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Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes with its first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is a high-risk maternal and neonatal condition which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in mothers and their infants. It is essential to detect and treat GDM since its inception when mothers suffer from Type 1 diabetes while carrying the foetus during the gestational period. Methods The study analysed individual data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) surveyed in 2015–2016 (4th round) and 2019–2021 (5th round) covering a total of approximately 6 lakhs and 7 lakhs women, respectively. Among them, 32,072 women in 2015–2016 and 28,187 in 2019–2021 were pregnant, of whom 180 women in 2014–2015 and 247 women in 2019–2021 had diabetes during their gestational periods, allowing the percentage prevalence calculation of GDM. The analysis of Poisson regression estimates examined the socioeconomic and demographic risk factors for GDM among pregnant women. Results The overall prevalence of GDM in women showed an increase from 0.53% in 2015–16 to 0.80% in 2019–20 at the national level, and a similar increase in many states of India was witnessed, with a few exceptions. The GDM prevalence has shown a gradient over age, with a low prevalence in 15–19- and 25–29-year-olds and the highest prevalence in 40–44-year-olds. Concerning the rural and urban divide, its prevalence in both urban and rural areas has increased from 0.61 to 0.85% and 0.51 to 0.78% between 2015 and 16 and 2019–21. The results of the Poisson regression analysis reveal that older adults with high Body Mass Index (BMI), thyroid disorder, and heart disease have a greater risk of GDM among pregnant women in India. The states of Kerala, Meghalaya, and Goa show a high prevalence of GDM. Conclusion The low prevalence of GDM may not be clinically significant but has negative repercussions on the mother and her child cannot be overlooked. Thus, it is essential to curb GDM since its inception and save a generation ahead from the risk of diabetes and other diseases.

A field trial was conducted to study the effect of shoot pruning on growth, flowering and fruiting characteristics of different guava cultivars. The experiment was carried out during Jan. 2018 to June 2019. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven cultivars as treatments including L-49 (T1), Allahabad Safeda (T2), Baruipur (T3), Doodh Khaja (T4), Kafri (T5), Bhagalpur (T6) and Harichal (T7). Shoot pruning in guava is an alternative practice used to control the excessive growth and vigor of the plant. The plants were pruned from 120 cm above the ground level as heading back to facilitate the production of new shoots from below the cut point and allow the primary shoots. These results revealed that, guava cultivar baruipur was best in terms of number of primary shoots (58.17), length of primary shoots (135.82 cm) at 12 months after pruning, flowering percentage (66.11%) and better fruit characteristics.

Extramammary Paget's disease is an intraepithelial neoplasm, usually found in areas rich in apocrine gland concentration. The clinical features, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and management details of five patients (F = 3, M = 2) have been described here. While a well-defined persistent plaque with crusting and erosion was the most common presentation, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and depigmentation were also observed in two patients. Characteristic Paget's cells with cytokeratin 7 and EMA positivity were seen on histopathology examination. Authors conclude that pigmentary alterations may be under-reported in extra mammary Paget's disease in the skin of colour.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of pollen on physicochemical characteristics including fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, the number of seeds/fruit, seed weight, total soluble solids, acidity, reducing sugar, total sugar and vitamin C of selected guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes at UBKV, under the Terai zone of West Bengal. Three types of crosses viz., restricted crossing, restricted selfing and open pollination were made by utilizing one Red Fleshed genotype as pollen donor plant and five white fleshed genotypes as fruit giving plant. Among the five guava genotypes L-49 recorded the best results in all type of cross and Doodh Khaja showed a very poor effect on crossing. Under Self pollination L-49 and Baruipur showed the best results and Pant Prabhat showed a poor result due to effect of pollen. Fruits obtained from restricted cross pollination were the best for fruit quality parameters namely TSS, Vitamin C and Total sugars. Hence it was inferred that planting of Red Fleshed genotype as polliniser in a mixed guava orchard may be utilized as a strategy for the improvement of horticultural traits in guava.