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The methods that a country’s central bank uses to control the total amount of money in circulation and affect trade, consumption, and economic growth are collectively referred to as monetary policy. A monetary expansionary policy entails a reduction in interest rates. As borrowing costs decrease, customers are encouraged to borrow more money and spend more, which boosts consumer spending and promotes economic growth. On the other hand, when interest rates rise during contractionary monetary policy, saving becomes more appealing while borrowing becomes more expensive. As a result, consumers may cut down on spending, which has an impact on aggregate consumption. Businesses are encouraged to invest by lower interest rates brought on by expansionary policies. They may borrow money more cheaply, which boosts imports, company expansion, and capital expenditures. Trade can increase if expansionary measures cause the home currency to weaken and become more appealing to export. In contrast, exports can be hampered by a rising currency. In conclusion, trade dynamics, corporate investment, and consumption patterns should be all greatly impacted by monetary policy measures. In order to find out some evidence about the monetary policy and its impact on consumption and trade in Romania, the paper uses statistical information from the National Bank of Romania between 2003 and 2023 for the monetary policy interest rate. This is going to be assessed base on its impact upon: Final consumption expenditure of general government; Final consumption expenditure of households; Gross capital formation; Exports of goods and services; Imports of goods and services; all of this taken from Eurostat. The results should point out if an increase or decrease of monetary policy interest rate is going to produce an impact upon consumption and trade, or the contrary is going to take place.

By tackling the theme of ethics in business, we underline that some essential principles should be considered in any business at any level. During the centuries, trades and businesses involved Christians and Muslims, reflecting cultural and religious elements. As nowadays economy becomes more and more of a war weapon, it should be noted that, at least for Christians and Muslims, some norms govern any trade or business. Religious traits cannot be eliminated from business as they are rooted in human character. Not only do the Bible and the Quran present such principles, but these religions' holy books emphasize their importance in everyday life. Man is accountable to God and responsible for his business, and any part of economic life should reflect spiritual values. The paper exemplifies that specific requirements should be applied in business. Both religions are promoted honesty, generosity, and equity. In Christianity and Islam, there is a particular emphasis on protecting the orphan, the widow, the poor, the sick, and the vulnerable. Any business should take this into account. The Bible and the Quran are the ultimate standard and ideals for individuals in association with other members of society. Even if we speak today of a secular society, human values must be reflected from small businesses to multinational corporations. Socio-moral and metaphysical norms and values mainly influence economic systems. Every economic system of the world is different from other economic systems prevailing due to its distinct features. Therefore, if the businesses conducted by Christians and Muslims follow ethical rules, they can contribute to a better global economy.

As liberalism took roots during the 18-th and 19-th centuries, and as United States closed to such an overwhelming position which has made it a political actor with outmost importance at global level especially after the 1-st World War, there was another activity which accompanied this evolution, which is connected to financial activities and their speculative character; one important effect of these actions was the Great Depression in 1929-1939, which threw waves of shocks in America, and all over the world with unforeseen consequences. After the experiences brought upon by the Second World War, doubled by fresh memories of Great Depression, Keynesianism and its system torsed around Bretton Woods negotiations imagined a greater role for the state in relation with the market, especially the international financial market. As this gave birth to what can be seen as the Golden Age of capitalism, it is important to mark the role of state versus market during this period. But as the British Empire was closing to its end, London found a way to reinvent itself, as heir of the dying empire. In order to hold a central position in world affairs, it has looked at money, and the power they could provide: to save its system, London help inventing Eurodollar, circumventing the key-aspects of Bretton Woods and what it stood for. Slowly but surely, the market – especially the financial market – has gained more central position in face of state, and with it, the financialization of the economy. Between 1956 and 1980 there were identifiable clashes in state-market nexus, the most important being triggered by the oil shock in the 70’s; but as world entered the 80’s, it became clear that the market would gain the upper hand. The Reagen-Teacher understanding was the visible point of the picture regarding the shift of importance from state to market. The 90’s will only bring new and fresh markets ready to embrace globalization, sustained by the revolution in communications, which was already in full development. And now we see a minimal state put in a marginal position by the forces of economic globalization and the philosophy of free-market, while the market is seen as a “know and fix everything”; its invisible hand can overcome any temporary disequilibrium. A recurrent question needs to be addressed: where is the state, with its main attributes, in order to protect the people from selfish market forces?

