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After congenital cardiac surgery, the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) is related to the clinical status, type of operation, and the sedative-analgesic agents used postoperatively. This study aims to examine the effects of dexmedetomidine and morphine on the fast-track extubation (FTE) and ultra-fast-track extubation (UFTE) protocol after congenital cardiac surgery.A total of 251 pediatric patients were divided into two groups: 118 patients in the morphine group (Group M) and 133 patients in the dexmedetomidine group (Group D). We retrospectively reviewed medical data including hemodynamic parameters, duration of MV and cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU), additional sedative/analgesic requirement, adverse events, the need for reintubation, and noninvasive MV, sedation, and pain scores.The mean mechanical ventilation duration of Group D was significantly shorter than Group M (3.74 ± 0.83 h in Group D, 5.72 ± 1.54 h in Group M, respectively) (p = .001; p .05). In Group D, the success rate of FTE was 92.5% (n = 123) and UFTE was 7.5% (n = 10) (p = .001). In Group M, the success rate of FTE was 72.9% (n = 86) and UFTE was 0% (n = 0) (p .05).Dexmedetomidine and morphine have clinical benefits which encourage their use for FTE protocol. Dexmedetomidine has more benefits compared to morphine. It can be used in UFTE protocol, besides its use in FTE protocol with fewer side effects.

BACKGROUND Limited data exist regarding the coronary revascularization procedures needed during the repair of several congenital and pediatric cardiac malformations. We aimed to determine risk factors for in-hospital mortality and long-term outcomes of various pediatric coronary revascularization procedures. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 32 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent coronary revascularization procedures at our institution between May 1995 and June 2020. In-hospital mortality, risk factors, surgical indications, revascularization patency, and mid- and long-term follow-up data were investigated. Patients were categorized into the coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 11) and other coronary artery procedure (n = 21) groups. RESULTS The median age and weight of patients at the time of surgery were 9 months and 4.8 kg, respectively. There were five in-hospital deaths (5/32, 15.6%). The mortality rates were 27.2% (3/11) in the coronary artery bypass grafting group and 9.5% (2/21) in the other coronary artery procedure group (p = .206; 95% confidence interval: 0.496-25.563). The mortality rates for planned and rescue procedures were 8.3% (2/24) and 37.5% (3/8) (p = .06), respectively. The median follow-up time was 12.5 years. Control imaging studies for coronary patency were performed in 70.3% (19/27) of surviving patients. The overall coronary patency rate was 94.7% (18/19). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric coronary revascularization procedures with elective-planned indications can be performed with good outcomes. Young age and rescue and emergency procedures may carry an increased risk of in-hospital mortality, although not found to be statistically significant. Surviving patients require lifelong follow-up regarding the patency of reperfused coronary arteries.

Background and aim: In patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery, it is crucial to maintain oxygen demand-consumption balance. Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO(2)) is a useful indicator of oxygen demand and consumption balance which is an invasive method. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive, continuous monitoring technique that measures regional tissue oxygenation. NIRS that is placed over the internal jugular vein cutaneous area (NIRSijv) has the potential to show ScvO(2) indirectly. In this study, we aimed to determine the correlation between ScvO(2) with NIRSijv in pediatric patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: Fifty children participated in the study. Four patients were excluded for the inability of internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization due to technical difficulties. After anesthesia induction, NI RS probes were placed on the IJV site with ultrasound guidance for the measurement of continuous transcutaneous oxygen saturation. The catheter insertion was also done through the IJV from the other side using ultrasound guidance. Cerebral oxygenation monitoring was done using NI RS with a single pediatric probe placed on the right forehead. Values of NIRSijv, cerebral NI RS (NIRSc) and ScvO(2), were recorded at certain times until postoperative 24th hour. Results: Data were collected at 8 different time points. There was a significant correlation between ScvO(2) and NIRSijv in all measurement time points (r = 0.91), (p = 0.001). The mean bias between ScvO(2) and NIRSijv was 2.92\% and the limits of agreement were from 11\% to -5.2\%. There was a moderate correlation between ScvO(2) and NIRSc (r = 0.45), (13= 0.001). The mean bias between ScvO(2) and NIRSc was 2.7\% and the limits of agreement were from +26\% to -20\%. Conclusion: In this study, we found a strong correlation between ScvO(2) and NI RS measurements taken from the internal jugular vein site. Accordingly, continuous noninvasive monitoring with transcutaneous NIRSijv can be an alternative method as a trend monitor for the central venous oxygen saturation in pediatric cardiac patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery.

