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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infectious disease in cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has been recently introduced in some Asian countries. However, in Mongolia, no report of LSD is publicly available. We clinically examined LSD symptoms in 1,034 cattle from 4 soum (district) in Dornod province in Mongolia. Sixty-one cattle of them were confirmed with symptoms of LSD and then viral P32 gene was detected by a PCR. The overall prevalence of LSD in cattle was 5.9%. Females odds ratios (OR)=2.27 than males, adults (>2.5-years-old, OR=3.68) than young (1-2.5-years-old) and calves (

The advanced electrochemical catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) based on the octahedral Pt–Ni alloyed catalyst has been demonstrated. However, a means of fabricating catalyst electrodes for use in PEMFCs that is cost-effective, scalable, and maintains the high activity of Pt–Nialloy/C has remained out of reach. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a colloidal production process that has a history of successful deployment at the industrial scale. Here, we report on the facile preparation of an effective and active cathode consisting of Pt–Ni alloy loaded on the carbon cloth substrate using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique, in which the optimum applied voltages and suspension pH are systematically investigated to obtain the highly porous Pt–Nialloy/C catalyst electrode. In a half cell test, the EPD-made Pt–Nialloy/C catalyst electrodes fabricated at 45 V and in a solution with a pH of 9.0 yields the best performances. On the other, as an active cathode, the EPD-made Pt–Nialloy/C electrodes deliver a superior performance in single cell test, with the maximum power density reaches 7.16 W/mgPt, ∼28.1% higher than that of the spray-made Pt/C conventional electrode. The outperformance is attributed to the significantly higher porosity and surface roughness of the EPD-made electrode.

The increased incidences of sheep adenomatosis in Mongolia determined by clinical and pathalogical diagnosis indicates the development of rapid molecular diagnosis. The presence of papillary to acinar neoplastic lesions that replace the normal alveolar structure of the lungs was noted in histology. The epithelial tumor cells derived from the alveolar wall were penetrated the air exchange ducts which is typical for pathological diagnosis of adenomatosis. 130-180 bp product of proviral 5’-LTR region was determined in tumor lung tissues of some sheeps by nested PCR. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Two novel short sequences clustered with Chinese, American, Indian and Scotland viral strains but not with African viral strains. This study showed that ovine pulmonary adenomatosis in Mongolia have been imported likely from foreign countries. Хонины уушгины аденоматозын хавдрын онковирусийг эд судлал болон полимеразын гинжин урвалаар оношилсон дүнгээс Сүүлийн үед манай орны зарим нутгийн хонинд уушгины аденоматоз өвчин эмнэлзүйн шинж тэмдэг, эмгэг судлалын шинжилгээгээр оношлогдох нь ихэссэн нь үүсгэгч вирусийг молекул биологийн аргаар түргэн зөв оношлох, генийн дарааллыг тодорхойлон бусад орны омогтой харьцуулах судалгааг өргөжүүлэх шаардлагатайг харуулж байна. Туранхай эцэнхий, эмнэлзүйн шинж тэмдэгтэй нядлагдсан зарим хонины эмгэгт уушгины эдийн дээжээс провирусийн 5’-LTR-U3 -ийн 130-180 орчим хос суурь урт генийг шаталсан Полимеразын гинжин урвалаар олшруулан нуклеотидийн дарааллыг тогтоон Ген банк дахь бусад ижил төстэй генүүдтэй харьцуулахад Хятад, Америк, Энэтхэг болон Шотландын омгуудтай нэг кластерт орсон ба харин үүсгэгч вирусийн хоёр дахь омог болох Африкийн омгоос өөр байв. Эмгэгт өөрчлөлт бүхий хонины уушгины эдэд олон тооны янз бүрийн хэмжээтэй булчирхайлаг хучуур эсээс тогтсон хавдрын голомтууд ажиглагдав. Монгол хонинд илэрсэн уушгины хавдар үүсгэдэг эксоген Жаагсиектэ ретровирус нь халдварын гадаад эх үүсвэртэй болохыг энэ судалгаа харууллаа. Түлхүүр үг: Аденоматоз, хонины уушгины хорт хавдар,, провирус, эмгэг судлал, Жаагсиектэ ретровирус

