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The purpose of this report was to describe an uncommon congenital anomaly in a dog. An 8-year-old, mixed-breed, male dog, was referred because of progressive difficulties on defecation. A complete diagnostic work-up (hematological analysis, radiology, ultrasound, and computed tomography), followed by surgery and histopathology, allowed us to diagnose the condition as unilateral urogenital disontogeny. The disorder was characterized by unilateral anomalies of the urinary tract (ectopic and dilated hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and renal dysplasia) associated with ipsilateral anomalies of the genital system (partial permanence of the duct of Wolff evolved into an epididymal-like structure and testicular agenesis). En bloc surgical excision of the complex of urogenital anomalies was performed with no complications during or after surgery. Surgery was considered to be effective in this dog since he no longer showed clinical signs of illness.

Objective To determine the effect of the Klox fluorescence biomodulation system (Phovia) on the healing of surgical wounds. Study design Prospective, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Sample population Healthy dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery (n = 10). Methods Half of the length of each surgical wound was treated with Phovia, and the remaining 50% was treated with saline solution on the first day after surgery and every 3 days until day 13. Wound healing of treated and control areas within each wound was evaluated via macroscopic assessment and histological and immunohistochemical analysis of treated and control wounds. Results The areas treated with Phovia achieved lower histology scores (P = .001), consistent with complete re-epithelialization, less inflammation of the dermal layer, and greater and more regular deposition of collagen. According to immunohistochemistry, expression of factor VIII, epidural growth factor, decorin, collagen III, and Ki67 was increased in treated compared with untreated tissues. Conclusion Phovia therapy improved re-epithelialization, decreased dermal inflammation, and improved matrix formation in uncomplicated cutaneous incisional wounds by regulating the expression of key biological mediators. Clinical significance Phovia may be a beneficial adjunct to promote the healing of incisional wounds.

This in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the potential antibacterial properties of canine non-transfusional hemo-components. Therapeutic formulations commonly used for regenerative medicine purposes (platelet-rich plasma, platelet gel, platelet lysate, fibrin glue), considering both leukocyte-rich and leukocyte-poor formulations, but also platelet-poor plasma and activating substances (thrombin, calcium gluconate), were tested to detect elements with potential antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial effect was tested on different bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus subspecies aureus, Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies cohnii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae) isolated from canine wounds and classified as susceptible, multidrug-, extensively, and pandrug-resistant bacteria toward a known panel of human and veterinary antibiotics. The evaluation was carried out by agar gel diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer) and micro-inhibition in broth using microplates and spectrophotometer reading. The study findings confirmed the hypothesized antibacterial properties of canine non-transfusional hemo-components. A more effective bacteriostatic effect was found against Gram-negative bacteria, drug-resistant too. The presence of leukocytes or platelets does not appear to be essential for the antibacterial effect. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the exact mechanism of action of the antimicrobial activity. However, non-transfusional hemo-components could be a useful natural aid in controlling bacterial infections in dogs.

Simple Summary Elective bilateral ovariectomy in mule mares is recommended to correct undesirable behaviour effects related to oestrus and also in order to improve work performance. This procedure is usually carried out in a standing position with a combination of sedative and analgesic drugs along with local anaesthesia of the ovarian pedicles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of epidural lidocaine-xylazine in sedated standing mules undergoing elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy. The findings suggest that no significant changes were found in heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature with respect to baseline values. Sedation and analgesia were satisfactory in six out of the eight mules. Epidural analgesia with lidocaine-xylazine may be a good alternative to local anaesthetics infiltration of the ovarian pedicle for elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in standing mule mares, but further studies should be performed. Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy and safety of epidural lidocaine-xylazine administration in standing mules undergoing elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in order to suppress unwanted behaviour. Eight mule mares were sedated with intramuscular 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine followed by 1.3 mg/kg of xylazine and 0.02 mg/kg of butorphanol intravenously. Sedation was maintained by a constant rate infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/h of xylazine. The paralumbar fossae were infiltrated with 30 mL of 2% lidocaine. Epidural anaesthesia was performed at the first intercoccygeal space with 0.2 mg/kg of lidocaine and 0.17 mg/kg of xylazine. After 15 min, bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, invasive arterial blood pressure, degree of analgesia, sedation and ataxia were evaluated during surgery. The laparoscopic ovariectomy was successfully completed in all animals. Sedation and analgesia were considered satisfactory in six out of the eight mules. In conclusion, caudal epidural block allowed surgery to be easily completed in six out of eight. The animals did not show any signs of discomfort associated with nociception and were mostly calm during the procedures, however additional studies are needed to establish epidural doses of xylazine and lidocaine that result in reliable abdominal pain control in mules for standing ovariectomy.

Tumescent anesthesia (TUM) is a technique that was initially used to perform liposuction under local anesthesia, which consists of the injection of such large volumes of local anesthetic until to produce swelling and firmness (tumescence) of the surgical area. The aim of this study was to compare the intraoperative analgesic efficacy of lidocaine (LID) constant rate infusion (CRI), of TUM, or their combination (LID/TUM) and the postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Twenty-four dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (3 μg/kg) and methadone (0.2 mg/kg) intravenously (IV). After induction with propofol IV to effect, dogs were randomly allocated to receive a loading dose of lidocaine (2 mg/kg) followed by a CRI of 100 μg/kg/min (Group LID) in addition to an equivalent volume of lactated Ringer’s solution instead of local TUM, a loading dose of lactated Ringer’s solution followed by a CRI of Ringer’s solution in addition to TUM (Group TUM), a loading dose of lidocaine (2 mg/kg) followed by a CRI of 100 μg/kg/min in addition to TUM (Group LID/TUM). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Postoperative pain scores were assessed once the dogs had fully recovered from the sedative effects, and following 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The results of the current study allow us to assert that all three treatments provided satisfactory intraoperative antinociceptive effects but administration of LID/TUM induced greater inhibition on sympathetic stimulating effect up to 60 min from recovery, thus, providing better early postoperative pain relief in dogs undergoing mastectomy.