Background and Aim of the Study Transfusion-associated hyperpotassemia is a serious complication of packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion after congenital cardiac surgery. Our study aimed to identify risk factors and potential preventive measures of transfusion-associated hyperpotassemia in neonates and infants after congenital cardiac surgery. Methods Pediatric patients who underwent congenital cardiac surgery and need transfusion were enrolled in this prospective study. The potassium concentration of PRBC was checked from the sample taken from the segment. The volume of transfusion, age of PRBC, potassium concentration of unit were recorded. The estimated increment of potassium level in patients after PRBC transfusion was calculated. Results Seventy-four individual patients, 95 distinct transfusions, 112 blood products were evaluated. The mean age of the blood unit was 3.8 +/- 1.4 days. The mean potassium concentration in the PRBCs was 9.9 +/- 2.4 mmol/L. A weak correlation was observed between the potassium value of the PRBC and the age of PRBC (p = 0.049, r = 0.2, y = 0.24 x x + -0.68). There was a weak correlation between the potassium value of PRBCs and the age of the unit (p < 0.001, r = 0.37, y = 2.8 x x + -3.6). Conclusions Before transfusion, even PRBC is fresh, measuring the potassium level of PRBC and the potassium that will be given to the pediatric patient with transfusion can prevent transfusion-related hyperpotassemia and related complications. Otherwise, high potassium levels, which may be overlooked despite being fresh, may cause serious complications, even cardiac arrest, especially in neonates and infants.

This study sought to prospectively determine whether reduction mammaplasty improves the results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements among overweight or obese women with macromastia and assess whether these changes are correlated with participant weight and body mass index (BMI) changes. Thirty women who were overweight or obese and underwent bilateral reduction mammaplasty were included in this study. PFT and ABG measurements were performed within a 4-week period before reduction mammaplasty and 3 months after reduction mammaplasty. The following selected PFT parameters were used to diagnose the restrictive patterns of ventilatory defects: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), the ratio of FEV1 to FVC expressed as a percentage (FEV1/FVC%), and the average FVC flow rate of 25–75 % (FEF 25–75 %). The ABG measurements included PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, oxygen saturation, and pH. A significant difference was found between certain preoperative and postoperative PFTs (i.e., predicted FVC%, predicted FEV1% and predicted FEF 25–75 %) and between all of the preoperative and postoperative ABG measurements (pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, and Sat O2). A significant positive correlation was found between specimen weight and improvements in FEF 25–75 % and Sat O2. A significant positive correlation was found between the percentage reduction in BMI and the improvements in FEF 25–75 % and FVC. Overweight or obese women who underwent reduction mammaplasty showed significant improvements in certain PFT and all of the ABG measurements at 3 months after surgery. The more resected breast tissue predicts greater improvements in FEF 25–75 % and Sat O2, and greater reductions in BMI predicted increased improvements in FEF 25–75 % and FVC. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The objective of this study was to analyze changes in expression pattern of Slit1 and Robo2, and to clarify the relationship between these changes and functional recovery of the axotomized inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) without repair using a rat IAN axotomy model. Slitl and Robo2 were weakly expressed in samples taken from trigeminal ganglion (TG) and IAN of sham surgery rats. In axotomized rats, expression levels increased significantly from day 2 to day 28 post-axotomy, with peaks on days 14 (Slit1) and 7 (Robo2) after axotomy (relative to sham: Slit1 in TG P < 0.0005, Slitl in IAN P = 0.003, Robo2 in TG P < 0.0005, and Robo2 in IAN P < 0.0005). Over-expressed Slitl and Robo2 in both the TG and IANs of axotomized rats did not return to sham levels during the 28-day observation period of this study. The regeneration and functional recovery of axotomized IAN was evaluated by jaw opening reflex (JOR) recorded before and after axotomy. JOR occurrence (0% on day 7, 35% on day 14, and 85% on day 28) increased gradually, and the relative threshold of electrical stimulation eliciting JOR decreased gradually (1000.0 +/- 0.0% on day 7, 854.3 +/- 132.5% on day 14, and 302.6 +/- 92.3% on day 28). On day 28 after axotomy, JOR occurrence and the relative JOR threshold had almost returned to those of sham rats. These findings suggest that Slitl and Robo2 are involved in the regeneration and functional recovery of the axotomized IAN.