduzidos das dietas CN e manter em equilíbrio os resultados para o restante das variáveis. Para algumas variáveis de desempenho zootécnico, em alguns momentos, foi possível observar a influência negativa da inclusão de altos níveis do complexo multienzimático.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association of phytase with an enzymatic complex comprised of carbohydrases (α-galactosidase, galactomannan, xylanase and β-glucanase) in nutrition reduction diets for semi-heavy laying hens and its effect on egg performance and egg quality. Four hundred Isa Brown laying hens with 42 to 57 weeks of age were distributed in an entirely random experiment with five treatments and 8 repetitions, during five production periods of 21 days. Variables studied: egg production, feed intake, mean egg weight, feed conversion, Haugh unit, percentage of yolk, egg white and albumen, yolk color, eggshell thickness and specific gravity. There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between treatments and experimental periods for feed intake. There were no significant effects (p > 0.05) of treatment on production, egg weight or internal and external egg quality. Treatment effects on feed conversion showed better values for hens fed with the control diet. The levels of nutrient reduction used in the diets with or without enzyme supplementation did not provide good results with regard to feed conversion and feed intake. However, they did not affect the other parameters for egg production and internal and external egg quality.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of laying hens subjected to heavy semi-low crude protein (14.0%) and lysine levels while maintaining the same relation of digestible amino acid/ digestible lysine. A commercial line of 420 Isa Brown laying hens, in the period from 28 to 44 weeks of age, were distributed in 42 experimental plots. A completely randomized design with six treatments and seven replicates in four periods of 28 days/each was used. The treatments were: Control - Formulated according to the nutritional requirements proposed in the strain, containing 16.92% crude protein, 0.750% digestible lysine. Treatments 1 to 5, with crude protein levels of 14% and 0.600% of digestible lysine, 0.675%, 0.750%, 0.825% and 0.900%, respectively. The requirement of lysine, in relation to other digestible amino acids, can be estimated at 0.750% in diet with 14% crude protein, which corresponds to the average daily intake of 876 mg lysine dig. hen-1 day-1, without compromising the performance of hens.

Besouros do gênero Rhinochenus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) danificam sementes de espécies da flora do Cerrado brasileiro como o jatobá (Hymenea courbaril L.) e a copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria de pupas e adultos de R. stigma, bem como aspectos comportamentais, como a emissão de sons, para auxiliar a sexagem desta espécie. Os insetos foram obtidos de frutos de jatobá coletados no Município de São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. As características morfométricas de pupas e adultos não apresentaram diferenças pelo teste t, não sendo seguras para a diferenciação dos sexos. Para adultos de R. stigma, a sexagem só foi possível após a morte, pela dissecação dos órgãos genitais.

The simplified and half-simplified diets are a new technology that combines economy and welfare intestinal. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of simplified and half-simplified diets, with and without exogenous enzymes, on the productive performance of growing rabbits. A Reference diet, two simplified diets and eight half-simplified diets had been utilized. The main fibrous sources used were the alfalfa hay (ALH), hay from the upper third of the cassava foliage (HUTCF) and cassava leaf meal (CLM), using a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and eight repetitions. The enzymes used were the carbohydrases (alpha-galactosidase, galactomanase, xylanase and beta-glucanase) and phytase. The consumption of animals fed with diets with high inclusion of CLM was lower than the other. The daily weight gain was higher in animals fed with the reference diet, half-simplified diet based on HUTCF and half-simplified diets based on the mix of ALH and CLM. A positive effect of exogenous enzymes inclusion, on the performance parameters, was not observed. Based on these results we conclude that the simplified and half-simplified diets provide decrease in productive performance. Considering the proportionate economy in the cost of feed, the half simplified based on HUTCF may be an interesting alternative.