Background In free-ranging reptile populations, bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens may affect hosts through impairment in movements, thermoregulation, reproduction, survival, and population dynamics. The speckled dwarf tortoise (Chersobius [Homopus] signatus) is a threatened species that is mostly restricted to the Succulent Karoo biome in South Africa, and little information on pathogens of this species is available yet. We derived baseline parameters for five males and five females that were captured to genetically enhance a conservation breeding program in Europe. Upon collection of the tortoises, ticks were removed and identified. Immediately upon arrival in Europe, ocular, nasal, oral and cloacal swabs were taken for viral, bacteriological and mycological examinations. Fecal samples were collected before and 1 month after fenbendazole treatment, and analyzed for parasites. A panel of PCR, aiming to detect herpesviruses, adenoviruses and iridoviruses, was carried out. Results Samples were negative for viruses, while bacteriological examination yielded detectable growth in 82.5% of the swabs with a mean load of 16 × 107 ± 61 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) per swab, representing 34 bacterial species. Cloacal and oral swabs yielded higher detectable growth loads than nasal and ocular swabs, but no differences between sexes were observed. Fungi and yeasts (mean load 5 × 103 ± 13 × 103 CFU/swab) were detected in 25% of the swabs. All pre-treatment fecal samples were positive for oxyurid eggs, ranging from 200 to 2400 eggs per gram of feces, whereas after the treatment a significantly reduced egg count (90–100% reduction) was found in seven out of 10 individuals. One remaining individual showed 29% reduction, and two others had increased egg counts. In five tortoises, Nycthocterus spp. and coccidian oocysts were also identified. Soft ticks were identified as Ornithodoros savignyi. Conclusions Our baseline data from clinically healthy individuals will help future studies to interpret prevalences of microorganisms in speckled dwarf tortoise populations. The study population did not appear immediately threatened by current parasite presence.

In Europe, approximatively 100 000 to 500 000 tendon repairs are performed every year. These procedures are associated with a considerable rate of postoperative complications (from 6% to 11%). Autologous micro‐grafts (AAMG) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) have been shown to improve tendon healing in 60% to 70% of treated rodents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of AAMG in a sheep model with tendinopathy. We used sheep models because, as a large animal, they are more comparable to humans. The hypothesis was that SVF injection would improve tendon healing compared with the control group, reducing inflammatory and matrix degrading, while increasing anti‐inflammatory expression and collagen synthesis in the early stage of tendon injury. Sixteen Apennine sheep aged 2 to 5 years underwent 500 UI type I collagenase injection into both common calcaneal tendons (CCT) to induce tendinopathy. After 15 days (T0), one CCT in every ovine underwent randomly to 2.5 mL of AAMG obtained by mechanical disruption and the contralateral CCTs received no treatment. Clinical, ecographic, and sonographic evaluations were performed after 4 weeks (T1) and 8 weeks (T2). Histological, immunohistochemical, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and biomechanical evaluations were performed at T2. At T2, the treated group showed a final tendon diameter (9.1 ± 1.4 mm) and a hardness expression (62%) that were similar to the original healthy tendon (8.1 ± 1.1 mm; 100%), with a significant recovery compared with the control group (9.5 ± 1.7 mm; 39%). Moreover, histological analysis of the treated group revealed an improvement in the fiber orientation score, fiber edema score, infiltrative‐inflammatory process, and necrosis score (4.3 ± 3.3) compared with control group (8.8 ± 2.9). Immunohistochemically, the treated group showed high expression of collagen 1, Factor VIII and significantly low expression of collagen 3. These data were confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis. The study findings suggested that AAMGs obtained through mechanical disruption present a safe, efficient, and reliable technique, enhancing tendon healing., The group treated with stromal vascular fraction showed a final tendon diameter and a percentage hardness expression that were similar to the original healthy tendon.

A single centre, single-blinded, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of twice weekly fluorescent light energy therapy (Phovia™) as adjunct to systemic antibiotics in the management of deep pyoderma in dogs. Dogs with clinical lesions consistent with deep pyoderma, positive bacterial culture, and showing neutrophil engulfing bacteria at cytology were included in the study. Assessments were undertaken weekly for 8 weeks and every 2 weeks thereafter until 12 weeks after enrolment. At each visit, lesions were scored and cytology was conducted to determine a neutrophil engulfing bacteria score. All dogs (Groups A and B) were treated with systemic antibiotic twice daily, and Group B received additionally Phovia twice weekly. Median treatment duration was 11.7 weeks for Group A and 5.7 weeks for Group B. After 8 weeks of treatment, the percentage of dogs that achieved clinical resolution was 35.0% and 88.0% for Groups A and B, respectively. Lesion scores showed highly statistically significant difference in favour of Group B from week 3 to 8, and neutrophil engulfing bacteria scores showed statistical difference from week 2 onwards in favour of Group B. These results indicate that Phovia, when used as an adjunct to systemic antibiotics, can accelerate time to clinical resolution in cases of canine deep pyoderma.

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in several physiologic functions of the host. In humans and animals, manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by oral administration of probiotic lactic acid bacteria plays a significant role in modulating the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of the probiotic mixture Slab51® and the capacity of this mixture to stimulate immune function in healthy dogs. Twenty dogs were divided in two groups and received a control diet or the same diet supplemented with a dose of 400 billion cfu of lyophilized bacteria for a period of 60 days. Body weight, food intake, body condition score (BCS), fecal score (FSS), fecal immunoglobulin IgA concentration, plasma IgG concentration, and fecal microbiota composition were monitored. Weight, food intake, BCS, FSS, and biochemical parameters remained unchanged during the treatment in both groups of animals. The fecal microbiota showed a significant decrease in the abundance of Clostridium perfringens and a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus organisms (p < 0.05). Fecal IgA and plasma IgG levels were significantly higher in the group receiving the probiotic compared to healthy controls. These data show that dietary supplementation with the probiotic mixture Slab51® is safe and well-tolerated, modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and enhancing specific immune functions in healthy dogs.