In this article, we analyze the correlation between GDP/capita variation, primary and renewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions on the one hand, and green taxes on the other. Green taxes are the main instruments used to limit activities that have a negative impact on the environment. These consist of taxes paid by producers and/or consumers for any activity that generates pollution. The results of dynamic regressions, validated by the applied robustness tests, indicate a significant and positive correlation between primary energy consumption and total environmental taxes, respectively energy taxes. At the same time, this shows that variation in GDP/capita significantly and positively influences transport taxes and pollution taxes. In contrast, net greenhouse gas emissions and the supply, transformation and consumption of renewable sources and waste do not significantly influence the total green taxes and their components. This finding is useful to both academic research and government policies for the realistic substantiation of the levels of green tax revenues and for establishing appropriate measures meant to reduce CO2 emissions.

People have been moving from one area to another since ancient times in order to exchange products from one nation with those from another in order to obtain what was lacking in the nation where they resided. These were the first product-to-product trades, and the latter was placed into circulation on money as a product-to-product trade. These early types of commerce have evolved significantly, and they continue to do so now as capital flows from one country to another. This phenomenon, which has influenced worldwide economic growth and improved living standards, saw significant expansion in the twenty-first century in the form of loans used to fund economic development in many nations, as well as ownership of financial assets. In the present era, domestic capital is insufficient for countries to thrive and remain competitive in global markets. For emerging economies, foreign investments that enter the host country as debt or money are crucial financial resources. In this paper, we will discuss the data on the development of exports and FDI of 22 countries from around the world and analysed the evolution of FDI, GDP and exports over a period of 40 years to see trends and patterns of FDI and Exports and their contribution to the economic growth of countries. Broken up in groups, the paper will compare and assess certain countries/regions, grouping and pairing them with economies or countries of similar growth/stance. Corroborating this statistics with recent global events and based on the previous statistics, this paper will try to predict the future trends of FDI around the world.

Soybean is one of the most important leguminous crops due to its high oil and protein content with a significant role in nutrition. Micronutrients for soybean growth and development are very important and foliar fertilization is used to overcome environmental stress and help soybean plants to fill their nutritive needs. The research was carried out in 2020 by the Soybean Breeding Laboratory from the Agricultural Research and Development Station in Turda, Romania. Foliar fertilization had both positive and negative effects for 1000-grain weight and yield however, quality traits do not seem to be influenced by applying supplement of microelements during the vegetation period. The research suggests that genotype is the determining factor in the efficiency of foliar fertilization. In this sense, the present experiment will continue to bring answers regarding the effects of foliar fertilizers on some soybean genotypes.

Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril) is the world’s most important seed legume and she is considered a basic food with a high nutritional value. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of two types of chemical complex fertilizers (NPK 27:13.5:0 and NPK 16:16:16) with four levels of fertilization (unfertilized, 150 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 250 kg/ha) on the main soybean growing stages in 2019. Field experiments were conducted in the soil and climate conditions of the Agricultural Research and Development Station from Turda. The vegetation stages of the studied soybean genotypes were influenced by: atypical climatic conditions of this year and also the type of fertilizer and the fertilization dose. By analyzing the experimental data, it was noted that one genotype had longer growing season (Raluca TD variety: 135-140 days), and three genotypes had shortest growing season (Perla variety: 122-125 days; Carla TD variety: 121-123 days; T-295 line: 121-123 days).

Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil and protein. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of 75 European soybean genotypes from four maturity groups regarding the influence of climatic conditions of 2020 on soybean main growing and development stages. The experiment was conducted at the ARDS Turda in 2020, using a complete randomized block design with three replications. Dates of emergence (VE) and beginning of flowering (R1), were recorded for all 75 soybean cultivars from each of the four maturity groups (000 to I). Results obtained show that growing, and development stages of the studied soybean genotypes are according both with: thermal units and daily period from sunrise to sunset. Effects of daylength and temperature on soybean development were estimated. The rate of development to flowering was fastest for the very early genotypes than for genotypes in the semi-early maturity group (MG).