Peptide-based vaccines are composed of small, defined, antigenic peptide epitopes. They are designed to induce well-controlled immune responses. Multiple epitopes are often employed in these vaccines to cover strain variability of a pathogen. However, peptide epitopes cannot stimulate adequate immune responses on their own and require an adjuvant (immune stimulant) and/or delivery system. Here, we designed and synthesized a multiepitope vaccine candidate against Group A Streptococcus (GAS) composed of several B-cell epitopes (J8, PL1, and 88/30) derived from GAS M-protein, universal PADRE T-helper cell epitope, and a polyleucine self-adjuvanting unit. The vaccine components were conjugated together (using mercapto-maleimide and azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition reactions) or delivered as a mixture. The conjugated multiepitope vaccine candidate self-assembled into small nanoparticles and chain-like aggregated nanoparticles (CLANs) that were able to induce the production of J8-, PL1-, and 88/30-specific antibodies in mice. The multiepitope conjugate and the physical mixture of conjugates bearing the individual epitopes produced similar nanoparticles and induced comparable immune responses. Hence, simple physical mixing can replace complex chemical conjugation to produce multiepitope nanoparticles with equivalent morphology and immunological efficacy. This greatly simplifies vaccine production.

Glanders is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia mallei. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of B. mallei in natural cases of equine glanders. Four horses showing clinical signs of nasal discharge and multiple cutaneous nodules or papulae in the hindlimbs and abdomen were reported in Mongolia. They tested positive for B. mallei infection on complement fixation, Rose Bengal agglutination, and mallein tests. Gross and histological lesions observed in these cases were similar to those previously reported in equine glanders. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to B. mallei BpaB showed localization of the bacterial antigen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells in the pyogranulomas and abscesses in target organs. Some alveolar type II cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells also contained the antigen. These results suggest that the anti-BpaB antibody is useful for identifying B. mallei–infected cell types in naturally infected horses.

In order to detect pathological and histopathological findings of Maedi-Visna disease, pulmonary tissues which had lesions and suspected of the lung disease were collected in slaughterhouses near Ulaanbaatar city, Batsumber soum of Tuv province, Ulziit soum of Dornogobi province. PCR was performed to examine the part of gene of Maedi-Visna virus and pulmonary tissue of one sheep was positive. Histopathological examination was conducted on lung and by microscopic investigation, interstitial inflammation and inclusion body in cytoplasm of the alveoli epithelium was determined on the sample as some specific findings of Maedi-Visna infection. Хонинд Маеди-висна өвчин оношилсон дүнгээс Маеди-Висна өвчний өөрчлөлтийг хонины уушгинд илрүүлэх зорилгоор Улаанбаатар хот орчмын мал нядалгааныгазрууд болон Төв аймгийн Батсүмбэр, Дорноговь аймгийн Өлзийт сумаас эмгэгтэй байж болзошгүй хонины уушгины эдийн дээжнүүд цуглуулав. Уушгины эдийн дээжүүдийг Полимеразын гинжин урвал (ПГУ)-аар шинжлэхэд нэг хонины уушгины эдэд тус өвчин үүсгэгчийн өвөрмөц гений хэсэг илэрсэн. Дээжинд хийсэн эмгэг судлал, бичил бүтцийн шинжилгээгээр Маеди-Висна өвчний үед гардаг өвөрмөц өөрчлөлтүүд болох уушгины завсрын эдийн үрэвсэл, цулцангийн ханын хучуур эсэд өвөрмөц оршихуун биенцэр үүссэн болох нь тогтоогдов. Түлхүүр үг: уушгины эд, үлэмж-, бичил өөрчлөлт, уушгины завсрын эдийн үрэвсэл, оршихуун биенцэр