This protocol describes a validation procedure to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a radiographic method using a simple device, specifically designed to quantify the cranial tibial translation in dogs. This protocol was used in the following publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228621 Tambella AM, Omini L, Attili AR, Vullo C, Martin S (2020) Evaluation of cranial tibial translation in dogs: Diagnostic accuracy of radiographic method using a simple device. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228621. (ISSN: 1932-6203) (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228621)

This protocol describes a radiographic procedure to objectively quantifyin vivothe cranial tibial translation using a simple device in dogs. This protocol was used in the following publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228621 Tambella AM, Omini L, Attili AR, Vullo C, Martin S (2020) Evaluation of cranial tibial translation in dogs: Diagnostic accuracy of radiographic method using a simple device. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228621. (ISSN: 1932-6203) (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228621)

Background Canine otitis externa is a painful condition which can be challenging to treat due to difficulties in the administration of otic medication. This can be due to lack of owner compliance in the application of ear drops or due to the resentment that some dogs demonstrate when attempts are made to administer topical medication into a sensitive ear canal. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of a topical LED-illuminated gel (LIG) in canine otitis externa in comparison to standard of care therapy. Dogs with spontaneous otitis externa were randomly allocated in three groups: groups QW received LIG once weekly; BW received LIG twice weekly; group C received enrofloxacin and silver sulfadiazine twice daily. LIG consists of a topical application of a gel containing chromophores that, when illuminated by a LED lamp, re-emit fluorescent light which can stimulate physiological responses, promoting healing and controlling bacteria. The evaluation protocol (T0 to T5) considered clinical assessment (OTIS-3-index-scoring-system; pruritus-severity-scale; pain-severity-score; aural temperature), cytological scoring system, quali-quantitative bacteriologic assessment. Results All groups (QW, n = 21; BW, n = 23; C, n = 20) showed improvement during the study (QW: P P P − 4 for pruritus, total OTIS-3 and temperature assessments; BW: P − 4 for all clinical, cytological and bacteriologic assessments; C: P P − 4 for bacteriologic assessment). The highest clinical score reduction occurred in Group BW (P 3; P 4 and P − 4 in T5). BW reached the clinically relevant effect level at T3 (− 3.26 ± 1.21 levels), QW reached it at T4 (− 3.24 ± 0.99), C did not reach it. No differences between groups were seen in the reduction of CFU/mL (T0-T5). Conclusions All treatment groups showed a positive clinical effect. LIG administered twice-a-week was the most favourable protocol of the study. LIG may be considered beneficial in the management of canine otitis externa; it seems to be effective in controlling the clinical condition, including the signs of inflammation and local pain, the bacterial growth, and it may help increasing treatment compliance.

A hand-made, radiolucent, custom-designed device having a mobile and a non-mobile platforms was used to objectively quantify the in vivo cranial tibial translation, in order to assess the functional status of cranial-cruciate-ligament (CrCL) in dogs. The hypothesis was that changes in CrCL integrity would result in detectable changes in tibial translation. To validate the diagnostic method, data from injured (PA, n = 32), contralateral (CO, n = 32) and healthy stifles (HE, n = 32) were compared. Normalized tibial translation (ΔN) of each stifle was measured in medio-lateral radiographic projection obtained before and during standard thrust force application, in PA (43.59±12.97%), CO (20.32±6.69%) and HE (12.22±3.77%). Comparing PA with HE and CO (ΔN cut-off value: 29.73%), diagnosis could be issued with very high probability. Comparing HE with CO (ΔN cut-off value: 14.80%), high performance was obtained. The translator device could be a useful tool to objectively quantify the in vivo tibial translation in dogs with CrCL rupture, before surgery and during post-operatory follow-up.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a nontransfusional hemocomponent, considered as a powerful concentrate of growth factors (GFs) therapeutically used to stimulate tissue regeneration. The use of autologous PRP, as the patient&rsquo, s own biological material, for therapeutic purposes represents a safe and effective alternative to conventional treatments in both human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was the characterization of canine PRP from rheological and biological points of view. Thus, a characterization of the viscoelastic properties of the PRP systems was performed in order to clarify the influence of different calcium concentrations, in the presence of autologous thrombin-rich solution, on the PRP gels&rsquo, mechanical properties, from which the applicability of these systems in biomedical treatments is strongly dependent. Then, an evaluation of the content of GFs in PRP, activated or not with thrombin, and stored at different temperatures (37 &deg, C and &minus, 20 &deg, C) was performed over time, outlining, for the first time, the importance of the effect of physiological temperature (37 &deg, C) on the production of GFs. A clinical case study conducted in a dog with a complete rupture of the common calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) confirmed the relevance of this hemocomponent in the daily veterinary clinical activity and the potential translational value for human health.

A 9-month-old filly donkey was referred for a comminuted diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia. Surgical osteosynthesis, with multiple lag screws and a neutralization plate, was performed for anatomical reconstruction. Despite a good gait condition, delayed bone consolidation and a bone gap were evident on follow up radiographic evaluations. Due to delayed healing, autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was injected on the surface of the tibia. Increased bone consolidation was evident on radiographs one month after the PRP injection. Progressive filling of both the fracture lines and bone gap continued during the six-month follow up. Clinical outcome was excellent. Autologous PRP should be considered as a practical adjuvant therapy in bone healing process in donkeys.

A 4-year-old intact female, mixed breed dog was presented with a complaint of dyspnea. Clinical examination revealed symptoms related to disease of the upper airways. Radiographic findings were consistent with tracheal collapse associated with anomalies involving the seventh cervical vertebra and the first ribs bilaterally. Radiographs were highly suggestive of cervical ribs; computed tomography and ultrasound examination allowed complete characterization and better localization of the anomalies with relationship to the adjacent muscle and vasculature. Cervical ribs are malformations widely described in human medicine, but only sporadically in dogs. Herein, we discuss etiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of cervical ribs and possible correlations between the cervical ribs and other anatomical anomalies noted in this dog.

