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L. monocytogenes poses a serious threat to public health, since most cases of listeriosis are connected with eating contaminated food. L. monocytogenes is often detected both in fresh and frozen vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility and ability to form biofilm of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from frozen vegetable mixtures in Poland. Ninetynine genetically different strains were found among 100 isolates of L. monocytogenes. Among the 99 strains, 80 (80.8%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Nineteen (19.2%) strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics. From this group of L. monocytogenes strains, most strains were resistant to erythromycin (16; 16,1%), penicillin (15; 15.1%), meropenem (12; 12.1%), cotrimoxazole (12; 12.1%), and ampicillin (3; 3.1%). According to the obtained results, differences in intensity of biofilm, both between those isolated in successive years and in the particular year, were observed. Performed analysis showed statistically insignificant faint negative correlation (r=–0.088) between the number of antibiotics to which strains were resistant and the intensity of biofilm formation by them. Food contamination with L. monocytogenes poses a threat to consumers, therefore it is necessary to monitor their antibiotic susceptibility, ability to form biofilm, and genetic similarity, in order to evaluate the strains persistence time in plant.

Purpose: Metalloproteinases are a key component of the pathogenesis of abdominal hernias. Obesity is considered a risk factor in herniogenesis and hernia recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentrations of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, MMP-13, and adiponectin in morbidly obese and non-overweight controls. Materials and methods: The participants were recruited from among patients undergoing bariatric and non-bariatric surgery and divided into two groups: I (body mass index (BMI)≥35 kg/m2, n=40) and II (BMI

Introduction. Equipment for sterilization used in medical laboratories must be absolutely effective in eliminating microorganisms and their spores. It often directly influences human health, even life. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of sterilization using the steam sterilizer ASV E, microwave sterilizer EnbioJet ML1, microwave sterilizer for baby bottles and breast pumps AVENT and microwave oven. Materials and methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of sterilization with the use of selected devices based on pressure-thermal and microwave-thermal methods was conducted, on the basis of elimination of G. stearothermophilus PCM 2104 and C. sporogenes IW 1306 spores. Results. After using the steam sterilizer, 100% inactivation of spores of both species was noted. In the case of EnbioJet ML1 sterilizer, in the test containing 106 CFU × cm–3 G. stearothermophilus spores, 1.63 × 101 CFU × cm–3 survived. The baby bottles sterilizer proved less effective. While the microwave, in the case of tests with the highest spore content, provided their inactivation only at the level of more than 70.0%. The steam sterilizer and EnbioJet ML1 sterilizer were the most effective, whereas the latter ensured a very short time of high temperature effect, which has a favorable impact on the properties of sterilized products, for example compounds decomposing in high temperature. Conclusion. Results of own, as well as other authors’ studies allow to confirm the large potential in the scope of using microwave radiation for the sterilization and disinfection of materials of various sensitivity to temperature.

Microbiological purity of cosmetics provides safety of users during their use, prevents physicochemical changes of a preparation, infections and diseases of the skin.The aim of this study was to assess the level of microbiological contamination of cosmetics used by one person and by several people and cosmetics after their expiry date in relations to standards for marketed cosmetics, ensuring safety of their use.This study was conducted using 55 samples representing 19 types of cosmetics, divided into three groups: used by one person, used by several people and after the expiry date. In cosmetic samples the general numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria were determined with the spread plate method on tryptic-soy agar. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were also checked.The number of aerobic mesophylic bacteria in the tested cosmetics ranged from the level below the method detectability to 1.3×107 cfu/g or ml. The presence of Staphylococcus spp. was found in 11 (20.0%) tested cosmetic samples and of P. aeruginosa in one tested preparation. Yeasts C. albicans were not detected, whereas contamination with fungi Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. ranging from 0.5×101 to 1.5×101 cfu/g or ml was recorded in four cosmetics. The level of microbiological contamination of cosmetics used by several people was higher than that of cosmetics used by one person. Cosmetics after the expiry date showed the highest microbiological contamination.The number of users of cosmetic and it expiry date exceeding influenced the level of microbial contamination of preparations.