In the last decade, there is growing concern about the increase in the number of unknown diseases of pasture livestock due to the natural and anthropogenic factors, such as heavy metals and dust exposure. Thus, it is necessary to measure the concentration of heavy metals in different organs of animals, as well as blood parameters assay and histopathology. We have collected samples from different suspected mining areas, using a random sampling method, and selected 15 goats and 15 sheep. The histopathologic study was performed in necropsy, also macroscopic and microscopic analysis were performed on the diseased animals comparing with healthy animals. In this study, 37.3 % of the sheep and 54.6% of the goat samples were found with gross lesions from different organs, while 24% of sheep and 18.6% of goat organs had microscopic change. Through histo-pathology study, small ruminant lungs of livestock from suspected mining areas were found with inflammatory nodules, while other edible organs were changed in a special transition. In conclusion, we assume the dust exposure from the mining area can be the reason behind the dysfunction. Уул уурхайн, хайгуул олборлолтын бүс орчимд бэлчээрлэж байсан малын эд, эрхтэнд эд судлалын шинжилгээ хийсэн дүнгээс Дэлхийн дулааралт, хуурайшилт болон хүний хүчин зүйлийн (байгаль орчинд халтай технологи бүхий уул уурхайн эрчимтэй үйлдвэрлэл, тээвэрлэлт, эмх замбараагүй олборлолт, хог хаягдал г.м) нөлөөлөлд Монгол орны бэлчээрийн мал өртсөний улмаас онош нь тодорхойгүй өвчин, төрөл бүрийн хүнд металлын хордлогот эмгэг илэрч, өвчлөх, үхэх, тоо толгой нь хорогдох зэрэг эдийн засгийн хохирол бүхий тохиолдол сүүлийн жилүүдэд нэмэгдэх хандлагатай болсон. Иймд мал амьтны эд эрхтэнд агуулагдаж буй хүнд металлын агууламжийг тодорхойлохын зэрэгцээ биохими болон эд судлалын шинжилгээ хийх шаардлага урган гарсан. Эд судлалын шинжилгээнд төв аймгийн Заамар сумын алтны хайгуул, олборлолт явуулж буй бүс нутаг орчим бэлчээрлэж байсан 6 хонь, 6 ямаа, Дорноговь аймгийн Улаанбадрах, Зүүнбаян сумын нутаг дэвсгэрт ураны хайгуул, туршилтын олборлолт явуулж буй бүс нутаг болон Айраг сумын жоншны уурхайн олборлолтын бүс нутаг орчим бэлчээрлэж байсан 9 хонь, 9 ямааны эд эрхтнүүдийг хамруулан шинжилгээ хийсэн. Түлхүүр үг: хонь, ямаа, эд судлалын эмгэгт өөрчлөлт, үлэмж ба бичил бүтэц

Cerebellar coenurosis is caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, particu-larly in goats and sheep. In this case report, we describe gross and histopathological characteristics of cerebel-lar coenurosis in two goats and one sheep in mongolia. In march 2017, animals showing ataxia and hind limb paralysis were referred to the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary medicine, Ulaanbaatar Mongolia. At necropsy, fluid-filled coenurus cysts were detected exclusively in the cerebellum of all the animals. Histological examination of the affected cerebellar hemispheres revealed necrosis, granulomatous inflammation and diffuse gliosis at the periphery of the cysts. Based on the results of this study, cerebellar coenurosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in cases with neurologic signs such as ataxia and hind limb paralysis, in mongolia.

The objective of this study was to fabricate an efficient structural catalyst electrode of Pt/C consisting of double catalyst layers (DCL) with catalyst-ink spray and electrophoresis deposition (EPD) methods. The prepared Pt/C DCL electrode with Pt-dispersed and Pt-concentrated catalyst layers demonstrated better electrochemical properties than individual Pt/C single catalyst layer (SCL) electrodes. An S1E1 DCL electrode with Pt loading weight ratio of 1:1 between the Pt-dispersed and Pt-concentrated layers exhibited a higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA, 57.2 m2/gPt) and lower internal resistance (20 Ω) than an individual Pt-dispersed SCL electrode prepared with only the spray method (S1E0, 31.9 m2/gPt and 132 Ω) and an individual Pt-concentrated SCL electrode prepared with only the EPD method (S0E1, 34.1 m2/gPt and 120 Ω). The S1E1 DCL electrode exhibited 2.1 and 1.7 times higher mass activity for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) than S1E0 and S0E1 SCL electrodes, respectively (1,230 mA/mgPt for S1E1 vs. 595 mA/mgPt for S1E0 and 715 mA/mgPt for S0E1). In addition, the S1E1 DCL electrode demonstrated high MOR durability after 1,000 sequential cycles while losing 30% activity. Meanwhile, S0E1 and S1E0 SCL electrodes rapidly lost 52% and 55% activity, respectively. These improved electrochemical performances of DCL electrode were owing to the advantages of separating Pt catalysts into two layers, which provides more Pt catalytic active sites to the electrolyte than those in SCL electrodes. Our observation may aid in minimizing the usage amount of Pt catalysts (~0.16 mgPt/cm2) compared to those in present commercial Pt/C composites (~0.3 mgPt/cm2) as well as maximize efficient Pt utilization. More importantly, with regard to proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) activity as a crucial in-situ characterization of a catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) containing S1E1 as the anode electrode could generate mass maximum power density of 3.84 W/mgPt, 3.6 times higher than the present commercial one (1.07 W/mgPt).