Canine perianal fistula (CPF) is a severe, painful, debilitating skin condition affecting the perianal skin. It often interferes with the quality of life of both dog and owner. Conventional medical treatment involves the use of immunosuppressive therapy; however, the successful resolution of lesions can be limited by poor owner compliance, adverse drug effects and dependence on costly therapies.The present study aimed to assess the potential benefits of fluorescent light energy (FLE) on cases of CPF.Four dogs with active perianal fistulas METHODS AND MATERIALS: FLE was applied as sole management therapy once a week with two consecutive applications in the same session for each dog until clinical signs had significantly improved, with weekly assessments for a six week period. Dogs were assessed by measuring the size of lesions at the start of the study and then weekly for six weeks, using planimetry software. Owners recorded vocalization and straining frequency scores during their pet's defaecation, and perianal licking frequency on a 0-5 point scale to assess the response to therapy.All dogs improved with FLE, achieving a significant reduction in vocalization, straining and licking after two weeks (P = 0.002). After five weeks of FLE therapy, lesional areas had significantly decreased (P = 0.04). Only one dog required more than seven applications. No adverse events were reported.FLE may be a promising alternative therapy for CPF.Les fistules anales canines (CPF) sont une dermatose sévère, douloureuse et invalidante de la peau périanale. Elle interfère souvent avec la qualité de vie du chien comme de son propriétaire. Les traitements médicaux conventionnels impliquent les immunosuppresseurs ; cependant, la résolution des lésions peut être limitée par la faible compliance du propriétaire, les effets indésirables des traitements et leur coût. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer les effets bénéfiques potentiels de la lumière fluorescente (FLE) sur des cas de CPF.Quatre chiens avec fistules périanales actives. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: FLE a été appliqué en traitement unique une fois par semaine, deux fois consécutives au cours de la même session pour chaque chien jusqu’à amélioration clinique significative avec évaluation chaque semaine pendant six semaines. Les chiens étaient évalués par la mesure de la taille des lésions au départ et chaque semaine pendant six semaines, à l’aide d’un logiciel de planimétrie. Les propriétaires notaient les vocalises et les efforts de poussée au cours de la défécation de leur animal ainsi que la fréquence de léchage sur une échelle de 0 à 5 pour déterminer la réponse au traitement. RÉSULTATS: Tous les chiens se sont améliorés avec FLE, avec une réduction significative des vocalises, poussées et léchage après deux semaines (P = 0.002). Après cinq semaines de traitement FLE, les zones lésionnelles avaient significativement diminuées (P = 0.04). Seulement un chien a nécessité plus de sept applications. Aucun effet secondaire n’a été décrit.FLE semble être un traitement alternatif prometteur de CPF.INTRODUCCIÓN: la fístula perianal canina (CPF) es una afección cutánea grave, dolorosa y debilitante que afecta la piel perianal. A menudo interfiere con la calidad de vida tanto del perro como del dueño. El tratamiento médico convencional implica el uso de terapia inmunosupresora; sin embargo, la resolución exitosa de las lesiones puede verse limitada por el cumplimiento deficiente del propietario, los efectos adversos de los medicamentos y la dependencia de terapias costosas. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los beneficios potenciales de la energía de la luz fluorescente (FLE) en los casos de CPF. ANIMALES: cuatro perros con fístulas perianales activas. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: la FLE se aplicó como única terapia de manejo una vez por semana con dos aplicaciones consecutivas en la misma sesión para cada perro hasta que los signos clínicos mejoraron significativamente, con evaluaciones semanales durante un período de seis semanas. Los perros se evaluaron midiendo el tamaño de las lesiones al comienzo del estudio y luego semanalmente durante seis semanas, utilizando un software de planimetría. Los propietarios registraron puntuaciones de frecuencia de vocalización y esfuerzo durante la defecación de su mascota y la frecuencia de lamido perianal en una escala de 0 a 5 puntos para evaluar la respuesta a la terapia. RESULTADOS: todos los perros mejoraron con FLE, logrando una reducción significativa en la vocalización, el esfuerzo y lamidos después de dos semanas (P = 0,002). Después de cinco semanas de terapia con FLE, las áreas lesionadas habían disminuido significativamente (P = 0,04). Solo un perro requirió más de siete