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Introduction Tobacco use remains a primary cause of health disparities between Black and White Americans. Current approaches have not improved tobaccorelated racial health disparities. This study aimed to identify differences in factors associated with tobacco product use among Black and White adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional design used data from Wave One (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Adolescents aged 12–17 years who identified as non-Hispanic Black or African American (n=1800) or non- Hispanic White (n=6495) were included. Primary outcomes were the ever use and current use of any tobacco products. Sociocultural, household environment, psychological, and behavioral factors were included. Logistic regressions, stratified by race, were used to determine significance. Dominance analysis was used to rank significant factors by their level of importance. Results Although there were many Black–White commonalities, there were also important differences. Black adolescents in the Northeast were more likely to have ever used tobacco compared to those in the South (OR=0.6; 95% CI: 0.6–0.7, p

El desarrollo desde sus orígenes después del discurso del presidente H.Truman en 1949 hasta principios del siglo XXI, como concepto e idea ha sido y es perseguido y añorado por los países del sur económico y en vías de desarrollo, sobreutilizada por policymakers y académicos, sobreestimada por instituciones internacionales y locales; noción utilizada indiscriminadamente por universidades, gobiernos locales e instituciones. El desarrollo entendido por algunos como proceso social, económico, político, social. Abstracción compleja, polisémica y relativa, interpre-tado y mal interpretado por muchos. El presente documento pretende mostrar las deficiencias de un concepto en boga. Primero, diseccionamos desde la decolonialidad del poder y el saber el concepto del desarrollo como un significante vacío, y como herramienta discursiva y axiomática útil para las instituciones internacionales y países eurocentricos. Después, analizamos el desarrollo como agencia y proceso dentro de un sistema de producción económico. Finalmente a manera de conclusión, esbozamos de manera sucinta la propuesta del postdesarrollo como ruptura y alternativa al desarrollo.

In March 2020, New York City (NYC) experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which resulted in a 78-day mass confinement of all residents other than essential workers. The aims of the current study were to (1) document the breadth of COVID-19 experiences and their impacts on college students of a minority-serving academic institution in NYC; (2) explore associations between patterns of COVID-19 experiences and psychosocial functioning during the prolonged lockdown, and (3) explore sex and racial/ethnic differences in COVID-19-related experiences and mental health correlates. A total of 909 ethnically and racially diverse students completed an online survey in May 2020. Findings highlight significant impediments to multiple areas of students' daily life during this period (i.e., home life, work life, social environment, and emotional and physical health) and a vast majority reported heightened symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. These life disruptions were significantly related to poorer mental health. Moreover, those who reported the loss of a close friend or loved one from COVID-19 (17%) experienced significantly more psychological distress than counterparts with other types of infection-related histories. Nonetheless, the majority (96%) reported at least one positive experience since the pandemic began. Our findings add to a growing understanding of COVID-19 impacts on psychological health and contribute the important perspective of the North American epicenter of the pandemic during the time frame of this investigation. We discuss how the results may inform best practices to support students' well-being and serve as a benchmark for future studies of US student populations facing COVID-19 and its aftermath.