The research carried out on Romania's foreign trade performance aimed at establishing the impact of the Romania's accession to the EU onto the Romanian external trade balance. Another important scientific contribution is the analysis of the impact of the new Romanian trade policy on the general evolution of Romania's foreign trade during the period 1995-2016, for which we used a series of general indicators that we usually find in the statistical yearbooks , under the names of: export value (FOB prices); import value (CIF prices); value of imports (FOB prices); trade balance (FOB exports - CIF imports); trade balance (FOB exports - FOB imports); export per capita. In today's context, it is justified to identify innovative methods and strategies for establishing and capitalizing on the competitive advantages of Romanian companies engaged in foreign trade as a result of our country's accession to the European Union, in order to solve the complex economic problems generated by the major trade deficit of Romania, as well as the creation of mechanisms for implementing the strategies and methods resulting from the researchers conducted to reduce this deficit and to maximize the positive effects of Romania's accession to the EU. As this article shows, Romania's degree of international openness has been sinuous, with the year 2016 being the year when it reached the maximum value of the analyzed period of 83.71%. To this result, an important contribution was almost equal to exports and imports (around 42.32% of trade opening from imports and 41.39% of exports), which represents a significant improvement over the period 2000-2013. Also our analyse for Romania shows that excepting the years 1995-1996, 1998, 2000-2001 and 2003-2007, respectively, 2016, the coefficient of elasticity of imports was higher than the modulus of elasticity of exports, although subunit in the years 1997, 1999, 2005, 2007-2009 and 2013 respectively. Certainly, future research directions will mainly address and develop the same directions we have been dealing with so far, but deepening our research in several directions, such as: regulatory aspects of international trade by investigating the extensive ramifications of the tensions that exist in the relationship between the WTO and the regional trade agreements, which we consider to be of systemic significance, as they also place strong emphasis on Romanian foreign trade and commercial policy, Romania, as an EU member, being part of more than half of the world's functioning bilateral trade agreements; geographic reorientation of Romania's foreign trade by providing studies to Romanian business agents enabling them to maximize the opportunities offered by the rich portfolio of free trade agreements made available by the European Union on the basis of the products that make up current structure.

The empirical studies carried out on Romania's foreign trade performance aimed at establishing, on the one hand, the products with which Romania is competitive in the foreign markets and which are the external markets that the Romanian products are most competitive, so that the responsible factors the Romanian foreign trade can adopt the strategy of correct and scientifically based promotion at a macroeconomic level and on the other hand to indicate to the Romanian economic agents the directions they must orientate or reorient their exports in order to maximize the derived positive effects from the EU accession, taking advantage of the free trade agreements that we have also taken as partners from the moment of Romania's accession to the EU, agreements that create us access in advantageous conditions, of high competitiveness, on foreign markets with which Romania did not agree before the EU accession, and at the same time to encourage the export activity of the Romanian economic agents that produce products identified in the researches carried out in this study, as having a high competitive potential for export on the markets concerned. In this context, we were concerned with the identification of innovative methods and strategies for establishing and capitalizing on the competitive advantages of Romanian companies with foreign trade activity as a result of our country's accession to the European Union, in order to solve the complex economic problems generated by the major trade deficit Romania, as well as the creation of mechanisms for implementing the strategies and methods resulting from the research conducted to reduce this deficit and to maximize the positive effects of Romania's accession to the EU. As it is well known, export competitiveness is a fertile ground for analyzing entrepreneurial potential and how it manifests itself, with entrepreneurial culture representing, together with other specialized factors of production, an important source of competitive advantage and one of the determinants of national competitive advantages. The analysis of the exchange ratio and coverage and specialization of the foreign trade for the whole period 1990-2016 was also carried out in order to highlight the evolution of Romania's foreign trade and the strategic role played by the European Union in this evolution. The present study presents only the analyses and their results for the period 2000-2016, considered eloquent for the European economic integration of Romania, taking into account the fact that in February 2000 the negotiations for the accession of our country to the EU started.