Purpose The difficulties related to treatment of deep surgical site infection involve formation of biofilm on the surface of synthetic material. It is considered that in treatment of infections involving formation of biofilm, concomitant therapy shall be applied covering anti-inflammatory drugs. The purpose of the work was to assess the impact of diclofenac and ibuprofen on bacterial biofilm formation on the surface of monofilament polypropylene mesh. Materials and methods The study involved 70 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 70 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from different patients and those which differ with chromosomal DNA pattern within the species. The assessment of the impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on biofilm formation was carried out with the use of qualitative method (TTC reduction), quantitative (tenfold serial dilution) and with the use of scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results In the qualitative assessment, after incubation in the medium containing NSAIDs statistically significant growth of S. aureus strain amount and E. coli which poorly make up biofilm was stated. Quantitative examination indicated characteristic decrease of the number of colony forming units in 1 ml of the suspension isolated from bacterial biofilm formed as a result of incubation of isolates in the medium with the addition of examined NSAIDs in comparison to biofilm from control regimen. In the examination with the use of SEM it was stated that the effect of isolates incubation in the medium with NSAIDs was decrease of the number of bacteria adjacent to the biomaterial surface. Conclusions Diclofenac and ibuprofen in the concentration obtained in the serum limit the formation of biofilm by S. aureus and E. coli.

Deep surgical site infection (DSSI) in patients undergoing hernioplasty with implantation of biomaterials is a complication taking place with biofilm formation. Despite the indicated increase in the frequency of isolation of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria as etiological factors of DSSI, there have been few studies published so far that evaluated biofilm formation by these microorganisms on the surface of different biomaterials. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare biofilm formation on the surface of biomaterials used in hernia surgery by clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli. 70 strains of S. aureus and E. coli were used; they differed in chromosomal DNA within the species. The evaluation of biofilm formation on the surface of the monofilament polypropylene mesh, multifilament mesh (polypropylene, polyester and composite) and a patch of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene was made using qualitative and quantitative methods and by means of a scanning electron microscope. The strains differ in terms of biofilm formation within the species. Strains of S. aureus formed a biofilm more strongly than E. coli. The investigated strains formed biofilm stronger on the surface of the multifilament implants than on polypropylene monofilament mesh. Formation of biofilm by clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli on the surface of biomaterials used in hernia surgery varies depending on the strain and species of bacteria as well as the structure and the hydrophobicity of biomaterial. Głębokie zakażenie miejsca operowanego (GZMO) u pacjentów poddanych hernioplastyce z implantacją biomateriału jest powikłaniem przebiegającym z powstaniem biofilmu. Mimo że notowany jest wzrost częstości izolacji bakterii S. aureus i E. coli jako czynników etiologicznych GZMO, dotychczas ukazały się nieliczne prace, w których oceniano tworzenie biofilmu przez te drobnoustroje na powierzchni różnych biomateriałów. Celem pracy była ocena i porównanie tworzenia biofilmu na powierzchni biomateriałów stosowanych w chirurgii przepuklin przez izolaty kliniczne S. aureus i E. coli. Użyto po 70 szczepów S. aureus i E. coli, izolowanych od różnych pacjentów hospitalizowanych w 3 klinikach chirurgii, różniących się wzorem DNA chromosomalnego w obrębie gatunku. Ocenę tworzenia biofilmu na powierzchni monofilamentowej siatki polipropylenowej, multifila-mentowych siatek (polipropylenowej, poliestrowej i kompozytowej) oraz łacie z ekspandowanego politetrafluoroetylenu wykonano metodą jakościową, ilościową oraz z użyciem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego. Szczepy różniły się zdolnością do tworzenia biofilmu w obrębie gatunku. Szczepy S. aureus tworzyły biofilm silniej niż pałeczki E. coli. Badane izolaty tworzyły biofilm silniej na powierzchni implantów multifilamentowych niż na monofilamentowej siatce polipropylenowej. Tworzenie biofilmu przez izolaty kliniczne S. aureus i E. coli na powierzchni biomateriałów stosowanych chirurgii przepuklin różni się w zależności od szczepu i gatunku bakterii, struktury oraz hydrofobowości biomateriału.