Resumen: El desarrollo desde sus orígenes después del discurso del presidente H.Truman en 1949 hasta principios del siglo XXI, como concepto e idea ha sido y es perseguido y añorado por los países del sur económico y en vías de desarrollo, sobreutilizada por policymakers y académicos, sobreestimada por instituciones internacionales y locales; noción utilizada indiscriminadamente por universidades, gobiernos locales e instituciones. El desarrollo entendido por algunos como proceso social, económico, político, social. Abstracción compleja, polisémica y relativa, interpre-tado y mal interpretado por muchos. El presente documento pretende mostrar las deficiencias de un concepto en boga. Primero, diseccionamos desde la decolonialidad del poder y el saber el concepto del desarrollo como un significante vacío, y como herramienta discursiva y axiomática útil para las instituciones internacionales y países eurocentricos. Después, analizamos el desarrollo como agencia y proceso dentro de un sistema de producción económico. Finalmente a manera de conclusión, esbozamos de manera sucinta la propuesta del postdesarrollo como ruptura y alternativa al desarrollo. Resumo: O desenvolvimento desde suas origens após o discurso do Presidente H.Truman em 1949 até o início do século XXI, como conceito e idéia, foi e é perseguido e almejado pelos países do sul econômico e em desenvolvimento, superutilizados pelos formuladores de políticas e acadêmicos, superestimada por instituições internacionais e locais; noção usada indiscriminadamente por universidades, governos e instituições locais. Desenvolvimento entendido por alguns como um processo social, econômico, político e social. Abstração complexa, polissêmica e relativa, interpretada e mal interpretada por muitos. Este documento tem como objetivo mostrar as deficiências de um conceito em voga. Primeiro, dissecamos da descolonialidade do poder e conhe-cemos o conceito de desenvolvimento como um significante vazio e como uma ferramenta discursiva e axiomática útil para instituições internacionais e países eurocêntricos. A seguir, analisa-mos o desenvolvimento como uma agência e um processo dentro de um sistema econômico de produção. Finalmente, como conclusão, esboçamos brevemente a proposta de pós-desenvolvimento como uma ruptura e alternativa ao desenvolvimento.Abstract: Development from its origins after President H.Truman's discourse in 1949 to the beginning of the 21st century, as a concept and idea, has been and is pursued and longed for by the coun-tries of the economic and developing south, overused by policymakers and academics, overestimated by international and local institutions; notion used indiscriminately by universities, local governments and institutions. Development understood by some as a social, economic, political, and social process. Complex, polysemic and relative abstraction, interpreted and misinter-preted by many. This document aims to show the deficiencies of a concept in vogue. First, we dissect from the decoloniality of power and knowing the concept of development as an empty signifier, and as a useful discursive and axiomatic tool for international institutions and Eurocentric countries. Next, we analyze development as an agency and a process within an economic production system. Finally, by way of conclusion, we briefly outline the post-development proposal as a rupture and alternative to development.

Protein science has moved from a focus on individual molecules to an integrated perspective in which proteins emerge as dynamic players with multiple functions, rather than monofunctional specialists. Annotation of the full functional repertoire of proteins has impacted the fields of biochemistry and genetics, and will continue to influence basic and applied science questions – from the genotype-to-phenotype problem, to our understanding of human pathologies and drug design. In this review, we address the phenomena of pleiotropy, multidomain proteins, promiscuity, and protein moonlighting, providing examples of multitasking biomolecules that underlie specific mechanisms of human disease. In doing so, we place in context different types of multifunctional proteins, highlighting useful attributes for their systematic definition and classification in future research directions.

The present study investigated the moderating effect of self-confidence in one’s ability to learn mathematics on the relation between beliefs about its usefulness and performance. The study was conducted using a sample of college students from an urban college in the Eastern US (N = 306). Moderation was tested using hierarchical regressions as well as the Johnson-Neyman Technique. The results indicate that performance and beliefs about the usefulness of mathematics were not statistically related amongst individuals with high self-confidence, and negatively related for participants with low self-confidence. The findings suggest that teaching approaches aiming to improve student performance in mathematics by enhancing student beliefs about its usefulness, would likely be more effective if they primarily focused on increasing student self-confidence in their mathematics ability.

Incidentes Viales (iv) trasfieren energía cinética entre superficies inertes y vivas en corredores de movilidad. Causan lesiones fatales y no fatales, con efectos en salud, bienestar y productividad. No dependen del azar o suerte y no son accidentes como Naciones Unidas señaló hace décadas. Objetivo: describir la epidemiología de iv en Medellín 2010- 2015, como referente para proponer un Modelo de Gestión en Seguridad Vial - el mogesvi. Metodología: retrospectiva, con diversas fuentes sobre IV y análisis uni o bivariado. Resultados: desde 2010 hay registro creciente, acumulando 275.000 iv a 2015, con media de 45.000/año y 135/día; lo no registrado podría ser 4 veces más. Hubo lesiones en 50% de los iv registrados en Informe Policial de Accidente de tránsito (ipat), con media de 300 muertos/año y unos 3.000 heridos/año; lesionados no registrados pueden ser 10 veces más, 30.000/año. La mayoría de iv afecta pobres, peatones, moteros y ciclistas, principalmente varones de 15-29 años, en zonas residenciales. Conclusiones: liderazgo, Política Pública, Observatorio en Seguridad Vial y Gestión del Plan de Movilidad Segura a 2020 son críticos para reducir riesgo, exposición y frecuencia de IV.

