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Obesity is one of the main public health problems in Mexico and the world and one from which a large number of pathologies derive. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of various genes have been studied and proven to contribute to the development of multiple diseases. SNPs of the leptin pathway have been associated with the control of hunger and energy expenditure as well as with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the present work focused on determining the association between anthropometric markers and biochemical and dietary factors related to obesity and SNPs of leptin pathway genes, such as the leptin gene (LEP), the leptin receptor (LEPR), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), prohormone convertase 1 (PCSK1), and the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). A population of 574 young Mexican adults of both sexes, aged 19 years old on average and without metabolic disorders previously diagnosed, underwent a complete medical and nutritional evaluation, biochemical determination, and DNA extraction from the blood; DNA samples were subsequently genotyped. Association analyses between anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables with SNPs were performed using binary logistic regressions (p-value = 0.05). Although the sampled population did not have previously diagnosed diseases, the evaluation results showed that 33% were overweight or obese according to BMI and 64% had non-clinically elevated levels of body fat. From the 74 SNP markers analyzed from the five previously mentioned genes, 62 showed polymorphisms within the sampled population, and only 35 of these had significant associations with clinical variables. The risk associations (OR > 1) occurred between clinical markers with elevated values for waist circumference, waist–height index, BMI, body fat percentage, glucose levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, triglyceride levels, cholesterol levels, LDL-c, low HDL-c, carbohydrate intake, and protein intake and SNPs of the LEP, LEPR, PCSK1, and MC4R genes. On the other hand, the protective associations (OR < 1) were associated with markers including elevated values for insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, c-LDL, energy intake > 2440 Kcal/day, and lipid intake and SNPs of the LEP and LEPR genes and POMC. The present study describes associations between SNPs in leptin pathway genes, revealing positive and negative interactions between reported SNPs and the clinical markers related to obesity in a sampled Mexican population. Hence, our results open the door for the further study of new genetic variants and their influence on obesity.

(1) Background: obesity is a global public health problem; various factors have been associated with this disease, and genetic factors play a very important role. Previous studies in multiple populations have associated a gene with fat mass and obesity (FTO). Thus, the present work aims to identify and determine associations between genetic variants of FTO with indicators of overweight and obesity in the Mexican population. (2) Methods: a total of 638 subjects were evaluated to compile data on body mass index (BMI), the percentage of body fat (%BF), the waist circumference (WC), the serum levels of triglycerides (TG), and food consumption. A total of 175 genetic variants in the FTO gene were sampled by a microarray in the evaluated population, followed by association statistical analyses and comparisons of means. (3) Results: a total of 34 genetic variants were associated with any of the 6 indicators of overweight and obesity, but only 15 showed mean differences using the recessive model after the Bonferroni correction. The present study shows a wide evaluation of FTO genetic variants associated with a classic indicator of overweight and obesity, which highlights the importance of genetic analyses in the study of obesity.

The elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) is a family of seven enzymes that have specific functions in the synthesis of fatty acids. Some have been shown to be related to insulin secretion (ELOVL2), and in the lipid profile (ELOVL6) and patients with various pathologies. The present work focused on the study of ELOVL polymorphs with clinical markers of non-communicable chronic diseases in the Mexican population. A sample of 1075 participants was obtained, who underwent clinical, biochemical, and nutritional evaluation, and a genetic evaluation of 91 genetic variants of ELOVL was considered (2&ndash, 7). The results indicate a 33.16% prevalence of obesity by body mass index, 13.84% prevalence of insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, 7.85% prevalence of high cholesterol, and 20.37% prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. The deprived alleles showed that there is no association between them and clinical disease risk markers, and the notable finding of the association studies is that the ELOVL2 variants are exclusive in men and ELVOL7 in women. There is also a strong association of ELOVL6 with various markers. The present study shows, for the first time, the association between the different ELOVLs and clinical markers of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Summary Background & aims Evening chronotype has been linked with obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in middle-aged and older adults. However, few studies have analyzed this association in young adults. The aim of this study was to assess potential associations between individual chronotype and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults of two independent populations from Europe and America. Methods Total population comprised 2 223 young adults (18–29 years old), 525 from Spain (Europe) and 1 698 from Mexico (America). Anthropometric, body composition and biochemical analyses were performed. Circadian preference was determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Results In these two young adult populations, a higher metabolic risk was found in those individuals with evening chronotypes, whereas those with neither or morning chronotypes showed lower cardiometabolic risk. Evening chronotypes showed lipid alterations with increased levels of triglycerides in both populations, VLDL-c in Spaniards and total cholesterol and LDL-c in Mexicans. Among the Mexican population, evening chronotypes showed higher MetS risk and more obesity traits than the other two chronotypes; no significant differences for the same comparison were found among the equivalent Spanish chronotypes. Evening chronotypes showed lower carbohydrates and higher fat intake in Spaniards, while they had lower fiber intake in Mexicans. The associations between MEQ score and cardiometabolic risk were independent of the dietary characteristics. Lifestyle factors differed among chronotypes with more smokers and habitual drinkers among evening chronotypes than in neither or morning chronotypes (P Conclusions This study performed in two American and European independent populations shows that even in apparently healthy young adults, evening chronotypes have increased cardiometabolic risk and lipid alterations as compared to neither or morning chronotypes.

