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Artykuł opisuje uwarunkowania związane z rozpoczęciem kształcenia zdalnego w Szkole Głównej Służby Pożarniczej w sytuacji wprowadzenia czasowego ograniczenia funkcjonowania uczelni wyższych w marcu 2020 r. W artykule zawarto prawne podstawy działań wprowadzanych przez właściwych ministrów, stanowiące wyznacznik do formalizowania w uczelni rozwiązań wewnętrznych na rzecz organizacji kształcenia na odległość. W artykule zaprezentowano również rekomendacje wydane przez zespół dziekański, a także wyniki przeprowadzanych na bieżąco badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród nauczycieli akademickich. Zakres artykułu obejmuje okres do 25 maja 2020 r.

Every day, firefighters put their health and life at risk by saving people and their property not only during fires, but by being always ready during all kinds of unfortunate events. Therefore, they need special personal protective equipment, including protective clothing. The purpose of the study was to compare thermal properties of new (PROTON and SYRIUSZ) and old (US-03) personal protective clothing for firefighters. Measurements of thermal insulation (total, effective and local) were carried out using a full body shape thermal manikin Newton consisting of 34 segments, in which temperature and heat flux were controlled independently. Results of the total thermal insulation of the entire clothing reveal differences between all three models. The lowest values were noticed for the model PROTON with light and shorter jacket and the highest values of thermal insulation for the new model SYRIUSZ, indicating that this model protect the user against heat most effectively. New models of personal protective clothing for firefighters should be recommended for use in everyday work, because they are characterized by better parameters than the previous type of protective clothing, both in terms of thermal protection and mobility.

Flood risk assessment is used to estimate the expected consequences and probability of a flood. It leads to the strengthening of resilience through appropriate preparation for an event of a specific scale. The methodology described in this paper was developed by the authors for the purposes of flood risk assessment in Poland, introduced to and applied on an actual example. It is based on simple calculations and a comparison of the results with a template. All of the data required for calculation came from freely available sources. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the flood risk assessment methodology in improving construction safety and identifying the factors that influence its implementation. The approach presented in this article is based on implementation of the parameters of floods, describing the characteristics of the exposed area and human vulnerability, among other factors, to the national risk assessment methodology, and then using it to determine the directions of activities aimed at reducing the risk of flooding. Simultaneously, assessment of these parameters might not be related directly to flood threats, but rather to the broader approach to risk assessment, including other threats. As a result of the application of the described methodology, it was estimated that the flood risk in the studied area is catastrophic, which requires immediate decisions of people responsible for safety.

This study aimed to evaluate the mass concentration of size-resolved (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) particulate matter (PM) in the Wieliczka Salt Mine located in southern Poland, compare them with the concentrations of the same PM fractions in the atmospheric air, and estimate the dose of dry salt aerosol inhaled by the mine visitors. Measurements were conducted for 2 h a day, simultaneously inside (tourist route, passage to the health resort, health resort) and outside the mine (duty-room), for three days in the summer of 2017 using DustTrak DRX devices (optical method). The highest average PM concentrations were recorded on the tourist route (54–81 µg/m3), while the lowest was in the passage to the health resort (49–62 µg/m3). At the same time, the mean outdoor PM concentrations were 14–20 µg/m3. Fine particles constituting the majority of PM mass (68–80%) in the mine originated from internal sources, while the presence of coarse particles was associated with tourist traffic. High PM deposition factors in the respiratory tract of children and adults estimated for particular mine chambers (0.58–0.70), the predominance of respirable particles in PM mass, and the high content of NaCl in PM composition indicate high health benefits for mine visitors.

The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of selected gaseous indoor air pollutants (CO2, VOC, NO2, SO2), evaluate the ventilation system efficiency, and identify the factors determining air quality in a typical Polish sports center. Measurements were conducted simultaneously inside and outside the building during the non-heating (05/18/2017–06/21/2017) and heating (10/16/2017–11/20/2017) seasons. CO2 concentrations were measured automatically (MultiRAE), while VOCs, NO2, and SO2 samples were collected by the passive method and determined using gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, and ion chromatography, respectively. The average concentrations of the tested pollutants, except for CO2 outside, were higher in the heating season. Average CO2 concentrations in both seasons were higher inside the building (761–815 ppm) than outside (521–525 ppm). The average VOC (129.4–193.3 μg/m3), NO2 (20.2–21.3 μg/m3), and SO2 (0.9–1.4 μg/m3) concentrations in both seasons were comparatively lower inside. CO2 concentrations were mainly related to physical activity and determined by the number of people exercising on a given day, while VOC, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were influenced mainly by outdoor sources (traffic emissions, combustion of fossil fuels). The presence of specific substances (e.g. propanol, ethanol derivatives) only in indoor air were influenced by specific indoor sources, such as cleaning activities, hall maintenance, and cosmetics. The results can be used to develop appropriate control strategies to improve indoor air quality in sports facilities and improve the safety of their users by minimize the adverse health effects due to exercise in conditions of poor air quality.

The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of particulate matter, analyze the percentage share of four particulate matter subfractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10) in TSP (total mass of particulate matter (PM)) in a typical Polish sports hall at different day periods during heating and non-heating seasons, and compare the average daily doses of respirable dust (PM4) for three groups of the sports hall users (pupils, teachers, and athletes). Gravimetric measurements of PM4 and TSP concentrations and optical measurements of the concentrations of five PM fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) were conducted for 8&nbsp, hours a day, simultaneously inside and outside the hall, for 20 days each in summer and winter. During training, PM mass was concentrated mainly in coarse particles (PM2.5&ndash, 100) (summer&mdash, 55%, winter&mdash, 35%). Without activity, the main part of PM mass was from fine particles (PM2.5, summer&mdash, 59%, winter&mdash, 75%). In summer, PM inside the hall originated mainly from internal sources. In winter, the fine PM concentration was affected by outdoor sources. The daily doses of PM4 for different groups of sports hall users indicate that the health exposure of sports practitioners to PM may be greater than for non-practitioners staying in the same conditions.

An overview of the existing literature on safety factors proves that a number of variables conditioning the level of safety are extensive and very diverse. Many authors cite various determinants affecting the safety of society showing their relationship with strengthening immunity and reducing vulnerability. Accordingly, wide list of factors that can be used in research on their impact on safety is available. The author's earlier research identifies over 80 factors affecting the level of security. In the existing literature is not any scores which have attempted a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of factors in security. Due to the lack of research in this area, this article presents results of studies designed to assess the safety factors in the context of determining their hierarchy. The article presents the results of data collected in 2017 among The Main Schools of Fire Services students.