aplicaciones. No se reporto ningún evento adverso. CONCLUSIÓN E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: la FLE puede ser una terapia alternativa prometedora para la CPF.Perianale Fisteln des Hundes (CPF) sind schwere, schmerzhafte, schwächende Hauterkrankungen, die die perianale Haut betreffen. Es beeinträchtigt häufig die Lebensqualität von Hunden wie auch ihrer BesitzerInnen. Eine konventionelle medizinische Behandlung besteht aus einer immunsuppressiven Therapie; es kann jedoch eine erfolgreiche Abheilung der Veränderungen durch schlechte BesitzerInnen Compliance, durch Medikamenten Nebenwirkungen und durch eine Abhängigkeit von teuren Therapien limitiert sein.Die gegenwärtige Studie zielte darauf ab, die möglichen günstigen Auswirkungen von fluoreszierender Lichtenergie (FLE) auf Fälle mit CPF zu erfassen.Vier Hunde mit perianalen Fisteln.FLE wurde als einzige Erhaltungstherapie einmal wöchentlich in Form von zwei konsekutiven Anwendungen in derselben Sitzung für jeden Hund angewendet, bis die klinischen Zeichen signifikant verbessert waren, wobei sechs Wochen lang eine wöchentliche Untersuchung durchgeführt wurde. Die Hunde wurden anhand einer Messung der Größe der Veränderungen am Anfang der Studie and dann wöchentlich alle sechs Wochen mittels Planimetrie Software beurteilt. Die BesitzerInnen zeichneten eine Lautäußerung auf, bewerteten die Frequenz von Tenesmus während der Defäkation ihrer Haustiere und die Frequenz des perianalen Leckens auf einer Skala von 0-5, um die Verbesserung durch die Therapie zu erfassen.Alle Hunde verbesserten sich mit FLE, wobei sowohl die Schmerzäußerungen, wie auch das Pressen und Lecken nach zwei Wochen (P = 0,002) signifikant reduziert waren. Nach einer fünf wöchigen FLE Therapie waren die Hautveränderungen signifikant kleiner (P = 0,04). Nur bei einem Hund waren mehr als sieben Anwendungen nötig. Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen beschrieben.Die FLE könnte eine vielversprechende alternative Therapie für CPF darstellen.A fístula perianal canina (FPC) é uma dermatopatia grave, dolorosa e debilitante que afeta a região perianal. Frequentemente, ela interfere na qualidade de vida de ambos o cão e o proprietário. O tratamento médico convencional envolve o uso de terapia imunossupressiva; entretanto, o sucesso na resolução das lesões pode ser limitado devido ao baixo comprometimento do proprietário, aos efeitos adversos dos medicamentos e ao alto custo das medicações. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os potenciais benefícios da energia da luz fluorescente (ELF) nos casos de FPC.Quatro cães com fístulas perianais ativas. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: A ELF foi aplicada em monoterapia uma vez por semana com duas aplicações consecutivas na mesma sessão para cada cão até que os sinais clínicos melhorassem significativamente, com avaliações semanais por um período de seis semanas. Os cães foram avaliados através da mensuração do tamanho das lesões no início do estudo e depois semanalmente durante seis semanas, utilizando um software de planimetria. Para avaliar a resposta à terapia, os proprietários registraram pontuações de frequência de vocalização e esforço durante a defecação de seu animal e da frequência de lambedura da região perianal em uma escala de 0 a 5 pontos.Todos os cães melhoraram com ELF, alcançando uma redução significativa na vocalização, esforço e lambedura após duas semanas (P = 0,002). Após cinco semanas de terapia com ELF, as áreas lesionais diminuíram significativamente (P = 0,04). Apenas um cão exigiu mais de sete aplicações. Nenhum evento adverso foi relatado. CONCLUSÃO E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A ELF pode ser uma terapia alternativa promissora para FPC.背景: 犬の肛門周囲瘻（CPF）は、肛門周囲の皮膚に罹患する重度の痛みを伴う衰弱性皮膚疾患である。CPFはしばしば犬および飼い主の双方の生活の質を妨げる。従来の医学的治療は、免疫抑制療法の使用を伴う。ただし、病変の良好な解決は、飼い主のコンプライアンスの悪さ、薬物有害反応、および高額な治療への依存によって制限される可能性がある。 仮説/目的: 本研究は、CPF症例に対する蛍光光エネルギー（FLE）の潜在的な利点を評価することを目的とした。 供試動物: 活動的な肛門周囲瘻のある犬4頭。 材料と方法: FLEを、臨床症状が大幅に改善されるまで、6週間の週次評価で、各犬同じセッションで週に1回、2回の連続適用で、FLEを唯一の管理療法として適用した。犬は、試験開始時に病変サイズを測定し、その後、面積測定ソフトウェアを使用して6週間にわたって毎週評価された。飼い主は、ペットの排便時の発声およびしぶりの頻度スコアを記録し、肛門周囲の舐性行動の頻度を0〜5ポイントスケールで記録し、治療に対する反応を評価した。 結果: FLEによりすべての犬が改善し、2週間後に発声、しぶり、舐性行動を大幅に軽減した（P = 0.002）。 FLE療法の5週間後、病変領域は有意に減少した（P = 0.04）。 1頭の犬だけが7回以上の適用を必要とした。有害事象は報告されていない。 結論と臨床的重要性: FLEはCPFの有望な代替療法になる可能性がある。.背景: 犬肛周瘘(CPF)是一种影响肛周皮肤的严重、疼痛、使机体衰弱的皮肤疾病。常干扰犬和主人的生活质量。常规药物治疗涉及使用免疫抑制剂；然而，宠主依从性差、药物不良反应和治疗昂贵可能造成病变的疗效有限。 假设/目的-本研究旨在评估荧光灯光能(FLE)对CPF病例的潜在效果。 动物: 4只活动性肛周瘘患犬。 方法和材料: FLE作为唯一的管理治疗手段，每周一次，每只犬在同一时段连续应用两次，直至临床体征显著改善，每周评估一次，持续6周。在研究开始时，使用平面测量软件测量犬的病变大小，然后每周测量一次，持续6周。主人在0-5分量表上记录宠物排便期间的嘶叫和用力频率评分，以及肛周舔舐频率，以评估治疗效果。 结果: FLE让所有犬均有改善，两周后叫声、用力和舔舐显著减少(P=0.002)。FLE治疗5周后，皮损面积显著减小(P=0.04)。只有一只犬需要7次以上的治疗。未发现不良反应。 结论和临床重要性: FLE可能是CPF的一种有前景的替代疗法。.

