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258 p. BioDonostia

416 p. Informazioaren eta komunikazioaren teknologiak azken urteetan izan duen gorakada dela eta gaztetxoenek egiten duten erabilera kaltegarriaren ondorioz, aurrez aurreko eskola-jazarpena (bullying) bitarteko elektronikoen bidezko jazarpenera (cyberbullying) hedatu da. Ikerketa honen helburuak bullying eta cyberbullyingaren prebalentzia eta nortasun ezaugarri eta testuinguru familiarrekiko loturak aztertzea izan dira. Ikerketaren lagina lehen hezkuntzako bosgarren eta seigarren mailako 1.993 ikaslek osatu dute. Parte-hartzaileek 9 eta 13 urte bitarte zituzten, % 50,2 mutila da, eta % 48,8, neska. Ikerketa gauzatzeko zeharkako diseinu eta metodologia deskriptibo eta konparatiboa erabili dira. Parte-hartzaileek fidagarritasun- eta baliozkotasun-berme psikometrikoak betetzen dituzten tresnak bete dituzte. Emaitzek ondorengoa ezagutzera eman dute: (1) aurrez aurreko bullyingean laginaren % 13,2 biktima-huts larriek, %1,6 erasotzaile-huts larriek, %2 biktima-erasotzaile larriek osatzen dutela, eta cyberbullyingean % 2,9 ziberbiktima-huts larria, % 0,3, zibererasotzaile-huts larria eta % 0,2, ziberbiktima-erasotzaile larria dela; (2) Bullyingean sarrien ematen diren jokaerak ahozko erasoak eta eraso fisikoak dira urrenez urren; cyberbullyingean maiztasun handienez ematen direnak mezu iraingarriak eta beldurtzeko asmoz egindako deiak dira; (3) bullyingean biktima-erasotzaile diren mutilen ehunekoa altuagoa da, mutilek bullying eta cyberbullying eraso jokaera kopuru gehiago pairatu eta burutu dituzte; (4) bullying biktima-erasotzaileen ehunekoa altuagoa da bosgarren mailan eta cyberbullyingari dagokionez, seigarren mailan ziberbiktima-hutsen, zibererasotzaile-hutsen, ziberbiktima-erasotzaileen eta ziberbehatzaileen ehunekoa esanguratsuki altuagoa da; bosgarren mailan jasandako zein behatutako aurrez-aurreko jokaera kopurua handiagoa da, jasandako cyberbullying jokaera kopurua handiagoa da seigarren mailan;(5) bullying zein cyberbullyingean jasandako jokaera kopurua handiagoa da ikastetxe publikoetan; (6) bullying biktima eta erasotzaile diren neska eta mutilek, ziberbiktima diren neska-mutilek eta neska zibererasotzaileek osasun-arazo eta arazo psikosomatiko gehiago dituzte eta eskola estres, familiako estres eta estres orokor maila altuagoak dituzte, zibererasoak egiten dituzten mutilek, berriz, eskolako estres handia ageri dute; (7) biktimek eta ziberbiktimek arazo barnerakoi, kanporakoi zein arazo emozional orokor gehiago pairatzen dituzte; erasotzaileek eta zibererasotzaileek arazo kanporakoi eta arazo emozional eta jarrerazko gehiago pairatzen dituzte; (8) bullying erasotzaile zein biktima diren neska-mutilen gurasoek guraso-estres maila altuagoa dute; ziberbikima eta zibererasotzaile diren mutilen gurasoek guraso izatearen rolak ordainsari baxua duela adierazten dute; (9) biktima eta erasotzaile diren nesken eta ziberbiktima eta zibererasotzaile diren mutilen gurasoek puntuazio maila baxuagoa dute guraso konpetentzian; (10) praktika autoritarioak mutil zein nesketan biktimizazioarekin erlazionatzen dira, eta mutiletan erasoarekin; praktika permisiboak, biktimizazio, eraso eta zibererasoarekin lotuta agertzen dira mutiletan eta zibererasoarekin nesketan. Emaitzek erakusten dutenez, hezkuntza-ziklo honi egokitutako bullying zein cyberbullying prebentzio zein interbentzio planak sortzea beharrezkoa da, biktima eta erasotzaileen ezaugarri pertsonalak kontuan hartuz eta familiaren parte-hartzea bultzatuz.