Abstract Background Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamus areas (POA-AHA) regulate ovulation in an asymmetric manner during the estrous cycle. The aims of the present study were to analyze the effects of a temporal blockade of mAChRs on either side of the POA-AHA performed in diestrus-2 rats on ovulation, the levels of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and the mechanisms involved in changes in ovulation. Methods Cyclic rats on diestrus-2 day were anesthetized and randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) microinjection of 1 μl of saline or atropine solution (62.5 ng) in the left or right POA-AHA; 2) removal (unilateral ovariectomty, ULO) of the left (L-ULO) or right (R-ULO) ovary, and 3) rats microinjected with atropine into the left or right POA-AHA plus L-ULO or R-ULO. The ovulation rate and the number of ova shed were measured during the predicted estrus, as well as the levels of estradiol, FSH and LH during the predicted proestrus and the effects of injecting synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) or estradiol benzoate (EB). Results Atropine in the left POA-AHA decreased both the ovulation rate and estradiol and LH levels on the afternoon of proestrus, also LHRH or EB injection restored ovulation. L- or R-ULO resulted in a lower ovulation rate and smaller number of ova shed, and only injection of LHRH restored ovulation. EB injection at diestrus-2 restored ovulation in animals with L-ULO only. The levels of estradiol, FSH and LH in rats with L-ULO were higher than in animals with unilateral laparotomy. In the group microinjected with atropine in the left POA-AHA, ovulation was similar to that in ULO rats. In contrast, atropine in the right POA-AHA of ULO rats blocked ovulation, an action that was restored by either LHRH or EB injection. Conclusions These results indicated that the removal of a single ovary at noon on diestrus-2 day perturbed the neuronal pathways regulating LH secretion, which was mediated by the muscarinic system connecting the right POA-AHA and the ovaries.

The goals of this study were to identify groups of health-related behaviors among young adults (N = 314, Mage = 21.94, SD = 6.53), gauge the relation between emotional intelligence and health behaviors in this population, and assess health consciousness as mediator of said relation. Latent class analysis identified two mutually exclusive health behavior groups, which according to response patterns were labeled as Healthy and Unhealthy. The Healthy group (56%) was composed of individuals who had a healthy diet (i.e., low fat and high fiber), exercised regularly, and who frequently engaged in behaviors that prevent oral and skin-related diseases. In contrast, the Unhealthy group (44%) rarely engaged in these health-promoting behaviors. Using structural equation modeling we found a negative relation between emotional intelligence and unhealthy behaviors relative to health-promoting ones. Mediation analyses indicated that the mechanism explaining said relation was through increments in health consciousness, with large standardized indirect effects ranging between -0.52 and -0.78. As health behaviors during early adulthood are salient predictors of health outcomes in old age, the results have clear implications for the inclusion of emotional intelligence training in programs seeking to raise health awareness and cultivate health promoting behaviors in young adults, in so much as to seek to reduce the risk of chronic ailments later in life.

This study explored substance use trajectories and associations with mental health among an ethnically/racially diverse college student sample before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We combined repeated cross-sections and panel data from a total of 3,247 college students assessed with an online survey in 2018, 2019, and in three waves in 2020. We estimated trends in substance use and their relation to mental health over the survey waves using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Our results revealed notable associations between 30-day substance use patterns, time of assessment, and psychological well-being. These findings suggest a complex interplay between access to substances, context of substance use, and mental health. We discuss several initiatives that have been launched in response to the results of this ongoing study. Such initiatives may serve as examples for expanding similar efforts to other commuter colleges to prevent further increases in mental health problems and risky substance use.