Com a presente pesquisa, objetivou-se estudar a digestibilidade da energia em rações para codornas e determinar a energia metabolizável da farinha das folhas de mandioca (FFM) e do feno do terço superior da rama da mandioca (FTSRM), com e sem tratamento alcoólico. Foram utilizadas 224 codornas em postura (Coturnix coturnix Temminck & Schlegel, 1849), distribuídas em quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, utilizando 14 aves em cada parcela experimental, sendo uma ração-referência e três em que o alimento-teste substituiu essa ração em 17,2%. Para tratamento alcoólico do FTSRM, foi utilizada uma mistura 50% v/v de álcool etílico hidratado com água, na qual foram submersos 1,5 kg do FTSRM, previamente moído, em 3 imersões consecutivas. Foi observado que a inclusão dos ingredientes fibrosos piorou a digestibilidade da energia das rações (P

Realizou-se um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis nutricionais de cálcio e das granulometrias do calcário em rações para frangas nas fases de cria e recria sobre a produção de ovos. Utilizaram-se 600 poedeiras da linhagem Lohmann LSL, alimentadas nos períodos de cria e recria com rações experimentais suplementadas com fitase (500 FTU/kg) e calcário em granulometrias fina (DGM = 0,135 mm) e grossa (DGM = 0,899 mm) para atender os níveis de 0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20% de Ca total na ração. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com cinco repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental e quatro períodos de 21 dias. Na fase de postura (18 a 30 semanas de idade), as aves receberam a mesma ração com 3,60% de Ca. O nível de 0,60% de Ca e as granulometrias do calcário fornecido nas fases de cria e recria foram suficientes para proporcionar bom desempenho na postura e não afetaram a qualidade externa e interna dos ovos no período estudado.This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium levels and particle sizes of limestone on egg production. Six hundred Lohman LSL laying hens were randomly assigned to 10 treatments: two particle sizes of limestone (DGM = 0.135 mm and 0.899 mm) combined with five dietary calcium levels (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, and 1.20% Ca), supplemented with phytase (500 FTU/kg). This experiment was analyzed as a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement with five replicates, with 12 hens per experiment unit and four periods of 21 days each. During the laying period (18 to 30 weeks of age), the hens were fed the same diet containing 3.6% Ca. Both particle sizes tested and 0.60% calcium level showed good results of performance in the laying period with no effect on internal or external egg quality.

Realizou-se um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de cálcio e das granulometrias do calcário na ração sobre os desenvolvimentos corporal e morfométrico do trato digestório de frangas de reposição. Foram utilizadas 1.400 frangas de reposição da linhagem Lohmann LSL, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de cálcio x granulometrias do calcário), com cinco repetições de 28 e 18 aves por parcela, respectivamente, nos períodos de 3 a 7 e de 8 a 12 semanas de idade. As dietas experimentais, à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de trigo (trigo somente na recria), foram formuladas para ser isoprotéicas, isocalóricas e isofosfóricas (fosfato monoamônio). Além da suplementação com minerais, vitaminas e fitase (500 FTU/kg), as dietas foram acrescidas de calcário em granulometrias fina (DGM=0,135 mm) e grossa (DGM=0,899 mm) para apresentar os níveis de 0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20% de cálcio total na dieta. Avaliaram-se o desempenho no período de 3 a 12 semanas, a morfometria do trato digestório e os teores de cinzas e minerais na tíbia de aves de cada parcela. O consumo de ração aumentou de forma linear com a elevação dos níveis de cálcio. Não houve diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar, na porcentagem do trato digestório e no comprimento do metatarso. Maiores teores de cinzas foram obtidos em frangas que receberam o nível de 0,60% de Ca e maior comprimento do intestino delgado em aves recebendo a granulometria grossa. O nível de 0,60% de cálcio e o calcário na granulometria grossa (DGM=0,899 mm) foram ideais para o melhor desenvolvimento esquelético, o menor consumo de ração e o maior comprimento do intestino delgado.The effects of feeding different calcium levels and limestone particle sizes on body and morphometric development of the digestive tract in replacement pullets were evaluated in this trial. One thousand and four hundred Lohmann LSL replacement pullets were assigned to a complete randomized design with a 5 x 2 factorial (calcium levels and limestone particle size) and five replicates of 28 and 18 birds/plot, respectively, for the periods from 3 to 7 and from 8 to 12 weeks old. The experimental diets contained: corn, soybean meal and wheat meal (wheat only at growing phase) and were formulated to be isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isophosphorus (monoammonium phosphorus). Diets were supplemented with minerals, vitamins and phytase (500 FTU/Kg) and added with limestone in fine (DGM = 0.135 mm) and gross (DGM=0.899 mm) particle sizes to meet the levels of 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% of dietary total calcium. The performance in the period from 3 to 12 weeks, morphometry of the digestive tract and contents of tibia ashes and minerals in animals slaughtered at 12th week old were evaluated. The feed intake increased linearly as the dietary calcium levels increased. No significant differences on weight gain, feed conversion, percentage of digestory tract and metatarsus length were noticed. Better tibia ash content were observed with 0.60% of calcium and a longer length of the small intestine in pullets fed diet with gross particle size of limestone. The diet with calcium level of 0.60% and gross particle size of limestone resulted in better esqueletic development, worse feed intake and larger length of small intestine.