This article examines how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. It suggests that the perception of concealment from a partner signals separateness from one's partner and contributes to feelings of perceived partner exclusion. These feelings of exclusion, in turn, should negatively affect relational quality. These predictions are tested in a prospective study among 199 newlywed couples. Results suggest that perceiving concealment reduced marital adjustment and trust and increased conflict over time. Importantly, change in perceived partner exclusion mediated these effects. This article demonstrates that the perception of concealment (a) has deleterious effects on relational well-being in the long run and (b) is harmful in part because it elicits feelings of exclusion. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Although the co-occurrence between adolescent depression and delinquency has been well-studied, the nature of the longitudinal associations is not yet clear. To clarify this we examined whether personality type is a moderator in the longitudinal co-occurrence of depression and delinquency. A total of 338 young and middle adolescents completed questionnaires about depression, delinquency and personality in 3 yearly waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). We found that the stable overcontrollers showed the highest mean level on depression and that the stable undercontrollers showed the highest mean level on delinquency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the longitudinal co-occurrence between depression and delinquency was best described by means of a stability model, in which personality type membership proved to be an important moderator. The three personality types differed significantly on the rank-order stability of both depression and delinquency. Copyright#2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: co-occurrence; depression; delinquency; person-centred approach; personality prototypes

348 p., Currently, academic research attention is focused on the importance of implementing psycho-educational programmes which promote socio-emotional development, life skills, etc. with the aim of preventing society¿s problems (such as bullying, depression, stress, etc.) as well as to strengthen health protection factors. In this way, this study had two objectives: 1) to evaluate the effects of a programme to improve emotional intelligence; and 2) to explore whether the programme results were affected differentially by gender and socio-economic level. The sample comprised 148 adolescents (between 13-16 years old). The study used a quasi-experimental design with repeated pretest¿posttest measures and control groups. Twelve assessment instruments were administered before and after the programme, as well as in the follow-up phase one year after the intervention concluded. The pretest¿posttest ANCOVAs showed that the programme significantly increased emotional intelligence, positive social behaviours, assertive cognitive social interaction strategies, empathy, internal anger control, ability to analyze negative feelings and subjective perception of change, whilst psychosomatic symptoms decreased in experimental participants. These results remained stable in the follow-up phase, except for social behaviours and anger control. Moreover, variables that did not significantly improve at the posttest such as negative social behaviours, happiness, aggressive strategies of social interaction, stress management and emotional instability did improve significantly at the follow-up phase. Overall, no significant differences were found by gender or socio-economic level. The importance of implementing programmes to promote socio-emotional development has been discussed. LABURPENA Egun, garapen sozioemozionala, bizitzarako gaitasunak¿ bultzatzen dituzten esku-hartze psikoedukatiboak ezartzearen garrantzia indarra hartzen ari da. Izan ere, modu honetan gizartean dauden arazoei (bullying-a, depresioa, estresa¿) aurre egin eta osasuna babesten duten faktoreak indartzen dira. Hau kontuan harturik, ikerketa honek bi helburu izan zituen: 1) adimen emozionala hobetzeko programa baten efektuak ebaluatu; eta 2) programak eragindako efektuak genero eta maila sozioekonomikoaren arabera aldatzen diren aztertzea. Lagina, 148 nerabek osatu zuten (13-16 urte). Ikerketak pretest-postest neurri errepikatuko diseinu kuasi-esperimentala erabili zuen kontrol taldeekin. Hamabi ebaluazio tresna erabili ziren pretest eta postest faseetan, baita urtebete beranduago burutu zen segimendu fasean ere. Pretest-postest ANOVA emaitzek erakutsi zuten programak esanguratsuki hobetu zituela adimen emozionala, jokaera sozial positiboak, interakzio