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As micotoxinas contaminam diversos alimentos e ingredientes alimentares e são um problema atual; fatores como umidade e temperatura favorecem o desenvolvimento de fungos e a produção de suas toxinas. Com o objetivo de analisar e considerar a positividade de diferentes amostras enviadas para estudo toxicológico ao Centro de Pesquisa e Estudos Avançados em Saúde Animal (CIESA-UAEMéx), no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019; utilizou-se o método Stoloff para determinação de aflatoxinas (teste qualitativo de cromatografia em camada delgada), e revisou-se o arquivo de diagnóstico das amostras processadas na área de toxicologia; A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para avaliação dos dados. O número de amostras processadas no período do estudo foi de 67; o tipo de amostras correspondeu a alimentos para suínos, aves, equinos e bovinos (milho em grão, palha de milho, alfafa encolhida, esterco de galinha-polinaza), além de amostras clínicas de animais mortos por causas sugestivas de intoxicação por aflatoxicose (fígado, rim , sangue total e conteúdo ruminal). Fígado e esterco de aves apresentaram o maior percentual de amostras enviadas para diagnóstico com 26,86%. Do total de amostras analisadas, 53,73% foram positivas para micotoxinas, encontrando apenas metabólitos AFG1 e AFG2 (36 e 33 amostras, respectivamente). Das 18 amostras de fígado, obteve-se uma positividade de 50% (9/18), sendo 8 para aflatoxina G1 e 9 para G2; no caso de esterco de galinha-esterco de aves de 18 amostras, 77,77% foram positivos para aflatoxinas (14/18), 14 para G1 e 11 para G2. Existem falhas no processo de produção, transformação ou conservação dos alimentos, pelo que é importante tomar medidas para garantir e conservar estes.

Staphylococcus aureus é considerado o principal agente causador da mastite bovina em rebanhos leiteiros em todo o mundo. Afeta seriamente a produção e a saúde da glândula mamária. A persistência da infecção glandular mamária e a inflamação crônica da glândula mamária diminuem o potencial produtivo da vaca leiteira, além de constituir um risco sanitário para o rebanho leiteiro e para o homem devido à possível contaminação do leite com cepas resistentes a antibióticos e afetam a qualidade e a segurança de produtos lácteos frescos e não pasteurizados. O conhecimento da epidemiologia e do desenvolvimento da infecção glandular mamária permite a melhor aplicação de estratégias de prevenção e controle da mastite bovina.

A caprinocultura é uma importante atividade produtiva no país, favorecendo o desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional em áreas áridas e marginalizadas do México. Atualmente, a produção de leite aumenta sua demanda agroindustrial sem ser atendida no território. A mastite caprina reduz a secreção e a qualidade e segurança do leite, além de afetar a criação dos cabritos. A infecção da glândula mamária é frequentemente identificada em rebanhos caprinos associada a Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, a avaliação da saúde da glândula mamária da cabra leiteira considera as variações que são observadas no nível de células somáticas no leite relacionadas à o estágio de lactação e outras condições de manejo; porque a cabra tem níveis normais próximos a 1000x 103 células/mL de leite. No diagnóstico de mastite subclínica: O California Mastitis Test em campo é útil no diagnóstico de mastite subclínica no rebanho, sugerindo a possibilidade de infecção mamária intraglandular confirmada por isolamento bacteriológico.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of one of the most spread, highly contagious and lethal viral disease in canines, whose morbidity varies between 25-75% and mortality between 50-90%. The present study aimed to carry out an epidemiological study of CDV from a Veterinary Hospital in the city of Pachuca of Soto, State of Hidalgo. The information was obtained from 7280 medical records of canine patients treated during the 2017-2018 period, of which 65 met the positive case criteria for the CDV. An observational, cross-sectional epidemiological study with a retrospective search of cases was carried out. It was determined that 8 out of every 1000 patients attending the clinic were positive for CDV, observing that a higher frequency of males with 63%, with Relative Risk (RR) of 0.67 and an Odds Ratio (OR) of 0.47, patients under 6 months have the highest frequency of cases with 62% (RR of 8.0 and OR of 19.2); Despite the variability of the breeds within the analysis performed, the highest frequency was found in mongrel dogs with 52% (RR of 1.79 and OR of 2.66), on the other hand, it was determined that seasonality influences the degree of presentation of this disease, being greater in winter with 45% of cases (RR 1.81 and OR 2.47). In conclusion, in the Veterinary Hospitalunderstudy, the CDV affects male Creole dogs less than seven months of age unvaccinated more and the disease occurs most frequently in winter.

Aiming to determine the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk, 84 samples were collected in different milk production units from Mexico State; in different seasons (dry and rainy). The analyte was determined by ELISA test, with the RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin M1® kit, results were expressed descriptively and compared with reference values. From the analyzed samples, 45% were positive. When establishing different concentration ranges, four samples were observed with a level of 0.001 0.044; and, thirty-eight in the range of 0.50> 0.080. When obtaining 42 samples per season, 37 (0.075 ± 0.010 ppt) were positive for AFM1 in the period from August to February 2017, while from March to October 2018, only one sample was positive (with a level of 0.060 ppt). The AFM1 present in milk is a risk factor for consumers and livestock as well, therefore, measures in the production and storage of fodder and grains should be assessed before, during and after feeding the cattle.

The search and development of antibacterial arises as the need to treat infectious diseases of bacterial origin, in human health as animal health. The discovery of molecules with antibacterial potential gave humanity peace of mind for many years regarding food health and safety, however, what Alexander Fleming warned in 1945 "the excessive use of penicillin will cause the selection of resistant bacteria". In Veterinary Medicine antibacterial have been used as growth promoters and for therapeutic purposes, the latter being the purpose for which they were created, however, inappropriate and unsupervised therapeutic use, as well as administration by untrained personnel, has brought as a consequence, the appearance of resistant and even multi-drug resistant strains, a situation that does not leave many therapeutic alternatives. In addition to the above, the use of antibacterial in animal production results in the involuntary release of these into the environment, through wastewater, from the production units, water that will undoubtedly be used in other production units of land or aquatic animals, agricultural production or that released in rivers, lakes, lagoons, ending in the oceans, where they would cause ecological changes. Bacteria are extraordinary microorganisms capable of adapting, evolving and resisting antibacterial molecules in a short time, through the exchange of genetic material, which is well documented, between bacteria of the same species and even with other bacterial genera, which affect the human and animal population or both, such as zoonotic diseases. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the problem we are facing, and have issued recommendations. The OIE recommends guaranteeing adequate access to effective antibacterial agents to treat animal diseases, highlighting the need for this access to be regulated by trained veterinary doctors and their sale, distribution, and regulation by government agencies responsible for animal health and agri-food safety of each country. For its part, the WHO recommends a general reduction in the use of all classes of antibacterial of medical importance in animals destined for food production, including the complete restriction of these drugs, to stimulate growth and prevent diseases without prior diagnosis. According to the above, to address this problem, it is necessary to address the concept of a single health, since human health and animal health are involved, which as explained by the concept are interdependent and are directly linked to ecosystems in the which coexist and to address the problem, the inter-institutional participation of organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, OIE and WHO is needed. Finally, it is up to the general population to understand the importance of the appropriate use of antibacterial drugs and to everyone involved in health issues, it is necessary to make accurate and timely diagnoses, as well as sensitivity tests to antibacterial before starting treatment.