One of the most serious complications associated with the use of implants in hernia surgery is deep surgical site infection involving an implanted biomaterial. Among the major etiological factors of this complication are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains, which have the ability to form a biofilm on the surface of the mesh implant. This process is influenced by many factors, of which, according to current medical knowledge, the concentration of glucose may have a clinical significance. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the effect of glucose on the formation of biofilm on the surface of monofilament polypropylene mesh.The study included 140 bacterial strains (70 S. aureus and 70 E. coli) from the collection of Department of Microbiology Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Evaluation of the effect of two glucose concentrations (0.1% and 0.2%) on biofilm formation was performed using a qualitative (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction) and a quantitative ( serial 10-fold dilutions) methods.A qualitative analysis, performed after a period of incubation on substrates containing various concentrations of glucose, has revealed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of S. aureus strains with a very high potential for biofilm formation, while for E. coli an increase was observed in the percentage of strains with a low potential for biofilm formation. In a quantitative analysis of the biofilm of S. aureus forming after incubation on a substrate containing 0.1% and 0.2% glucose, significantly more colony forming units (CFUs) were isolated per one milliliter of the suspension (CFU/ml) than in the control group biofilm samples. On the other hand, the biofilm created by E. coli after a period of incubation on a substrate containing 0.2% glucose yielded significantly fewer CFUs per one milliliter than from the biofilm resulting from incubation on substrate with 0.1% glucose or the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the numbers of CFUs per one milliliter isolated from E. coli strains after incubation on a substrate with 0.1% glucose and the control group.At concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2%, glucose increases biofilm formation by S. aureus strains on the surface of monofilament polypropylene mesh; at 0.2% glucose limits biofilm formation in E. coli.

Deep surgical site infections (DSSI’s) involving the implanted biomaterial remain an important issue in hernia surgery. The etiological factors include Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ability of these microorganisms to create a biofilm on the surface of the implant is considered to be one of the main reasons why successful treatment of DSSI’s is not an easy task. It is widely agreed that an important element of a successful treatment plan for infections involving biofilm formation is the use of agents capable of penetrating the biofilm matrix, and displaying a satisfactory efficacy against the microorganisms present within. Antiseptic agents meet the above criteria. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of a solution of octenidine dihydrochloride (Octenisept) on the biofilm present on a surface of a monofilament polypropylene mesh implant. The study involved 140 bacterial strains from the collection of the Department of Microbiology Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland. The strains included 70 (50%) S. aureus isolates and 70 (50%) E. coli isolates. The influence of an antiseptic agent on the created biofilm was evaluated with the use of a qualitative and quantitative method, as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the qualitative assessment, the observed effect of octenidine was a diminished intensity of biomaterial staining after incubation with TTC in comparison to samples from the control group. In the quantitative study, the live cell counts of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from the biofilm present on the implant surface, after exposure to the antiseptic agent were found to be diminished. SEM studies have shown that exposure to octenidine hydrochloride decreases the number of bacteria adhering to the biomaterial surface. The Octenisept octenidine dihydrochloride solution displays bactericidal activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria present in the biofilm created on the surface of monofilament polypropylene mesh. Głębokie zakażenie miejsca operowanego (GZMO) obejmujące wszczepiony biomateriał stanowi istotny problem w chirurgii przepuklin. Czynniki etiologiczne tego powikłania, wśród których wymienia się m.in.: Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli tworzą biofilm na powierzchni implantów uznawany za jedną z głównych przyczyn trudności w leczeniu GZMO. Uważa się, że istotnym elementem leczenia zakażeń przebiegających z powstaniem biofilmu jest stosowanie substancji aktywnych wobec drobnoustrojów w biofilmie oraz charakteryzujących się zdolnością do przenikania przez jego macierz. Związkami chemicznymi posiadającymi wymienione właściwości są antyseptyki. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu roztworu dichlorowodorku oktenidyny w postaci preparatu antyseptycznego Octenisept na biofilm wytworzony na powierzchni monofilamentowej siatki polipropylenowej. Badaniem objęto 140 szczepów bakterii z kolekcji Katedry i Zakładu Mikrobiologii Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, wśród których było 70 (50%) izolatów S. aureus oraz 70 (50%) E. coli. Ocenę wpływu antyseptyku na wytworzony biofilm wykonano metodą jakościową, ilościową oraz z użyciem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM). W badaniu metodą jakościową efektem działania roztworu dichlorowodorku oktenidyny na wytworzony biofilm było zmniejszenie intensywności zabarwienia powierzchni biomateriału po inkubacji z TTC w stosunku do grupy kontrolnej. W badaniu ilościowym stwierdzono zmniejszenie liczby żywych komórek S. aureus i E. coli izolowanych z biofilmu na powierzchni implantu po ekspozycji na działanie antyseptyku. Natomiast badanie z użyciem SEM wykazało, że roztwór dichlorowodorku oktenidyny powoduje zmniejszenie liczby bakterii przylegających do powierzchni biomateriału. Roztwór dichlorowodorku oktenidyny w postaci preparatu Octenisept wykazuje działanie bakteriobójcze wobec S. aureus i E. coli w biofilmie wytworzonym na powierzchni monofilamentowej siatki polipropylenowej.