sozialetako estrategia kognitibo asertiboak, enpatia, amorruaren barne kontrola, sentimendu negatiboak aztertzeko gaitasuna eta aldaketaren hautemate subjetiboa. Gainera, esku-hartzeak sintoma psikosomatikoak gutxitu zituen. Aldi berean, emaitzek baieztatu zuten programak antzeko eragina izan zuela bi sexuetan eta maila sozioekonomiko desberdinetan. Emaitza hauek egonkor mantendu ziren segimendu fasean, jokaera sozial eta amorruaren barne kontrolaren salbuespenekin. Bestalde, postestean esanguratsuki hobetu ez ziren aldagai batzuk, jokaera sozial negatiboak, zoriontasuna, interakzio sozialetako estrategia kognitibo asertiboak,estresaren maneiua eta desoreka emozionala hain zuzen ere, nabarmenki hobetu ziren segimenduan. Orokorrean ez zen desberdintasun esanguratsurik aurkitu genero eta maila sozioekonomikoaren arabera. Eztabaidan garapen sozioemozionala hobetzeko programak ezartzearen garrantziaz hitz egiten da. EXTRACTO/RESUMEN Actualmente se está enfatizando la importancia de implementar programas psicoeducativos que fomenten el desarrollo socioemocional, las habilidades para la vida¿ con la finalidad de prevenir problemas actuales de nuestra sociedad (bullying, depresión, estrés¿) así como de potenciar factores protectores de la salud. CCon esta contextualización, este estudio tuvo dos objetivos: 1) evaluar los efectos de un programa que fomenta la inteligencia emocional; y 2) explorar si el programa afectó diferencialmente en función del género y el nivel socioeconómico. La muestra se configuró con 148 adolescentes (13-16 años). El estudio utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental de medidas repetidas pretest-postest con grupos de control. Se administraron 12 instrumentos de evaluación antes y después del programa así como en el seguimiento un año después de concluir la intervención. Los ANCOVAs pretest-postest evidenciaron que el programa significativamente aumentó en los participantes experimentales la inteligencia emocional, las conductas sociales positivas, las estrategias asertivas de interacción social, la empatía, el control interno de la ira, la capacidad de analizar sentimientos negativos y la percepción subjetiva del cambio, disminuyendo los síntomas psicosomáticos. Estos resultados se mantuvieron en la fase de seguimiento con la excepción de las conductas sociales y el control de la ira. Por otra parte, variables que no mejoraron significativamente en el postest como las conductas sociales negativas, la felicidad, las estrategias agresivas de interacción, el manejo del estrés y la inestabilidad emocional, mejoraron en la fase de seguimiento. En general no se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del género ni el nivel socioeconómico. El debate plantea la importancia de implementar programas para fomentar el desarrollo socioemocional.

Data from three studies were used to investigate whether the establishment of a no-smoking agreement is related to lower odds of adolescent smoking. The prevalence of a no-smoking agreement was first explored by using a national sample involving 4,501 Dutch adolescents. Second, data from a longitudinal study among 595 early adolescents and their parents were used to test whether establishing a no-smoking agreement prevents adolescents from smoking. Third, the authors tested among 856 early- and mid-adolescents and their parents, whether in addition to the establishment of a no-smoking agreement, the frequency and quality of communication on smoking issues had an effect on adolescent smoking. The findings do not support that establishing a no-smoking agreement is an effective deterrent with regard to adolescent smoking. Parents who want to prevent smoking might consider focusing their efforts on establishing a good quality of communication on smoking issues whereas parents who just talk a lot about smoking issues without considering the quality of their communication might do more harm than good.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

The aim of this study is to examine the role of parental support and control on young adolescent smoking initiation, increase, continuation, and cessation. Longitudinal data gathered every 6 months over a one-year period were collected in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for 1,012 adolescents in 2000. Logistic regressions demonstrated that low parental control predicted adolescent smoking initiation but neither support nor control predicted adolescent smoking increase or continuation. Parental smoking status was important in adolescent smoking continuation and cessation. Suggestions based on these findings are made for prevention programs. A limitation is that the study only utilized adolescent reports.

