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We describe optimization of a cryogenic magnetometer that uses nonlinear kinetic inductance in superconducting nanowires as the sensitive element instead of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The circuit design consists of a loop geometry with two nanowires in parallel, serving as the inductive section of a lumped LC resonator similar to a kinetic inductance detector (KID). This device takes advantage of the multiplexing capability of the KID, allowing for a natural frequency multiplexed readout. The Kinetic Inductance Magnetometer (KIM) is biased with a DC magnetic flux through the inductive loop. A perturbing signal will cause a flux change through the loop, and thus a change in the induced current, which alters the kinetic inductance of the nanowires, causing the resonant frequency of the KIM to shift. This technology has applications in astrophysics, material science, and the medical field for readout of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMCs), axion detection, and magnetoencephalography (MEG).

Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT) is the first Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarimeter with a large focal plane camera to be deployed in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Tibetan Plateau. Here we present the design of a dichroic (90/150 GHz) focal plane camera capable of hosting up to 32,376 Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers operating from a base temperature of 280 mK. Detectors are fabricated as monolithic arrays of 1,704 feedhorn-coupled and polarization-sensitive TES bolometers that are packaged in independent modules and read out with a microwave multiplexing architecture. A custom RFSoC-based system manages the multiplexing readout. Prototype AliCPT pixels have been fabricated and characterized, demonstrating passband performance within 2.5% of design and cross-polarization systematic sensitivity $\leq$ 2%.

The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne far-infrared telescope that will survey star formation history over cosmological time scales to improve our understanding of why the star formation rate declined at redshift z < 2, despite continued clustering of dark matter. Specifically,EXCLAIM will map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon lines in windows over a redshift range 0 < z < 3.5, following an innovative approach known as intensity mapping. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of brightness fluctuations of cumulative line emissions instead of detecting individual galaxies, thus enabling a blind, complete census of the emitting gas. To detect this emission unambiguously, EXCLAIM will cross-correlate with a spectroscopic galaxy catalog. The EXCLAIM mission uses a cryogenic design to cool the telescope optics to approximately 1.7 K. The telescope features a 90-cm primary mirror to probe spatial scales on the sky from the linear regime up to shot noise-dominated scales. The telescope optical elements couple to six ��-Spec spectrometer modules, operating over a 420-540 GHz frequency band with a spectral resolution of 512 and featuring microwave kinetic inductance detectors. A Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) reads out the detectors in the baseline design. The cryogenic telescope and the sensitive detectors allow EXCLAIM to reach high sensitivity in spectral windows of low emission in the upper atmosphere. Here, an overview of the mission design and development status since the start of the EXCLAIM project in early 2019 is presented., SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1912.07118

The CCAT-prime project's first light array will be deployed in Mod-Cam, a single-module testbed and first light cryostat, on the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) in Chile's high Atacama desert in late 2022. FYST is a six-meter aperture telescope being built on Cerro Chajnantor at an elevation of 5600 meters to observe at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.1 Mod-Cam will pave the way for Prime-Cam, the primary first generation instrument, which will house up to seven instrument modules to simultaneously observe the sky and study a diverse set of science goals from monitoring protostars to probing distant galaxy clusters and characterizing the cosmic microwave background (CMB). At least one feedhorn-coupled array of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) centered on 280 GHz will be included in Mod-Cam at first light, with additional instrument modules to be deployed along with Prime-Cam in stages. The first 280 GHz detector array was fabricated by the Quantum Sensors Group at NIST in Boulder, CO and includes 3,456 polarization-sensitive MKIDs. Current mechanical designs allow for up to three hexagonal arrays to be placed in each single instrument module. We present details on this first light detector array, including mechanical designs and cold readout plans, as well as introducing Mod-Cam as both a testbed and predecessor to Prime-Cam., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2020, Paper Number: 11453-58

We describe the development of a reconfigurable frequency multiplexed readout system for superconducting arrays. This system is an upgrade to the ROACH2 based readout system we have developed for a number of balloon-borne and ground-based instruments including BLAST-TNG, OLIMPO, MUSCAT, Superspec and TolTEC. Specifically our development has targeted the RFSoC ZCU111 evaluation board of which the size, weight, power, and instantaneous bandwidth have made it an attractive candidate for future balloon-borne or space-based astronomical instruments. Applications for the new readout system focus primarily on: frequency multiplexed superconducting nanowires single-photon detectors, Kinetic inductance detectors, Transition Edge Sensors, and Quantum Capacitance detectors. We will discuss the overlapping readout requirements that drive the general firmware architecture. Preliminary measurements with the new readout system using different detector technologies will also be presented.

Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) operate through means of a superconducting resonator that changes resonant frequency and quality factor when incident photons are absorbed in the superconducting material. Incident power on MKIDs is determined by reading out the phase and amplitude of a tone injected into each detector. However, if the incident power on an MKID changes too drastically and the resonant frequency moves too far from the probe tone, amplitude information becomes useless and the detector is effectively out of commission until a VNA sweep is used to relocate resonances. Here we present the designs and preliminary results of a tone-tracking firmware that uses phase information to maintain an on-resonance probe tone at all times, removing the need for time-intensive VNA sweeps during observations and effectively maximizing the dynamic range of MKIDs. We will conclude with a discussion on future NASA missions that hope implement this tone-tracking design.

TolTEC is a three-band imaging polarimeter for the Large Millimeter Telescope. Simultaneously observing with passbands at 1.1mm, 1.4mm and 2.0mm, TolTEC has diffraction-limited beams with FWHM of 5, 7, and 11 arcsec, respectively. Over the coming decade, TolTEC will perform a combination of PI-led and Open-access Legacy Survey projects. Herein we provide an overview of the instrument and give the first quantitative measures of its performance in the lab prior to shipping to the telescope in 2021.

The BLAST Observatory is a proposed superpressure balloon-borne polarimeter designed for a future ultra-long duration balloon campaign from Wanaka, New Zealand. To maximize scientific output while staying within the stringent superpressure weight envelope, BLAST will feature new 1.8m off-axis optical system contained within a lightweight monocoque structure gondola. The payload will incorporate a 300L $^4$He cryogenic receiver which will cool 8,274 microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) to 100mK through the use of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) in combination with a $^3$He sorption refrigerator all backed by a liquid helium pumped pot operating at 2K. The detector readout utilizes a new Xilinx RFSOC-based system which will run the next-generation of the BLAST-TNG KIDPy software. With this instrument we aim to answer outstanding questions about dust dynamics as well as provide community access to the polarized submillimeter sky made possible by high-altitude observing unrestricted by atmospheric transmission. The BLAST Observatory is designed for a minimum 31-day flight of which 70$\%$ will be dedicated to observations for BLAST scientific goals and the remaining 30$\%$ will be open to proposals from the wider astronomical community through a shared-risk proposals program., Comment: Presented at SPIE Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VIII, December 13-18, 2020

The Next Generation Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST-TNG) is a submillimeter polarimeter designed to map interstellar dust and galactic foregrounds at 250, 350, and 500 microns during a 24-day Antarctic flight. The BLAST-TNG detector arrays are comprised of 918, 469, and 272 MKID pixels, respectively. The pixels are formed from two orthogonally oriented, crossed, linear-polarization sensitive MKID antennae. The arrays are cooled to sub 300mK temperatures and stabilized via a closed cycle $^3$He sorption fridge in combination with a $^4$He vacuum pot. The detectors are read out through a combination of the second-generation Reconfigurable Open Architecture Computing Hardware (ROACH2) and custom RF electronics designed for BLAST-TNG. The firmware and software designed to readout and characterize these detectors was built from scratch by the BLAST team around these detectors, and has been adapted for use by other MKID instruments such as TolTEC and OLIMPO. We present an overview of these systems as well as in-depth methodology of the ground-based characterization and the measured in-flight performance., Comment: Presented at SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy X, December 13-18, 2020

In this paper, we report on the preliminary results of a nanowire kinetic inductance detector, a device which operates as both a standard kinetic inductance detector (KID) and a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD). The device consists of an array of detectors, each with a characteristic resonant frequency which can be readout and distinguished on a single transmission line. We demonstrate, due to the nanowire’s small volume, a higher responsivity when operating as a KID under optical loading. Operating the device as an SNSPD, we show the sinusoidal pulse generated from an absorbed photon. Multiple detectors can be struck simultaneously while maintaining the capability to distinguish each pixel. Preliminary results show a variation in count rates among the array, and sources are discussed in the text.

© 2002-2011 IEEE. Superconducting nanowires are widely used as sensitive single photon detectors with wide spectral coverage and high timing resolution. We describe a demonstration of an array of dc-biased superconducting nanowire single photon detectors read out with a microwave multiplexing circuit. In this design, each individual nanowire is part of a resonant LC circuit where the inductance is dominated by the kinetic inductance of the nanowire. The circuit also contains two parallel plate capacitors, one of them is in parallel with the inductor and the other is coupled to a microwave transmission line that carries the signals to a cryogenic low-noise amplifier. All of the nanowires are connected via resistors to a single dc bias line that enables the nanowires to be current biased close to their critical current. When a photon hits a nanowire, it creates a normal hotspot that produces a voltage pulse across the LC circuit. This pulse rings down at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit over a time period that is fixed by the quality factor. We present measurements of an array of these devices and an evaluation of their performance in terms of frequency and time response.