Os objetivos neste experimento foram avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de extrato de orégano (EO) como aditivo promotor de crescimento nas rações sobre o desempenho, o sistema imune (peso e tamanho da bursa de Fabricius, peso do baço e do timo), as características anatomo-fisiológicas do trato gastrointestinal (altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e suas relações), a microbiologia do ceco e o pH do duodeno e do ceco de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos de corte machos Cobb 500, em duas fases de criação (1 a 21 e 1 a 42 dias de idade), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e oito repetições de 30 aves. Utilizou-se ração basal (RB) para as três fases de criação (1 a 21, 22 a 35 e 36 a 42 dias de idade), constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - RB; T2 - RB com antibiótico (25 ppm de bacitracina de zinco); T3 - RB com 0,025% EO; T4 - RB com 0,050% EO; T5 - RB com 0,075% EO; e T6 -RB com 0,100% EO. Observou-se que os tratamentos não influenciaram o desempenho e os pHs dos conteúdos duodenal e cecal das aves nas duas fases de criação. As variáveis de imunidade e avaliação anatomo-fisiológica do trato gastrointestinal aos 21 dias não apresentaram diferenças. Apenas o peso do baço e a altura de vilosidade aos 42 dias de idade foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Houve redução no número de bactérias no ceco das aves à medida que se elevou o conteúdo do extrato de orégano nas rações, indicando que houve ação antimicrobiana dos componentes deste extrato. Na condição em que foi realizado o experimento, o uso do extrato de orégano como aditivo promotor de crescimento não ocasionou efeito diferente dos demais tratamentos (antibiótico e testemunha).The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the efficacy of oregan extract (OE), as growth promoter, in the diets, on performance, immune system (bursa Fabricius weight and volume, spleen weight and thymus weight), anatomic-physiological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract (villy height, crypta depth and villy:crypta ratio), caecum microbiological analysis, and duodenum and caecum pH. One thousand and fourty male Cobb 500 chicks, in two growing phases (1 to 21 and 1 to 42 days old) were randomly assigned to six treatments and eight replicates of 30 broilers. The basal diet (BD) was fed during the three phases (1 to 21, 22 to 35 and 36 to 42 days old), according to the following treatments: T1 - BD, T2 - BD with antibiotic (25 ppm zinc bacitracin), T3 - BD with 0.025% OE, T4 - BD with 0.050% OE, T5 - BD with 0.075% OE, and T6 - BD with 0.100% OE. No effect of treatments on broiler performance and duodenum and caecum pH in both phases was observed. The immunity system and anatomic-physiological parameters of gastrointestinal tract were not affected by the treatments, during the first phase. At 42 days old, only the spleen weight and villy height were affected by treatments. Decreasing effect on the number of bacteriums in caecum as the dietary level of oregan extract increased showed the antimicrobian effect of oregan extract. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the use of oregan extract as growth promoter did not differ from the other treatments (antibiotic and control).