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone and midazolam after intramuscular administration in pigs. Fourteen pigs, weighing 18 to 22 kg, aged between 55 and 70 days, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 2, affected by congenital reducible umbilical hernia, were included in the study. Alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) mixed in the same syringe were administered into the neck muscle. Pain on injection, quality of sedation and time to achieve lateral recumbency were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 0 (baseline: before drug administration), 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), arterial blood pH, arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-) were recorded at 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. Continuous data were analysed using a repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and aP-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Ten animals out of fourteen showed no pain on injection, whereas the remaining four exhibited mild pain. The time from the end of injection to lateral recumbency was 266 ± 40 s. The quality of sedation ranged between good to very good. No significant changes in the variables monitored were observed between the time points. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and midazolam in pigs at the doses used induced reliable and fast sedation, without pain on injection and moderate respiratory effects.

Aged dogs may develop age-related neuropathological and behavioral changes including the reduction in their memory and learning abilities. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with tramiprosate (homotaurine) on spatial cognition of aging dogs. Twenty-four aged dogs, sheltered in the same kennel, were randomly assigned into two groups—one group receiving homotaurine supplementation (500 mg once daily) and the other group, living in the same environment, without any supplementation. Cognitive testing was conducted using a T-maze. The experimental procedure consisted of four stages: a one-time direction-determination trial and a learning task, memory task, and reversal learning task that were done at T zero (immediately before supplementation start) and repeated after 4, 8, and 12 months. Data were collected from video-recordings by a single observer. The homotaurine-supplemented dogs were able to maintain a better performance in learning and memory trials with the largest differences observed in the reversal learning test, with a higher number of dogs able to pass the test (P

This protocol describes a step-by-step procedure for the production of autologous platelet-rich plasma for topical application in dogs. This protocol was used in the following publication: Tambella AM, Attili AR, Dini F, Palumbo Piccionello A, Vullo C, Serri E, Scrollavezza P, Dupré G. Autologous platelet gel to treat chronic decubital ulcers: a randomized, blind controlled clinical trial in dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 43(6), 2014: 726-733. (ISSN: 0161-3499) (DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12148.x). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12148.x/full

A step-by-step procedure for autologous platelet-rich plasma production was developed for topical percutaneous injection in donkeys. This protocol was used in the following publication: Faillace V, Tambella AM, Fratini M, Paggi E, Dini F, Laus F. Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma for a delayed consolidation of a tibial fracture in a young donkey. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 79(3), 2017: 618-622. (ISSN: 0916-7250) (DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0400) https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0400 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/79/3/79_16-0400/_pdf/-char/en

Objective To determine whether the topical application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) promotes healing in experimentally-induced full-thickness skin wounds in animals, a systematic review and meta-analysis will be performed. Methods Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Research Gate, Cochrane Wounds Group, and Veterinary Information Network will be searched to identify randomised and not randomised controlled clinical trials comparing PRP with placebo or with other treatments in animals. Primary outcome: reduction of open wound area; secondary outcomes: healing time and number of healed cases. Effect sizes: Hedges’ g; odds ratio. This protocol was used in the following publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191093 Tambella AM, Attili AR, Dupré G, Cantalamessa A, Martin S, Cuteri V, Marcazzan S, Del Fabbro M (2018) Platelet-rich plasma to treat experimentally-induced skin wounds in animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 13(1): e0191093. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191093

The purpose of this study was to describe and assess the feasibility of a new intra-articular approach in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs using an artificial ligament and a new bone-anchor system. Twelve canine cadavers weighting 26 to 45 kg were used in this ex-vivo study. Special tibial and femoral screws, two helicoils, and a high resistance artificial fiber compose the implant. Surgery was performed using the cranio-lateral approach to the stifle joint. Helicoil and tibial screw, connected to the fiber, were inserted in the center of the tibial insertion area of the cranial cruciate ligament. The fiber was passed over-the-top, tensioned, and fixed to the femoral screw, previously inserted with the helicoil in the distal part of the femur. Surgery was completed in all the cases. Occasional problems found during the insertion of the helicoils and screws were resolved with simple procedures. Post-operative clinical assessment showed negative cranial drawer test, negative cranial tibial thrust, and normal range of motion. Radiographic evaluation showed an appropriate positioning of both tibial and femoral implants in all the cases. The results of the first surgical appraisal of this new technique are encouraging, although further studies are necessary to demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of this procedure.

The objective of the study was to review current literature to determine whether the topical application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) promotes healing in experimentally-induced full-thickness skin wounds in animals. The hypothesis was that the adjunct of PRP has a positive effect on wound healing. An electronic search was carried out on the following databases: Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Research Gate, Cochrane Wounds Group, Veterinary Information Network. No publication date nor language restrictions were applied. Randomised and not randomised controlled clinical trials comparing PRP with placebo or with other treatments were included. The reduction of open wound area in PRP-treated (test) wounds compared to control wounds was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were healing time and number of healed cases in test group compared to control. The following effect sizes were calculated: the Hedges' g for continuous variables; the odds ratio for binary data. Eighteen controlled clinical trials were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, with a total of 661 wounds. All studies were published in the period 2007-2016. Eight studies were carried out on rodent/lagomorph mammals and 10 on non-rodent/lagomorph mammals. In all included studies, control wounds underwent placebo or were left untreated. The PRP group showed a better healing performance than the control group in each outcome. The effect size was statistically significant considering the primary outcome and the overall aggregation of the three outcomes. The effect size, although in favour of the treatment with PRP, was not significant considering the healing time and the number of healings. The overall heterogeneity was mild or moderate. Five studies reported a high risk of selection bias. The publication bias was always mild or absent. The results support the hypothesis of the positive effects of the PRP when compared to control groups in the treatment of experimentally-induced full-thickness skin wounds in animals. PRP can therefore be considered an effective adjunctive therapy in stimulating second intention healing of acute wounds in healthy animals.

ZusammenfassungEine 5-jährige, weiblich-kastrierte Europäisch-Kurzhaar-Katze wurde mit abdominalen Schmerzen und fehlendem Kotabsatz vorgestellt. Die Röntgenaufnahmen zeigten eine Kolonkonstipation. In der Ultraschalluntersuchung konnte eine ovale zystische Struktur in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft des Kolons dargestellt werden. Die Struktur wies eine aus drei Schichten bestehende Wand auf. Der Inhalt präsentierte sich inhomogen hypoechogen. Über eine Laparotomie wurde die Struktur vollständig entfernt. Dazu musste ein Teil des Kolons reseziert werden. Die Adaptation erfolgte mit einer End-zu-End-Anastomose. Histopathologisch wurden in verschiedenen Lokalisationen der Zystenwand Metaplasien der Schleimhaut nachgewiesen. Eine sichere Einordnung der Zyste als intestinale Duplikationszyste, die im vorliegenden Fall als sehr wahrscheinlich anzusehen ist, als Rudiment des Meckel-Divertikels, als Vitellingang-Zyste oder als zystisches Kolondivertikel war jedoch nicht möglich. Nach dem operativen Eingriff normalisierte sich der Kotabsatz.