A serious complication of hernioplasty with the use of a biomaterial implant is deep surgical site infection (SSI) encompassing the implant. Among the most common etiological factors of deep SSI in patients after hernioplasty are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains, which may create a biofilm on the surface of synthetic implants. The aim of this study was assessment of biofilm formation by S. aureus and E. coli on the surface ofpolypropylene mesh. The study included 108 strains (62 S. aureus and 46 E. coli) from the collection of Department of Microbiology Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun (CM UMK). Evaluation of biofilm formation was performed using the method of reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and a scanning electron microscope. In the group of S. aureus strains, 88.7% isolates formed biofilm very strongly, 1.6% strongly, and 9.7% poor. Among E. coli strains, 54.3% isolates were characterized by very strong biofilm formation, while 45.7% strong biofilm formation. Strains ofS. aureus strongly than E. coli form a biofilm on the surface of monofilament polypropylene mesh.

Mesh hernioplasty is among the most frequently performed surgical procedures. The introduction of mesh implants has decreased recurrence rates, but the use of synthetic materials carries the risk of infection and biofilm formation. This paper presents the course of the disease in the case of biofilm formation on the surface of an implanted surgical mesh. Antimicrobial therapy and partial removal of the implant were unsuccessful. Recurring surgical site infection could be managed only through total excision of the infected implant.

Proteus sp. are opportunistic microorganisms which cause urinary tract and wounds infections, bacteriaemia and sepsis. The aim of this study was analysis of prevalence of multidrug-resistant Proteus sp. strains in clinical specimens and evaluation of their susceptibility to selected antibiotics. The study was carried out of 1499 Proteus sp. strains were isolated in 2000-2003 from patients of departments and dispensaries of the University Hospital CM in Bydgoszcz UMK in Torun. The strains were identified on the basis of appearance of bacterial colonies on bloody and McConkey's agars, movement ability, indole and urease production and in questionable cases biochemical profile in ID GN or ID E (bio-Mérieux) tests was also included. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion method. Isolated strains were regarded as multidrug-resistant when they were resistant to three kinds of antibiotics at least. Received Proteus sp. the most frequently belonged to P. mirabilis species (92.3%). Most of these bacteria were isolated from urine from patients of Rehabilitation Clinic. All of multidrug-resistant strains were resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, 98.9% to co-trimoxazole, 77.7% to quinolones, 63.8% to tetracyclines, 38.5% to aminoglycosides, 19.3% to monobactams and 3.4% to carbapenems. Almost 25% multidrug-resistant Proteus sp. produced ESBL.