Overweight/obesity, dyslipidemias, hypertension and hyperglycemia are strongly related to non-communicable diseases (NCD) in which genetic and environmental factors interact with each other. The Mexican population exhibit a genetic disposition to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, as well as many forms of dyslipidemia. This study aimed to determine the association between biochemical, genetic and environmental factors in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in Mexican young adults. Young women and men (n = 6750 between 19.3 ± 2.3 years old) participated in a health promotion program from the Autonomous University of Queretaro, Mexico (SU-Salud program). A sub-sample of 665 participants was taken for the determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs964184 (APOAV), rs9282541 (ABCA1) and rs1260326 (GCKR), using QuantStudio 12 K Flex Real-Time PCR System. For the multivariate analysis, a multiple logistic regression was performed. A prevalence of 22% of overweight and 7% of obesity was determined. The main metabolic risk factors were low levels of HDL-C (30%), IR (19%), and a high level of triglycerides (15%). The main factors associated with IR were body fat percentage and triglycerides; SNP for the ABCA1 gene was related to MS, obesity and low HDL-C; SNP for GCKR gene was related to high fasting glycemia, while APOAV SNP was related with MS, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C. Our findings show that the Mexican genetic predisposition to NCD affects young adults, who can suffer MS, obesity and IR. Public health strategies must focus on prevention actions from an early age.

De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el sobrepeso y la obesidad, dislipidemias, hipertensión, hiperglucemia son alteraciones metabólicas que condicionan al desarrollo de enfermedades no transmisibles (ETN), las cuales son de larga duración y evolucionan lentamente. En México, la prevalencia de obesidad es cada vez mayor y las consecuencias a corto y mediano plazo van desde trastornos psicosociales hasta trastornos metabólicos como; dislipidemias, resistencia a la insulina, entre otras. Estas alteraciones son ampliamente estudiadas en población adulta, incluso, en la infancia. La juventud es una etapa favorable en cuanto al estado de salud refiere, sin embargo, algunos jóvenes apartemente ¿sanos¿ pueden presentar alteraciones metabólicas sin ningún tipo de sintomatología. Es por ello que, la finalidad del presente trabajo fue evaluar las alteraciones metabólicas más prevalentes en jóvenes de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; para lo cual se realizó un estudio transversal a 1735 estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México, de 17 a 29 años; se utilizaron métodos convencionales estandarizados para medir el peso corporal, estatura y circunferencia de cintura y cadera así como la presión arterial. Se tomó una muestra de sangre después de un período de ayuno de 12 horas a la cual se le determinó glucosa, colesterol total , HDL, TG, LDL y los niveles de insulina . El índice HOMA se calculó aplicando la fórmula correspondiente. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad acumlada fue del 29%. Respecto a los marcadores bioquímicos alterados se encuentran los TG (16%) y HDL bajo (27%) e hiperinsulinemia (23%), mientras que la prevalencia de RI en la muestra estudiada fue del 24%, con una media de HOMA-IR de 2.1 ± 1,7. Encontrándose RI en jóvenes con normopeso y niveles de glucosa normales. Este estudio muestra evidencia de la importancia de monitorear en jóvenes marcadores antropométricos y bioquímicos importantemente relacionados con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles para prevenir la aparición de éstas en etapa la adulta y poder generar programas adecuados de orientación en su control. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight and obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia are metabolic disorders that affect the development of noncommunicable diseases (ETN), which are long lasting and evolve slowly. In Mexico, the prevalence of obesity is increasing and the short- and medium-term range from psychosocial disorders to metabolic disorders such as; dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, among others. These changes are widely studied in adults, even in childhood. Youth is a positive step in terms of health concerns, however, some young Apartemente "healthy" metabolic disorders can present without any symptoms. That is why the aim of this study was to evaluate the most prevalent metabolic disorders in young Autonomous University of Queretaro; for which a cross-sectional study was performed at 1735 students from the Autonomous University of Queretaro, Mexico, from 17 to 29 years; conventional standardized methods for measuring body weight, height and waist and hip circumference and blood pressure were used. A blood sample was taken after a fasting period of 12 hours at which it was analyzed for glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, TG, LDL and insulin levels. The HOMA index was calculated using the appropriate formula. The prevalence of overweight and obesity acumlada was 29%. Regarding the biochemical markers are altered TG (16%) and low HDL (27%) and hyperinsulinemia (23%), whereas the prevalence of RI in the sample was 24% with an average of HOMA-IR 2.1 ± 1.7. RI found in young normal weight and normal glucose levels. This study shows evidence of the importance of monitoring in young anthropometric markers and biochemical importantly related to chronic noncommunicable diseases to prevent the occurrence of these in the adult stage and to generate adequate guidance programs in your control.