Dourine is a deadly protozoan disease in equids caused by infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. Neurological signs in the later stage of infection may be caused by peripheral polyneuritis and related axonal degeneration. This neuritis involves T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, and is observed in cases without obvious neurological signs. However, the pathogenesis of neuritis remains unclear. We identified M2 macrophages and CD8 T cells as the predominant phenotypes in neuritis of dourine-affected horses with or without neurological signs. In contrast, the populations of M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells were small. This result indicates that inflammation was chronic and suggests that dourine-associated neuritis occurs at the early stage of infection.

Herein, we provide a facile hydrothermal process for ultralow Pt loading (3.84 wt%) on the porous surface of an Au@CeO2 core–shell nanocatalyst (CSNC) in order to improve the electrocatalytic property of bare Pt towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The Au@CeO2@Pt CSNC demonstrated a high BET surface area (88.10 m2 g−1) and high numbers of catalytic surface active species (such as Pt0, Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies). The corresponding electrode obtained by spraying the Au@CeO2@Pt CSNC onto the microporous layer (MPL) of carbon cloth (Au@CeO2@Pt/C) showed better electrocatalytic properties, such as high electrochemical surface area (ECSA – 80 m2 g−1) and low charge transfer resistance (37 Ω) than CeO2@Pt/C (52 m2 g−1 and 106 Ω) and commercial Pt/C (44 m2 g−1 and 182 Ω). Furthermore, the positive catalytic properties of the Au@CeO2@Pt/C electrode were investigated via MOR mass activity which at 1.36 A mgPt−1, was 1.5 and 2.0 times higher than those obtained from the CeO2@Pt/C (0.92 A mgPt−1) and commercial Pt/C (0.67 A mgPt−1) electrodes, respectively. Moreover, the Au@CeO2@Pt/C electrocatalyst also had good MOR durability and high CO tolerance. The electrocatalytic enhancement of the Au@CeO2@Pt CSNC could be the result of the electronic, bifunctional and synergistic effects between the Au, CeO2 and Pt components supported on the carbon cloth. Accordingly, these advantageous effects easily removed the adsorbed CO intermediate as the main poisoner on the surface of the Pt catalyst, and thereby significantly improved the overall MOR activity.

Exploring efficient approaches to design electrodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is of great advantage to overcome the current limitations of the standard platinum supported carbon (Pt/C) catalyst. Herein, a Pt/C electrode consisting of double catalyst layers (DCL) with low Pt loading of around 0.130 mgPt cm−2 is prepared using spray and electrophoresis (EPD) methods. The DCL electrode demonstrated a higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA-52.5 m2 gPt−1) and smaller internal resistance (133 Ω) as compared to single catalyst layer (SCL) sprayed (37.1 m2 gPt−1 and 184 Ω) or EPD (42.4 m2 gPt−1 and 170 Ω) electrodes. In addition, the corresponding DCL membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which consists of a Pt/C DCL electrode at the anode side and a Pt/C sprayed electrode at the cathode side, also showed improved PEMFC performance as compared to others. Specifically, the DCL MEA generated the highest power density of 4.9 W mgPt−1, whereas, the SCL MEAs only produced 3.1 and 3.8 W mgPt−1, respectively. The superior utilization of the Pt catalysts into the DCL MEA can originate from the enrichment of the triple phase boundary (TPB) presented on the Pt/C DCL electrode, which can strongly promote the adsorbed hydrogen intermediates' removal from the anode side, thus improving the overall PEMFC performance.