Resumen: Este artículo pretende plantear una reflexión acerca de la forma en que se ha configurado el racismo frente a las poblaciones negras en Colombia y cómo las luchas en el campo político del movimiento social afrocolombiano, han esgrimido el discurso de los derechos humanos como estrategia de resistencia. Dicho análisis, describe las interacciones de los representantes del gobierno con los activistas de las organizaciones negras, en el escenario de las audiencias ante la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en Washington, donde aparecen los discursos relacionados de racismo y derechos humanos, en la contienda entre representantes del estado y comunidades negras. Palabras clave: Racismo, Derechos Humanos, ciudadanía, Identidad, Movimiento Social, Organizaciones Negras. Resumo: Este artigo pretende expor uma reflexão sobre a forma como se configurou o racismo frente as populações negras na Colômbia e como as lutas no campo político do movimento social afro-colombiano brandiu o discurso dos direitos humanos como estratégia de resistência. Essa analise descreve as interações dos representantes do governo com os ativistas das organizações negras no cenário das audiências na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, em Washington, onde aparecem discursos relacionados com o racismo e os direitos humanos, nas disputas entre representantes do Estado e das comunidades negras. Palavras-chave: Racismo, DIreitos Humanos, cidadania, identidade, Movimento social, Organizações Negras. Abstract: This article aims at presenting a reflection on how racism against black populations in Colombia has been configured and how the fights in the political field of the Afro-Colombian social movement have employed the discourse of human rights as a strategy of resistance. Such analysis describes the interactions between the government representatives and the activists of black organizations on the stage of the hearings before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Washington, where discourses related to racism and human rights appear in the conflict between state representatives and black communities. Key words: Racism, Human Rights, citizenship, identity, social movement, black organizations.

Frames and Discursive Practices between State and Black Populations in Colombia: Structural Racism and Human Rights Abstract This article discusses the way the discourses and counter-discourses have been used in the construction of frames on behalf of the actor-network, Process of Black Communities, in its dialogue with the Colombian government within the framework of the hearings of the Inter-american Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) between 2007 and 2013. Theoretically, the notions of biopower, biopolitics, governmentality and discursive practices developed by Michel Foucault are addressed , as well as the theory of frames by Snow and Bendford. Methodologically, audios and videos of the hearings before the Commission are analyzed. In the analysis of the interaction between State and Afro petitioners there were identified frames, discourses and counter-discourses related to racism, territoriality, victimization of afro populations and women, and armed conflict. The findings identify frames around the issue of human rights, aimed at harnessing the discursive and political opportunities opened by the Commission to influence the decisions of the state actor.

Introducción. Los comportamientos psicosociales son objeto de indiferencia, lo que ha llevado a un incremento generalizado de actitudes favorables a la violencia, que comprometen personas jóvenes, como víctimas o victimarios. Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad por homicidio y suicidios en población de 15 a 24 años, en los departamentos de Colombia, entre 1998 y 2008. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de fuente secundaria, usando los 150.433 registros de defunción por homicidio y suicidio, en población de 15 a 24 años de Colombia, en el período de 1998 a 2008. Se calculó un índice de condiciones propicias para la violencia, según variables económicas, sociales y educativas. Resultados. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 95,6 defunciones por 100.000 personas en este rango de edad para homicidio y, de 10,1, para suicidio. Los hombres presentaron mayor riesgo que las mujeres, con una exceso de mortalidad masculina de 12,3 en homicidios y de 1,2 en suicidios, lo que evidencia cómo la violencia cobra vidas productivas y reproductivas, lo que a largo plazo afectará la estructura por edad y sexo, y disminuirá la ventana de oportunidades, con mayor riesgo en unos departamentos que en otros. Conclusión. Según el índice de condiciones para la violencia, los departamentos de Vaupés, Guaviare, Arauca y Guainía son los que presentan condiciones más propicias para que se aumente el riesgo de morir por homicidio y suicidio en personas de 15 a 24 años de edad, aunque otros departamentos registren mayores tasas de mortalidad. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i4.848

Tolerance to high levels of ethanol is an ecologically and industrially relevant phenotype of microbes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex trait remain largely unknown. Here, we use long-term experimental evolution of isogenic yeast populations of different initial ploidy to study adaptation to increasing levels of ethanol. Whole-genome sequencing of more than 30 evolved populations and over 100 adapted clones isolated throughout this two-year evolution experiment revealed how a complex interplay of de novo single nucleotide mutations, copy number variation, ploidy changes, mutator phenotypes, and clonal interference led to a significant increase in ethanol tolerance. Although the specific mutations differ between different evolved lineages, application of a novel computational pipeline, PheNetic, revealed that many mutations target functional modules involved in stress response, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair and respiration. Measuring the fitness effects of selected mutations introduced in non-evolved ethanol-sensitive cells revealed several adaptive mutations that had previously not been implicated in ethanol tolerance, including mutations in PRT1, VPS70 and MEX67. Interestingly, variation in VPS70 was recently identified as a QTL for ethanol tolerance in an industrial bio-ethanol strain. Taken together, our results show how, in contrast to adaptation to some other stresses, adaptation to a continuous complex and severe stress involves interplay of different evolutionary mechanisms. In addition, our study reveals functional modules involved in ethanol resistance and identifies several mutations that could help to improve the ethanol tolerance of industrial yeasts.