Um experimento foi realizado no Setor de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), com duração de 6 dias, para determinar os valores energéticos de fontes protéicas para pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial. Utilizaram-se 480 pintos machos, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade que foram submetidos à metodologia de coleta total de excretas e distribuídos em 9 tratamentos com 6 repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 4 alimentos protéicos de origem vegetal (farelo de soja, soja integral tostada, soja micronizada e farelo de glúten de milho) que substituíram a ração referência (RR) em 30% e 4 alimentos protéicos de origem animal (farinha de carne e ossos 40% e 45% de PB, farinha de peixe e farinha de vísceras), que substituíram a RR em 20%. Simultaneamente, 6 repetições de 8 aves foram colocadas em jejum para a determinação das perdas endógenas. As variáveis estudadas foram energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), verdadeira (EMV) e as EMA e EMV corrigidas para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn, EMVn). Os alimentos de origem vegetal obtiveram valores de energia inferiores aos obtidos nas tabelas usuais de composição dos alimentos e os alimentos de origem animal, valores superiores.An experiment was conducted in the Poultry Farm Sector of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) with 6 days period duration to determine the energy values in protein sources for broiler chickens in the pre-initial phase. A total of 480 male chickens from Cobb line with one day old were submitted to the method of total excreta collection, allotted to nine treatments with six replicates each. The experimental unit consisted of eight chickens. The treatments were: 1- reference diet (RD); 2- RD with the addition of soybean meal; 3- RD with the addition of toasted soybean meal; 4- RD with the addition of micronized soybean meal; 5- RD with corn gluten meal; 6- RD with meat and bone meal 40; 7 - RD meat and bone meal 45; 8 - RD with fish meat; 9- RD with viscera meal. The protein feeds from vegetal by-products replaced RD by 30% and the protein feeds from animal by-product replaced by 20%. Simultaneously, six replicates of 8 chickens were placed in fasting to determine endogenous losses. The analyzed variables were the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and the nitrogen balance corrected AME and TME (AMEn and TMEn, respectively). The protein feeds from vegetal by-products shown ME decresead in relation to usually table of the feed composition table and the protein feeds from animal by-products shown higher values than those cited in the current literature or feed tables.

Realizou-se este experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis nutricionais de cálcio e granulometrias do calcário em rações de frangas de reposição sobre o desenvolvimento corporal e morfométrico do trato digestório. Foram utilizadas 1400 frangas de reposição da linhagem Lohmann LSL, empregando-se um DIC em esquema fatorial 5x2 (níveis de cálcio e granulometrias do calcário), com 5 repetições e 28 aves por parcela, no período de 3 a 5 semanas de idade. As dietas experimentais foram à base de milho e farelo de soja suplementada com minerais, vitaminas e fitase (500 FTU/kg), sendo isonutrientes, tendo como fonte de fósforo o fosfato monoamônio e balanceadas de acordo com o Manual da linhagem (LOHMANN, 1999). Utilizou-se o calcário em granulometrias fina (DGM = 0,135 mm) e grossa (DGM = 0,899 mm) para atender os níveis de 0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20% de cálcio total na dieta. Avaliaram-se o desempenho no período de 3 a 5 semanas, a morfometria do trato digestório e os teores de cinzas e minerais na tíbia de aves de cada parcela abatida na 5ª semana de idade. Não houve diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, consumo de ração e comprimento do metatarso. A conversão alimentar apresentou interação para níveis de cálcio e granulometria do calcário, sendo observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de cálcio dentro da granulometria grossa, com melhor conversão observada no nível de 0,96% de Ca. Dentro do nível 0,90% de Ca, a granulometria grossa apresentou melhor conversão. As aves que receberam a granulometria de 0,899 mm do calcário apresentaram menor comprimento do intestino delgado (cm/kg PV) e porcentagem de trato digestório. Obteve-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de cálcio sobre o teor de cinzas na tíbia, sendo o teor máximo de cinzas observado no nível de 0,93% de Ca. A granulometria grossa do calcário proporcionou também um maior teor de fósforo na tíbia, não observando diferenças sobre os teores de cálcio.The present work had the objective of to evaluate the effects of the nutritional levels of calcium and particle sizes of limestone replacement pullet rations on the performance and morphometric development of the digestive tract. A total of 1.400 replacement pullets of the Lohmann LSL strain, by using the CRD design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme (calcium levels and particle size of limestone) with five replicates with 28 pullets per plot for the period of 3 to 5 weeks of age. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal supplemented with minerals, vitamins and phytase (500 FTU/Kg). The rations were formulated to be a isoprotein, isocaloric and isophosphorus, being the phosphorus source supplied by monoammonium phosphorus and balanced according to the Lohmann (1999) strain Handbook, supplemented with limestone in fine (DGM = 0.135 mm) and gross (DGM = 0.899 mm) particle size to meet the levels of 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% of total calcium in the diet. The performance in the period of 3 to 5 weeks, morphometry of the digestive tract and contents of ash and minerals in the pullet tibia of each plot were taken after slaughtered pullet on the 5th week old. Feed conversion shown interaction to calcium levels and particle size of limenstone, occurring quadract effect of calcium levels in the gross particle size, with better feed conversion in the level of 0,96% of Ca. Inside of level 0,90% Ca the gross particle size shown better feed conversion. The pullets fed rations with limestone particle size of 0,899 mm had minus length of small intestine (cm/kg) and percentage of digestory tract. The better level of ash in the tíbia was obtained with the calcium level of 0,93% Ca. The gross particle size provided a higher level of P in tibia and any differences on levels of calcium levels were observed.