Although the stability and changeability of personality has long been debated, many studies now agree that personality changes over the life course. Although the changes in rank-order and mean-level stability are well established, the stability in personality type membership during adolescence is not yet clear. Little research has been conducted on the associations between change in personality type membership and anxiety. A total of 827 adolescents (10-20 years) completed personality and anxiety questionnaires on 2 waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships study (CONAMORE). We found that the stability in personality type membership was moderate. The change from undercontroller to overcontroller was the most frequently occurring change. Furthermore, the stability in type membership was related to stability in anxiety level and change in type membership was related to anxiety change. More specifically, the resilient-overcontroller group demonstrated an increase in anxiety level, whereas the overcontroller-resilient group demonstrated a decrease.

Dit onderzoek richt zich op ontwikkeling van de persoonlijkheid tijdens de adolescentie. Twee adolescente kinderen uit 285 twee-oudergezinnen beoordeelden in drie meetronden met tussenpozen van een jaar hun eigen en elkaars persoonlijkheid. Ook beide ouders beoordeelden de persoonlijkheid van de adolescenten. Persoonlijkheid bleek gemiddeld stabiel over tijd, maar voor een aanzienlijke subgroep was er sprake van een aanzienlijke intra-individuele verandering. Versnelde groeicurveanalyses toonden aan dat Aangenaamheid en Openheid toenamen bij adolescenten van elf tot zeventien jaar en dat voor meisjes Zorgvuldigheid toenam en Emotionele stabiliteit afnam. Resultaten bevestigden dat er gedurende de adolescentie persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling plaatsvindt, maar dat de aard van deze veranderingen ook afhangt van het type beoordelaar.

Contains fulltext : 54488.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Do more agreeable individuals perceive more support, and are they perceived as more supportive, across all family relationships or only within specific relationships? In a study of 256 Dutch two-parent families with two adolescents, we examine whether links between Agreeableness and support are generalised across relationships or occur within specific relationships. Social Relations Model analyses showed that individuals who perceive their family members as more agreeable perceive more support from family members across relationships. Also, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable are perceived as more supportive across relationships, except for mothers. In addition, individuals who perceive specific family members as more agreeable perceive these specific members as more supportive. However, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable perceive more support only within specific relationships. Thus, agreeable family members are supportive across relationships, but agreeable family members perceive support only within specific relationships.

Contains fulltext : 55706.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents may have considerable implications for adolescent well-being. We studied how the similarity in personality between 288 adolescents and their parents is linked to adolescent problem behaviour, and whether this link is mediated by warmth and control in the parent–child relationship and moderated by the personality type of the adolescent. Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents was negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour, both concurrently and over time. This relation was not mediated by the parent–child relationship. The effects were present for overcontrolled but not for resilient or undercontrolled adolescents.

