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Tight gas reservoirs are unconventional reservoir assets which have been the focus of major research in the petroleum industry owing to the global decline in conventional reservoirs. They are widely unlocked by creating hydraulic fractures in the formation to increase the flow capacity and productivity. The objective of this paper is to analyze different fracture geometries and their effect on tight gas production. The reservoir simulation model of the tight gas reservoir has been built with single porosity approach. A single vertical well with a single stage fracture has been used in the model to predict the behavior of fracture geometry. The major parameters of fracture geometry studied are fracture half-length, fracture width, and fracture height. Four sensitivities are run over different fracture geometry that is constant height and constant width, constant height and changing width, changing height and constant width, and changing height and changing width, while increasing the fracture half-length from 100 ft to 500 ft in each case. Sensitivity analysis exhibited that keeping the hydraulic fracture at constant height and constant width while increasing the fracture half-length resulted in enhanced tight gas productivity i.e. 11.63%, 14.14%, 16.06%, 17.48%, and 18.89% at hydraulic fracture half-lengths of 100 ft, 200 ft, 300 ft, 400 ft, and 500 ft, respectively, compared to other types of fracture geometry.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of cyclohexane/ethanol, alkali, and silane treatments on the waste hemp fibers and their polybenzoxazine composites. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were carried out to understand the influence of treatments on the fibers. FTIR results revealed that hemicellulose and lignin of the fibers were removed after washing with cyclohexane/ethanol, and thermal stability of the fibers was improved after the alkali and silane treatments. The consequences of the treatments on the hemp fiber composites were studied by evaluating the mechanical, thermomechanical, thermal, and water uptake properties. The flexural, tensile and impact tests results confirmed that the silane treated fiber composites displayed highest properties than the other treated fiber composites. Furthermore, the stiffness and glass transition temperature of the silane treated fiber composites were also best among the studied composites. Moreover, the thermal stabilities values showed the lowest decline for the silane treated composites; due to the better thermal stability of the silane treated fibers, and lowest water absorption was also recorded for the silane treated fiber composites. The morphological studies confirmed that the silane treated fiber composite had stronger fiber/matrix adhesion interface.

Natural fibres (NFs) have been successfully reinforced in polymer matrices to strengthen the properties of the polymers. The polybenzoxazine thermosets are facing instable mechanical properties due to the high brittleness, herein, waste hemp fibres (WHF) reinforced polybenzoxazine composites are prepared. Effects of WHF volume % loading on curing, thermomechanical, mechanical, and thermal properties are studied. FTIR results confirmed that WHF rich in −OH groups increased the ring-opening of oxazines and reduced curing temperature. In addition, an increase of 223%, 111%, 64%, and 253% in impact, tensile strength, flexural and Young's modulus, respectively, were recorded after loading optimum concentration (30 vol. %) in composites. Considerable enhancements were also seen in the thermomechanical properties on optimum loading, double stiffness and 26°C increase was recorded in the glass transition temperature. Nonetheless, the decline was observed in thermal stabilities, T5% and Yc were 24°C and 1....

Produced Natural Gas from the low permeability tight shale reservoirs are called as Shale Gas, has a great importance in economic terms of supply and demand because of natural gas prices. Shale is composed of a rock having sedimentary of clastic nature that contains mudstone and siltstone under the specific reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature are called Shale gas. Shales are of the soft nature formation that formed due to pre-existing rocks which have been elated, worn out and transported into a new form of rock. Shale is found in reservoir rock where organic material migrated upward and in areas where conventional clays are normally present. Shale is known as unconventional energy source. Due to high demand in population rate and increasing consumption of natural gas in transportation sector it is challenging for Pakistan to meet the energy requirements and needs in utilizing both conventional and unconventional energy resources. In this research study, the set of data, tools and methodology applied to estimate initial gas in place (IGIP), recoverable reserves, recovery factor, and risk analysis of shale gas reservoirs. The study reveals potential and characteristics of shale reservoir to grade the areas in term of shale thickness, its hydrocarbon generation potential, current depth and maturity for shale gas exploitation.