O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, em Lavras - MG, Brasil, com objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas de calcários calcíticos utilizados na alimentação de poedeiras. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x5, sendo 4 calcários calcíticos extraídos em diferentes regiões de Minas Gerais (Ijaci, Barroso, Iguatama e Formiga) em 5 granulometrias padronizadas (0,15-0,30; 0,30-0,60; 0,60-1,20; 1,20-2,00 e 2,00-4,00 mm), totalizando 20 tratamentos, com 8 repetições. Os calcários foram encaminhados ao laboratório, onde se determinaram a composição mineral e a solubilidade in vitro determinada pelo método da perda de peso. Pela análise mineral dos calcários inferiram-se algumas diferenças numéricas, principalmente em elementos como ferro e manganês, além de detectar a presença de zinco e cobre em menor quantidade. Houve interação (PThe experiment was carried out at the Animal Research Laboratory the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, in Lavras - MG, Brazil, with objective of evaluating the physical-chemistries characteristics of limestones used in the laying hens feeding. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x5 factorial arrangement, being four limestones extracted in different areas of Minas Gerais (Ijaci, Barroso, Iguatama and Formiga) in five particle size standardized (0.15-0.30, 0.30-0.60, 0.60-1.20, 1.20-2.00 and 2.00-4.00 mm), amounting twenty treatments, with eight replications. The limestones were directed to the laboratory where was determined the mineral composition and the in vitro solubility, certain for the method of the weight loss. The mineral analysis of the limestones, indicated some numerical differences mainly in elements as iron and manganese, besides detecting the presence of zinc and copper in smaller amount. There was interaction (P