We describe a custom time-to-digital converter (TDC) designed to time tag individual photons from multiple single photon detectors with high count rate, continuous data logging and low systematics. The instrument utilizes a taped-delay line approach on an FPGA chip which allows for sub-clock resolution of

A prototype intensity interferometer readout for single-photon detectors is presented as a time-to-digital converter (TDC) implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). We briefly discuss the history and scientific motivations for the instrument. A comparison is drawn between the use of photomultiplier tubes in linear mode and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) in Geiger mode. Different FPGA-based TDC configurations are discussed. We describe the design and implementation of a four-phase FPGA-based TDC. The paper concludes with the application of the design to investigate SPAD after-pulsing and a description of future work.

We present a highly frequency multiplexed readout for large-format superconducting detector arrays intended for use in the next generation of balloon-borne and space-based sub-millimeter and far-infrared missions. We will demonstrate this technology on the upcoming NASA Next Generation Balloon-borne Large Aperture Sub-millimeter Telescope (BLAST-TNG) to measure the polarized emission of Galactic dust at wavelengths of 250, 350 and 500 microns. The BLAST-TNG receiver incorporates the first arrays of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LeKID) along with the first microwave multiplexing readout electronics to fly in a space-like environment and will significantly advance the TRL for these technologies. After the flight of BLAST-TNG, we will continue to improve the performance of the detectors and readout electronics for the next generation of balloon-borne instruments and for use in a future FIR Surveyor.\ud \ud \ud Read More: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2251171716410038

We describe the performance of detector modules containing silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) to be used for intensity interferometry. The SPADs are mounted in fiber-coupled and free-space coupled packages. The SNSPDs are mounted in a small liquid helium cryostat coupled to single mode fiber optic cables which pass through a hermetic feed-through. The detectors are read out with microwave amplifiers and FPGA-based coincidence electronics. We present progress on measurements of intensity correlations from incoherent sources including gas-discharge lamps and stars with these detectors. From the measured laboratory performance of the correlation system, we estimate the sensitivity to intensity correlations from stars using commercial telescopes and larger existing research telescopes.

Polarized thermal emission from interstellar dust grains can be used to map magnetic fields in star forming molecular clouds and the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM). The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope for Polarimetry (BLASTPol) flew from Antarctica in 2010 and 2012 and produced degree-scale polarization maps of several nearby molecular clouds with arcminute resolution. The success of BLASTPol has motivated a next-generation instrument, BLAST-TNG, which will use more than 3000 linear polarization sensitive microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) combined with a 2.5m diameter carbon fiber primary mirror to make diffraction-limited observations at 250, 350, and 500 $\mu$m. With 16 times the mapping speed of BLASTPol, sub-arcminute resolution, and a longer flight time, BLAST-TNG will be able to examine nearby molecular clouds and the diffuse galactic dust polarization spectrum in unprecedented detail. The 250 $\mu$m detector array has been integrated into the new cryogenic receiver, and is undergoing testing to establish the optical and polarization characteristics of the instrument. BLAST-TNG will demonstrate the effectiveness of kilo-pixel MKID arrays for applications in submillimeter astronomy. BLAST-TNG is scheduled to fly from Antarctica in December 2017 for 28 days and will be the first balloon-borne telescope to offer a quarter of the flight for "shared risk" observing by the community., Comment: Presented at SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, June 29th, 2016

Staff perceptions of challenging behaviour and other "challenging problems" in their work with people with learning disabilities are likely to have a significant influence on how they respond to clients and to interventions by Clinical Psychologists. However, accounts of staff perceptions have failed to produce a coherent theory grounded in the experience of staff themselves.\ud \ud The aim of the present study was to develop a theory of how staff describe and explain challenging problems. Grounded theory methodology was used. Ten Support Workers and eight Home Managers in residential learning disability services described their understanding of a challenging problem in relation to a client during senustructured interviews. Client behaviour was the most commonly cited problem.\ud \ud Results suggested that staff face dilemmas concerning whether to see behaviour as communication or a behaviour problem, how to balance firm responding with kindness, and how to deal with their unpleasant feelings evoked by the work. A theoretical account of the results suggested that staffs' emotional distance from or closeness to a client determines how they resolve the dilemmas.\ud \ud The theoretical account should be subjected to further testing. It implies that staff need to be aware of their emotions and personal motivations in their work if they are to resolve the work dilemmas in the best interests of clients. Clinical Psychologists may be well placed to facilitate personal development programmes for staff to foster this awareness.