Objective To determine whether the topical application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) promotes healing in experimentally-induced full-thickness skin wounds in animals, a systematic review and meta-analysis will be performed. Methods Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Research Gate, Cochrane Wounds Group, and Veterinary Information Network will be searched to identify randomised and not randomised controlled clinical trials comparing PRP with placebo or with other treatments in animals. Primary outcome: reduction of open wound area; secondary outcomes: healing time and number of healed cases. Effect sizes: Hedges’ g; odds ratio.

Interdigital pyoderma is a common multifactorial, inflammatory disease of the canine interdigital skin. Lesions commonly become infected secondarily. In addition to management of the underlying cause, management of the chronic inflammatory changes in the interdigital skin created by secondary infection and by the release of keratin into deep tissues is required. Fluorescence biomodulation appears to modulate the inflammatory process in dermatological disorders and has shown promise in preliminary studies evaluating its use in superficial and deep pyoderma in dogs.To evaluate the effect of a fluorescence biomodulation (FB) system used in conjunction with systemic antibiotic on clinical manifestations of canine interdigital pyoderma (CIP), compared to dogs treated with antibiotic alone.Thirty-six dogs diagnosed with CIP.Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment groups of either antibiotic alone (Group A) or antibiotic plus twice-weekly FB application (Group B). Dogs were scored over a 12 week period on the basis of two measured parameters: a global lesion score composed of four different lesions types and neutrophil engulfing bacterial scores.A statistically significant decrease was seen by Week 3 in both measured parameters for Group B compared to Group A. The mean time-to-resolution of lesions was 4.3 weeks in Group B and 10.4 weeks in Group A.The FB system shows promise as an adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotic use in the management of CIP.La pyodermite interdigitée est une maladie inflammatoire multifactorielle fréquente de la peau interdigitée du chien. Les lésions s'infectent fréquemment secondairement. En plus de la gestion de la cause sous jacente, le contrôle des modifications inflammatoires chroniques de la peau interdigitée créées par l'infection secondaire et par la libération de kératine dans les tissus profonds est nécessaire. La biomodulation par fluorescence semble moduler le processus inflammatoire des dermatoses et a montré des résultats prometteurs dans les études préliminaires évaluant son intérêt dans les pyodermites superficielles et profondes du chien. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Evaluer les effet d'un système de biomodulation par fluorescence (FB) associé à une antibiothérapie systémique sur les manifestations cliniques des pyodermites interdigitées canines (CIP), comparé à une antibiothérapie seule.Trente six chiens diagnostiqués avec CIP. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les chiens ont été répartis au hasard dans les groupes traitement antibiotique seul (Groupe A) ou antibiotique plus application de FB deux fois par semaine (Groupe B). Les chiens ont été évalués pendant 12 semaines pour deux paramètres : un score lésionnel global composé de quatre types de lésions différentes et un score de phagocytose de bactéries par les neutrophiles. RÉSULTATS: Une diminution statistiquement significative a été observée à la semaine 3 pour les deux paramètres mesurés pour le Groupe B comparé au Groupe A. Le temps de résolution moyen des lésions étaient de 4,3 semaines pour le Groupe B et 10,4 semaines pour le Groupe A.Le système FB est prometteur en association à une antibiothérapie systémique pour la gestion des CIP.INTRODUCCIÓN: la pioderma interdigital es una enfermedad inflamatoria multifactorial común en la piel interdigital canina. Las lesiones comúnmente se infectan de forma secundaria. Además del manejo de la causa primaria, se requiere el manejo de los cambios inflamatorios crónicos en la piel interdigital creados por una infección secundaria y por la liberación de queratina en los tejidos profundos. La biomodulación por fluorescencia parece controlar el proceso inflamatorio en trastornos dermatológicos y se ha mostrado prometedora en estudios preliminares que evalúan su uso en pioderma superficial y profundo en perros. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: evaluar el efecto de un sistema de biomodulación de fluorescencia (FB) utilizado junto con un antibiótico sistémico en las manifestaciones clínicas de la pioderma interdigital canina (CIP), en comparación con los perros tratados con antibióticos solos. ANIMALES: treinta y seis perros diagnosticados con CIP. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los perros se asignaron al azar a los grupos de tratamiento de antibióticos solos (grupo A) o antibióticos más la aplicación de FB dos veces por semana (grupo B). Los perros se calificaron durante un período de 12 semanas sobre la base de dos parámetros medidos: una valoración de lesión global compuesta por cuatro tipos de lesiones diferentes y valoraciones de bacterias fagocitadas por neutrófilos. RESULTADOS: a la semana 3 se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en ambos parámetros medidos para el grupo B en comparación con el grupo A. El tiempo medio de resolución de las lesiones fue de 4,3 semanas en el grupo B y de 10,4 semanas en el grupo A. CONCLUSIÓN E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: el sistema FB se muestra prometedor como una terapia complementaria al uso sistémico de antibióticos en el tratamiento de la CIP.Die interdigitale Pyodermie ist eine häufige multifaktorielle entzündliche Erkrankung der