Search

Salmonella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, and non-spore-forming bacterium that belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is the causative agent for typhoid/paratyphoid fever and salmonellosis. Salmonella causes the highest amount of foodborne illness among bacteria at 15.5 cases per 100,000 and causes an estimated 410,000 antibiotic-resistant infections each year in the U.S. The use of antibiotics has been a staple in poultry production for the prevention of diseases and growth promotion for the last 70 years. Due to the over-and misusage of antibiotics, there has been an emerging public health crisis. Salmonella is developing resistance and may render antibiotics inoperative in a foodborne outbreak. Poultry, when not handled properly, is a major carrier and transmitter of Salmonella, causing human illness and fatality. This review summarizes the major Salmonella outbreaks over the past three decades, the prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) Salmonella related to poultry, and the control measures being implemented to reduce and prevent AMR Salmonella in poultry.

The quantity of seafood imported and produced by domestic aquaculture farming has increased. Recently, it has been reported that multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhimurium may be associated with seafood. However, information is limited to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence properties, and genetic diversity of S. Typhimurium recovered from imported and domestic seafood. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance, virulence properties, and genetic diversity of S. Typhimurium isolated from domestic and imported catfish, shrimp, and tilapia. A total of 127 isolates were tested for the presence of multidrug-resistance (MDR), virulence genes (invA, pagC, spvC, spvR), and genetic diversity using the Sensititre micro-broth dilution method, PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to six (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) of the 17 tested antimicrobials and genetically diverse. Fifty-three percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 49% were multidrug resistant. Ninety-five percent of the isolates possessed the invA gene, 67% pagC, and 43% for both spvC, and spvR. The results suggest that S. Typhimurium recovered from seafood is frequently MDR, virulent, and have the ability to cause salmonellosis.

In this paper we consider the multiobjective generalized semi-infinite optimization problems with nondifferentiable convex data, whereas Soroush (Journal of Mathematical Extension 16(9): 1-14, 2022) investigated them in single-objective case. We introduce some upperlevel qualification conditions for the problems, and based on these qualifications, we demonstrate some first-order necessary optimality conditions at weakly efficient and efficient solutions of the considered problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the accuracy of pre-operative imaging in detecting submucosal fibroids to ascertain the necessity of hysteroscopic cavity assessment for all patients undergoing Laparoscopic Myomectomy (LM). A retrospective analysis of electronic patient records (EPR) from July 2014 to September 2023. Follow-up duration varied based on the timing of LM procedures within this timeframe. The study was conducted within a single institution, with patients positioned and managed according to standard protocols for laparoscopic procedures. A total of 144 patients who underwent LM during the specified timeframe were included in the study. Among them, 73 (51%) underwent hysteroscopic assessment either concurrently with myomectomy or within the preceding six months. The study primarily involved the retrospective analysis of electronic patient records to assess the accuracy of pre-operative imaging, particularly MRI and transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVUS), in detecting submucosal fibroids. No direct interventions were performed on patients as part of the study protocol. The analysis revealed that MRI demonstrated 100% accuracy in predicting the presence of submucous fibroids when compared to hysteroscopic observations. In contrast, TVUS showed a discrepancy rate of 32% when compared to hysteroscopic findings, with false positives (43%) and false negatives (57%) identified. This discrepancy was not significantly influenced by the expertise of the sonographer. These findings highlight the superior accuracy of MRI over TVUS in identifying submucous fibroids prior to LM. The study concludes that MRI is superior to TVUS in detecting submucosal fibroids before LM. Despite higher cost, MRI offers more accurate counselling and may potentially eliminate the need for pre-operative hysteroscopy. These results support the clinical utility of MRI in pre-operative assessments for patients undergoing LM with suspected submucosal fibroids. Further research may be warranted to validate these findings and explore additional factors influencing the choice of pre-operative imaging modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]