The potential of any organization depends, firstly, on its human potential. Human resource, especially through managerial activity, augments the material and financial potential of any organization. On the other hand, the public administration in Romania as an EU member state and elsewhere has been and still is subject to numerous criticisms concerning the functioning and quality of its provided services. The conducted research is characterized by a sequential approach. It begins by establishing the research goals, after that continues with establishing the research methodology, conducting effective research, presentation of the results representing the final stage of the paper. The overall objective of the conducted research is substantiating the importance of evaluation of human resources in public administration. Fulfilling this objective is done by pursuing and achieving the following general objectives: approaches to human resource management in public administration; highlighting the main aspects specific to the new public management (NPM); the new public management reform areas; corruption in public administration; conceptual approach in terms of performance and evaluation of human resources; performance measurement in public administration in Romania; basically a study showing the importance of evaluating human resources. Developments in the realms of economics in general and administrative sciences, in particular, raise the issue of performance measurement of the public administration in Romania from the EU perspective. There is a significant difference between the level of public services expected by citizens and the existing resources in public administration. Given this low level, an increase in the quality of these services would mean a performance increase recorded in the public sector. This paper will pursue the issue by conducting a synthesis of literature investigation. In this analysis, the paper took into account the definition of performance, based on a review of the literature and the relevant legal regulations. It took also into account an analysis on the performance measurement of the public administration in our country, as well as within the EU.

The potential of any organization depends, firstly, on its human potential. Human resource, especially through managerial activity, augments the material and financial potential of any organization. On the other hand, the public administration in Romania and elsewhere has been and is subject to numerous criticisms concerning the functioning and quality of its provided services. The conducted research is characterized by a sequential approach. It begins by establishing the research goals, after that continues with establishing the research methodology, conducting effective research, presentation of the results representing the final stage of the paper. The overall objective of the conducted research is substantiating the importance of evaluation of human resources in public administration. Fulfilling this objective is done by pursuing and achieving the following general objectives: approaches to human resource management in public administration; highlighting the main aspects specific to the new public management (NPM); the new public management reform areas; corruption in public administration; conceptual approach in terms of performance and evaluation of human resources; performance measurement in public administration in Romania; basically a study showing the importance of evaluating human resources. The approach process of the human resources management in the public sector requires a particle analysis framework to be able to highlight the influence that the political side it has on its evolution. Rosembloom (1982) considers that a long time has been pursued an assimilation of values from the private into the public domain in the management process in general and of human resources in particular. In this section we try to present what are the main approaches to human resource management in public administration, focusing on their sizing and performance evaluation in relation to the volume and quality level of activities. We will also highlight the role of management control in increasing the performance of human resources in public administration, in the EU context.

Romania’s accession to the EU was a difficult task, but doable. However, the results of this accession are only now taking shape in the form of export orientation and competitiveness. This paper thoroughly analyses the aspects regarding Romania’s foreign trade, based on the classification used by Lall (2000), with the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics on the Combined Nomenclature XXII sections, covering the 1991 – 2012 period. Furthermore, the paper addresses the concept of comparative advantage based on the Lafay indicator of Romania’s foreign trade during 1991 - 2012. The indicator is calculated based on the statistical data offered by the National Institute of Statistics of the combined nomenclature with its XXII sections combined with Lall (2000) classification. The conclusions based on prior results try to assess whether the accession to the EU has had a beneficial or harmful effect on Romania’s international trade and its comparative advantages.

Abstract Fast electrical signaling in dendrites is central to neural computations that support adaptive behaviors. Conventional techniques lack temporal and spatial resolution and the ability to track underlying membrane potential dynamics present across the complex three-dimensional dendritic arbor in vivo. Here, we perform fast two-photon imaging of dendritic and somatic membrane potential dynamics in single pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus during awake behavior. We study the dynamics of subthreshold membrane potential and suprathreshold dendritic events throughout the dendritic arbor in vivo by combining voltage imaging with simultaneous local field potential recording, post hoc morphological reconstruction, and a spatial navigation task. We systematically quantify the modulation of local event rates by locomotion in distinct dendritic regions, report an advancing gradient of dendritic theta phase along the basal-tuft axis, and describe a predominant hyperpolarization of the dendritic arbor during sharp-wave ripples. Finally, we find that spatial tuning of dendritic representations dynamically reorganizes following place field formation. Our data reveal how the organization of electrical signaling in dendrites maps onto the anatomy of the dendritic tree across behavior, oscillatory network, and functional cell states.