This paper examines the transformations in actor-network collective action in the Process of Black Communities —pcn—, which were developed as a consequence of the armed conflict worsening in the Pacific region —specifically on the collective lands in the municipalities of Buenaventura and Suárez (Southwestern Colombia)— in the last ten years. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews, observation records, analysis of audio/text documents on the organizations’ claims and communiqués, and the drafting of aggregated data on displacement and conflictual facts in the region. Findings show a significant up surging of conflict within the period, in the face of which PCN’s coalitions with local and global actors have come both to neutralize and make visible armed actors’ actions against populations, and to reorient collective action, introducing innovations in the repertoires of action and setting new goals for this actor-network in the region.

Rotavirus presence in a waste composting process. Organic fertilizers as vehicles for viral contamination. Objective. To show thepresence of rotavirus in different stages of a composting process: matrices used as raw material, mixture to be composted and the finalproduct. Materials and methods. Immunochromatography, ELISA and RT-PCR were used for viral detection. Results. Rotavirus wasfound in the first composting step, no virus was found in the second step, and some inhibitory substances were found in the third step thatposed difficulties in interpreting the PCR results and therefore providing a concluding result on rotavirus presence in the final product.Conclusions. Organic fertilizers can be vectors of human pathogenic viruses; therefore quality control tests must be implemented to avoidfurther viral dissemination. There are inhibitory substances present in organic fertilizers capable of interfering with the detection tests.

Daplmia magnas life-history traits (longevity, age at first reproduction, progeny produced and clutch size) were measured in individuals from diferents clutches. Firstclutches offspring presented larger clutches, more progeny and more longevity than those from later clutches. Such interclutch variation can does explain for maternal effects or for phenotypic plasticity.

Este artículo examina los efectos del conflicto armado sobre la población negra en Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia y los repertorios de acción desarrollados por las organizaciones negras en ese contexto en el período de 2000-2009. Simultáneamente analiza el uso de las escalas local y global para la acción colectiva del actor Proceso de Comunidades Negras -PCN.

EENY465, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by Adrianna Espinosa, Amanda Hodges, and Greg Hodges, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this scale pest of palms in southern U.S. Mexico and the Caribbean — distribution, description, life cycle, hosts, general plant damage, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, November 2009. EENY465/IN835: Palmetto Scale Comstockiella sabalis Comstock (ufl.edu)

EENY456, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Adriana Espinosa, Amanda Hodges, Greg Hodges, Forrest Howard, and Catharine Mannion, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this soft scale, native to South America, that can be a pest in greenhouses, commercial nurseries, and in the south Florida landscape — distribution, field characteristics, life cycle, hosts, general plant damage, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, July 2009. EENY 456/IN826: Tessellated Scale, Ecualymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae) (ufl.edu)

EENY467, a 6-page illustrated fact sheet by Adriana Espinosa, Heidi Bowman, Amanda Hodges, and Greg Hodges, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this economically important pest of orchids in Florida — distribution, description, life cycle, hosts, damage, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, November 2009. EENY467/IN838: Boisduval Scale, Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret (Insecta: Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (ufl.edu)

EENY-450, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Adriana Espinosa, Amanda Hodges, Greg Hodges, and Catharine Mannion, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this one of the most serious armored scale pests worldwide, attacking over 50 families of host plants — its distribution, field characteristics, life cycle, hosts, plant damage and economic importance, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2009. EENY 450/IN822: Black Thread Scale, Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (ufl.edu)

EENY-454, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Adriana Espinosa, Amanda Hodges, Greg Hodges, and Catharine Mannion, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this most important pest of the date palm, its distribution, field characteristics, life cycle, hosts, general plant damage, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2009. EENY 454/IN816: Red Date Scale, Phoenicococcus marlatti (Cockerell) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Phoenicoccidae) (ufl.edu)

EENY-448, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by Adriana Espinosa, Amanda Hodges, Greg Hodges, and Catharine Mannion, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this widely distributed pest with a wide host range that may be economically damaging to palms and tropical fruit crops — its distribution, field characteristics, life cycle, hosts, general plant damage, and management. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2009. EENY448/IN815: Coconut Mealybug Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (ufl.edu)