Supplemental Material, Combined_supplemental_materials-Erdemsurakh_et_al for Pathological and Immunohistochemical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Equine Glanders Using an Anti-BpaB Antibody by Ochbayar Erdemsurakh, Baatarjargal Purevdorj, Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat, Altanchimeg Adilbish, Batbaatar Vanaabaatar, Keisuke Aoshima, Atsushi Kobayashi and Takashi Kimura in Veterinary Pathology

The aim of this work is to study the effect of Nafion content in the microporous layer (MPL) on the electrophoretically deposited Pt/C-Nafion electrode performance. First, the MPLs are prepared with different Nafion ionomer contents (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) on the carbon paper substrates. Next, Pt/C-Nafion electrodes are prepared by pulsed electrophoresis deposition (pulsed EPD) from a Pt colloidal solution as a plating bath. The catalytic activities of the prepared Pt/C-Nafion electrodes are evaluated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Also, a PEMFC single cell test is carried out using the Pt/C-Nafion electrodes prepared with the pulsed EPD method as a cathode. The mass-specific power density for the Pt/C-30wt% Nafion electrode is 1578.8 mW mg Pt − 1 , which is higher than the rest of the Pt/C-Nafion electrodes. The Nafion content in the cathode MPL should affect the performance of the PEMFC, especially at a high current density.

application/pdf, Encephalitozoonosis is a common infectious disease caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of antibody in urines of experimentally E. cuniculi-infected rabbits. Humoral immune response and spore excretion in urines were also examined. Rabbits were orally infected with E. cuniculi, and sera and urines were collected. Levels of serum IgG, IgM, IgA and urinary IgG were examined. The presences of spores in urines were examined by quantitative PCR. Specific IgG in sera started to be detected at day 20 after infection and kept high level during the course of experiment. Serum IgM started to be detected 1 week earlier than that of serum IgG and decreased to almost undetectable level by day 100 after infection. However, the level of IgM increased gradually again thereafter. Serum IgA was transiently detected between 20 and 70 days after infection and kept undetectable level thereafter. Specific IgG in urines started to be detected from 60 days after infection. The amount of spore DNA was correlated with the amount of IgG in urine. In conclusion, the detections of serum and urinary antibodies were useful for the prediction of stage of latent infection in encephalitozoonosis.

Pt/C double catalyst layer (DCL) electrodes are prepared by pulsed electrophoresis deposition (PED) method from a Pt colloidal solution as a plating bath. The PED is optimized by varying the deposition time in a galvanostatic mode. The catalyst layers of the electrodes prepared by this method are structurally characterized by EDX and SEM studies. The catalytic activities of Pt/C DCL electrodes are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry technique. The loading amount of the Pt catalyst is controlled by varying the deposition time. With the same Pt catalyst loading, the DCL electrode has enhanced catalytic activity than single catalyst layer (SCL) electrode.

In the last five years in western Mongolia, a neurological disorder and resultant economic loss have developed in goats, sheep, cattle and horses: association of the disease with ingestion of Oxytropis glabra, a toxic plant, was suggested. Affected goats showed neurological signs, including ataxia, incoordination, hind limb paresis, fine head tremor and nystagmus. Three goats, one with moderate clinical signs and the other two with severe clinical signs, were necropsied and examined to describe and characterize the histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural lesions. Although no gross pathological changes were observed in a variety of organs including the central nervous system of these goats, microscopic examination of the cerebellum demonstrated degenerative changes in all these goats, such as vacuolar changes and loss of Purkinje cells, torpedo formation in the granular layer, increased number of spheroids in the cerebellar medulla, and loss of axons and myelin sheaths of Purkinje cells. The chemical analysis of the dried plant detected 0.02-0.05% (dry weight basis) of swainsonine. This is the first report describing the clinical and pathological findings in Mongolian goats suspected to be affected by O. glabra poisoning.

Pt/C electrodes are prepared by pulsed electrophoresis deposition (PED) from a Pt colloidal solution as a plating bath. The PED is optimized by varying the duty cycle and deposition time in a galvanostatic mode. The catalytic activities of the Pt/C electrodes are evaluated using the cyclic voltammetry technique. The loading amount of the Pt catalyst is controlled by varying the deposition time. Also, a single cell test is carried out using the Pt/C electrodes prepared with the PED method as a cathode. In the concentration polarization region (i.e., at 0.4 V), the current density for the Pt/C 10 min electrode is 0.845 A cm−2, which is higher than the rest of the Pt/C electrodes.