Background: This study sought the answer to three questions: 1. Is having an intimate partner associated with the level of delinquency? 2. Does the quality of the relationship with an intimate partner, operationalised as partner support, predict the level of delinquency? 3. Does a relationship with an intimate partner or age moderate the association between parental support and delinquency? Method: Data from a three-wave, six-year longitudinal study of 1302 adolescents and young adults, aged 12–23 at wave 1, were used. Results: 1. Univariate latent growth curve analysis showed that, as predicted, having an intimate partner does not lead to less criminality among young adults over the age of 20. We found no support for the hypothesis among the group of 12- to 20-year-old adolescents, since the group of mid-adolescents who consistently have a partner is more criminal than the other groups. 2. Our findings show that partner support is negatively related to criminality in both 12to 20-year-olds and 21- to 23-year-olds. The longitudinal effect of partner support is also uni-directional: partner support T1 certainly has an impact on criminality T3, but the reverse is not true. In both groups the influence of partner support is also greater than that of parental support. 3. Having an intimate partner moderates the association between parental support and delinquency, but in an agespecific manner. Parental support has no bearing on criminality when adolescents and young adults continuously have an intimate partner. Parental support does, however, cause a reduction in the level of criminality in adolescents and young adults who have never had a partner and adolescents who only have a partner at time 3. Conclusions: We interpret our results in terms of shifts in the relational system: if an adolescent finds a partner, that partner takes over the role of the parents in reducing criminality; if not, the parents remain important in doing so. Keywords: Partner relations, parent– adolescent relations, delinquency, life-course model of delinquency, longitudinal studies. Sampson and Laub published their life-course model of delinquency in 1990. This model postulates that criminality in adolescence and young adulthood is the result of the individual’s propensity to criminal behaviour and of influences from the social environment. Sampson and Laub’s model predicts both stability and change in criminality in the course of the person’s life: stability because adolescents with a strong tendency towards criminal behaviour have a greater chance of continuing to be criminals in later life; change because adolescents with good social relationships with parents and peers have a greater chance of bringing their criminal behaviour to an end. With this theory Sampson and Laub questioned the hypothesis of Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) who were convinced that the tendency to criminal behaviour was set down in the earliest years of childhood and could not be influenced by social relationships in later life. Since then, various studies have supported the Sampson and Laub model (Horney, Osgood, & Haen-Marshall, 1995; Laub, Nagin, & Sampson, 1998; Nagin, Farrington, &

Contains fulltext : 64634.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The authors investigated the longitudinal relations between family members' Big Five personality factors and perceived support. Members of 285 two-parent families with 2 adolescent children judged their own and other family members' Big Five factors and the support perceived from the other members on 3 occasions at 12-month intervals. The Big Five factor Agreeableness was particularly related to perceived support. Changes in individuals' Big Five factors were linked to changes in the support they perceived themselves but even more to changes in the support that other family members perceived from them. Results are consistent with the parallel continuities hypothesis: Individual characteristics will be stable when there is stability in the supportive environment, but when the environment is changing, personality tends to change in the same direction, and vice versa.

Contains fulltext : 63091.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present study investigated whether personality judgments involve different processes in a family setting than in a nonfamily setting. We used the Social Relations Model to distinguish the effects of perceiver, target, perceiver-target relationship, and family on personality judgments. Family members of families with adolescents judged their own and the other members' Big Five factors. Judgments were found to depend on the relevance of personality factors within the family setting: Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were judged most consistently. Large relationship variance indicated that parents adjust their judgments to the target family member; large perceiver variance indicated that adolescents judge family members' personalities rather similarly. However, a comparison of self- and other-judgments showed adolescents' judgments to be no more related to their self-perceptions than parents' judgments. We concluded that the relevance of personality factors may differ on specific tasks within a setting.

Om te onderzoeken waarom conflicten tussen adolescenten en hun ouders soms wel maar soms niet samenhangen met problematische psychosociale aanpassing van adolescenten, werd de modererende rol van conflictoplossing op deze samenhang onderzocht. Respondenten waren 1.313 Nederlandse jongeren in de vroege en middenadolescentie (12 en 17 jr.), die vragenlijsten invulden over hun conflicten en conflictoplossing met vader en moeder en verschillende aanpassingsproblemen. Vijf typen adolescenten konden worden onderscheiden die gekenmerkt waren door verschillende patronen van conflictoplossing. Deze typen verschilden betekenisvol van elkaar in conflicten met ouders en in aanpassingsproblemen. Bovendien waren conflicten sterker gerelateerd met externaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat gekenmerkt werd door terugtrekken en laag positief probleemoplossen en sterker gerelateerd aan internaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat voornamelijk negatieve manieren gebruikte om conflicten met ouders op te lossen.