Realizou-se um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis nutricionais de cálcio e granulometrias do calcário em rações de frangas de reposição sobre o desenvolvimento corporal e morfométrico do trato digestório. Foram utilizadas 1400 frangas de reposição da linhagem Lohmann LSL, empregando-se DIC em esquema fatorial 5x2 (níveis de cálcio e granulometrias do calcário), com 5 repetições com 28, 18 e 16 aves por parcela, respectivamente, nos períodos de 3 a 7, 8 a 12 e 13 a 16 semanas de idade. As dietas experimentais foram à base de milho e farelo de soja suplementadas com minerais, vitaminas e fitase (500 FTU/kg), sendo isoprotéicas, isocalóricas e isofosfóricas, tendo como fonte de fósforo o fosfato monoamônio e balanceadas de acordo com o Manual da linhagem Lohmann LSL (LOHMANN, 1999). Utilizou-se o calcário em granulometrias fina (DGM = 0,135 mm) e grossa (DGM = 0,899 mm) para atender os níveis de 0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20% de cálcio total na dieta. Avaliaram-se o desempenho no período de 3 a 16 semanas, morfometria do trato digestório e teores de cinzas e minerais na tíbia de aves de cada parcela abatida na 16a semana de idade. O consumo de ração apresentou aumento linear com a elevação dos níveis de cálcio. Não houve diferenças significativas do ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e porcentagem do trato digestório. Obtiveram-se maiores teores de cinzas e cálcio em frangas que receberam a granulometria grossa nos níveis de 0,90 e 1,05% de cálcio. Conclui-se que o nível de cálcio ideal para frangas nas fases de cria e recria é de 0,90% e a granulometria do calcário deve ser a grossa (DGM = 0,899 mm).The present work was performed with the purpose of evaluating the effects of the nutritional levels o calcium and particle sizes of limestone replacement pullet rations on the body and morphometric development of the digestive tract. 1,400 replacement pullets of the Lohmann LSL strain , employing CRD in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme (calcium levels and particle size of limestone) with five replicates with 28, 18 and 16 birds per plot, respectively over the periods of 3 to 7, 8 to 12 and 13 to 16 weeks of age. The experimental diets were based on corn, soybean meal and wheat meal (wheat only at growing phase) supplemented with minerals, vitamins and phytase (500 FTU/Kg), their being isoprotein, isocaloric and isophosphorus, their having as a phosphorus source monoammonium phosphorus and balanced according to the Lohmann LSL strain Handbook (LOHMANN, 1999), supplemented with limestone in fine (DGM = 0.135 mm) and gross (DGM = 0.899 mm) particle size to meet the levels of 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% of total calcium in the diet. The performance in the period of 3 to 16 weeks , morphometry of the digestive tract and contents of ashes and minerals in the birds’ tibia of each plot slaughtered on the 16th week of age. Ration consumption in the period presented a linear growth with the rise of calcium levels. There were no significant differences of weight gain, feed conversion and % digestive tract. On the 16th week of age, higher ash and calcium contents were achieved in pullets were fed gross particle size at the levels of 0.90 and 1.05% of calcium. In the initial and growing phases the level of 0.90% Ca proved ideal in gross size particle for the osseous formation.

Egg quality of semi-heavy laying hens fed on low protein diets (14.0% CP) and on different lysine levels is evaluated, while maintaining the same ratio of digestible amino acids / digestible lysine. Four hundred and twenty commercial strain Isa Brown laying hens, 28 weeks old, were divided into 42 experimental plots. A completely randomized design with six treatments and seven replicates was employed in four production cycles of 28 days each. Treatments comprised Control - 16.92% CP; 0.750% digestible lysine. Treatments 1 to 5, with CP levels 14% and digestible lysine levels 0.600, 0.675, 0.750, 0.825 and 0.900% respectively. Levels of Treatments 1 and 2 (0.546 and 0.640% digestible Met + Cys / 0.600 and 0.675% digestible lysine) provided smaller egg size. On the other hand, eggs had higher shell percentage when compared to control diet. When compared to other digestible amino acids, digestible lysine requirement may be estimated at 0.750% in a diet with 14% CP, which corresponds to the average daily intake of 876 mg dig. lysine hen-1 day-1 and 798 mg dig. Met + Cys hen-1 day-1, without jeopardizing performance and eggs’ internal and external quality.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da associação de carboidrases e fitase em dietas de poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 300 poedeiras Isa Brown com 26 semanas, submetidas aos tratamentos: Controle Positivo: sem enzimas e valorização dos nutrientes; T2: valorização em 1,5 e 6% a EMA (kcal kg-1), do milho e o farelo de soja, respectivamente, e redução nos níveis nutricionais conforme a matriz nutricional para a fitase; T3: valorização da EMA do milho e o farelo de soja (idem T2) e redução nos níveis de cálcio e fósforo conforme matriz nutricional da fitase; T4: T2 suplementado com 100 g t-1 de carboidrases e 30 g t-1 de fitase; T5: T3 suplementado com 100 g t-1 de carboidrases e 30 g t-1 de fitase. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, seis repetições e parcela subdividida no tempo (6 períodos de 21 dias). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre a produção, consumo, peso dos ovos e qualidade dos ovos. A valorização dos nutrientes preconizada com a utilização das enzimas foi eficiente tecnicamente para manutenção do desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas nas condições avaliadas, necessitando de outras pesquisas com maior redução nos níveis energéticos para avaliação do efeito das enzimas sobre a disponibilidade de energia.