interdigitalen Haut des Hundes. Die Läsionen werden in der Regel sekundär infiziert. Zusätzlich zum Management der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung ist es nötig, die chronisch entzündlichen Veränderungen in der interdigitalen Haut, die durch Sekundärinfektion und durch Freisetzung von Keratin in tiefere Gewebe entstehen, zu behandeln. Die Fluoreszenz Biomodulation scheint den entzündlichen Prozess bei dermatologischen Erkrankungen zu modulieren und hat in Vorstudien bereits vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt, was ihren Einsatz bei superfizieller und tiefer Pyodermie des Hundes betrifft.Eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit des Fluoreszenz Biomodulationssystems (FB) in Verbindung mit systemischen Antibiotika auf die klinische Manifestation der interdigitalen Pyodermie des Hundes (CIP) im Vergleich zu Hunden, die nur mit Antibiotika behandelt wurden.Dreiunddreißig Hunde mit diagnostizierter CIP.Die Hunde wurden zufällig in Behandlungsgruppen eingeteilt: entweder Behandlung nur mit Antibiotikum (Gruppe A) oder Antibiotikum plus zweimal wöchentlich FB Anwendung (Gruppe B). Die Hunde wurden über einen Zeitraum von 12 Wochen anhand von zwei Parametern beurteilt: ein globaler Beurteilungswert, der sich aus vier unterschiedlichen Läsionstypen zusammensetzte und bakterielle Werte anhand einer Ansammlung von Neutrophilen.Eine statistisch signifikante Verminderung wurde ab Woche 3 für beide Messparameter in Gruppe B im Vergleich zu Gruppe A gesehen. Die durchschnittliche Zeit bis zur Abheilung der Läsionen betrug in Gruppe B 4,3 Wochen und in Gruppe A 10,4 Wochen.Das FB System zeigt sich als vielversprechende Zusatztherapie zu systemischer Antibiotikatherapie beim Management der CIP.背景: 指趾間部膿皮症は、犬の指趾間部皮膚の一般的な多因子性炎症性疾患の一つである。病変は一般に二次感染する。根本要因の管理に加えて、二次感染および深部組織へのケラチンの放出によって引き起こされる指間皮膚の慢性炎症性変化の管理が必要とされる。蛍光バイオモジュレーションは皮膚科疾患における炎症過程を調節するようであり、犬の表在性および深在性膿皮症における蛍光バイオモジュレーションの使用を評価する予備研究において有望であることが示されている。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、抗生物質単独で治療した犬と比較して、全身性抗生物質と併用して使用​​される蛍光バイオモジュレーション(FB)システムが犬指趾間部膿皮症(CIP)の臨床症状に及ぼす影響を評価することである。 被験動物: CIPと診断された犬36頭。 材料および方法: 被験犬を、抗生物質のみ(グループA)または抗生物質と週2回のFB投与(グループB)のいずれかの治療群に無作為に割り当てた。被験犬を、4つの異なる病巣タイプからなる全体的な病変スコアおよび好中球による貪食細菌スコアによる2つの測定パラメータに基づいて12週間にわたって記録した。 結果: A群と比較してB群において、3週目までに両測定パラメータで統計的に有意な減少を認めた。病変の平均消失時間は、グループBでは4.3週、グループAでは10.4週であった。 結論と臨床的重要性: FBシステムは、CIP管理における全身性抗生物質の使用に対する補助療法として期待される。.背景: 趾间脓皮病是犬趾间皮肤常见的多因素炎症性疾病,病变通常会继发感染。除了对潜在病因的管理之外,还需要对深层组织中的继发感染和角质释放形成的趾间皮肤慢性炎症进行管理。荧光生物调节似乎能够调节皮肤病中的炎症过程,并且在初步研究中显示,其有希望应用于评估犬浅表和深层脓皮病。 假设/目的: 与仅用抗生素治疗的犬相比,评估全身抗生素治疗联合荧光生物调节(FB)系统对犬趾间脓皮病(CIP)临床症状的影响。 动物: 三十六只经诊断的CIP患犬。 方法和材料: 将犬随机分配到单独使用抗生素(A组)或抗生素加每周两次FB应用(B组)的治疗组。根据两个测量参数对犬进行12周的评分:由四种不同病变类型组成的全球病变评分和中性粒细胞吞噬细菌评分。 结果: 与A组相比,B组的两个测量参数在第3周观察到统计学意义上的显著下降。B组病变的平均消退时间为4.3周,A组为10.4周。 结论和临床意义: FB系统有望作为CIP管理中全身性抗生素治疗的辅助方法。.A piodermite interdigital é uma doença inflamatória comum, multifatorial que afeta a pele interdigital. As lesões frequentemente se tornam infectadas secundariamente. Além do tratamento da causa primária, é necessário o manejo das alterações inflamatórias crônicas da pele interdigital geradas pela infecção secundária e pela liberação de queratina nos tecidos profundos. A biomodulação fluorescente aparentemente é capaz de modular o processo inflamatório nas dermatopatias e tem demonstrado resultados promissores em estudos preliminares avaliando a sua utilização em piodermite superficial e profunda em cães. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito de um sistema de biomodulação fluorescente (BF) utilizado em associação com um antibiótico sistêmico nas manifestações clínicas da piodermite interdigital canina (PIC) comparado a cães tratados somente com antibiótico.Trinta e seis cães diagnosticados com PIC. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Os cães foram alocados aleatoriamente nos dois grupos de tratamento, sendo o Grupo A somente com antibiótico e o Grupo B antibiótico com aplicação de BF duas vezes por semana. Os cães foram avaliados durante um período de 12 semanas baseado em dois parâmetros: um escore global de lesão composto de quatro tipos diferentes de lesões e escores de fagocitose de bactérias por neutrófilos.Observou-se uma redução estatisticamente significativa nos dois parâmetros avaliados na Semana 3 para o Grupo B comparado ao Grupo A. O tempo médio de resolução das lesões foi 4,3 semanas para o Grupo B e 10,4 semanas para o Grupo A. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O sistema BF apresentou resultados promissores como terapia adjuvante à antibioticoterapia sistêmica no manejo da PIC.

Elongated soft palate is a common upper airway anomaly in brachycephalic dogs. The scientific literature considering this pathology in nonbrachycephalic dogs is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the importance of the elongated soft palate in nonbrachycephalic dogs (n = 10), carrying out, at the same time, a comparison with selected brachycephalic dogs (n = 19), on the effect of carbon dioxide laser staphylectomy. The selected population had only elongated soft palates and no other disorders. The surgery was rapid and uncomplicated; no suture material was used. The comprehensive recovery was significant (P < 0.0001): 68.4% of brachycephalic dogs and 100% of nonbrachycephalic dogs had complete recovery. The incomplete recovery in older brachycephalic dogs matched a more advanced pathologic phase. This study suggests that, in the case of high respiratory tract alteration and poor exercise tolerance, it is imperative to consider in differential diagnosis the elongated soft palate in nonbrachycephalic breeds, too; their clinical signs are less severe and frequently underestimated. The surgical treatment has a favorable prognosis when the only alteration is elongated soft palate. The carbon dioxide laser has been confirmed as an useful option for staphylectomy in dogs.