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Redoy Ranjan,1,2 Dipannita Adhikary,1 Gie Ken-Dror,1 Md Abdullah Yusuf,3 Adneen Moureen,4 Maliha Hakim,5 Pankaj Sharma1,6 1Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK; 2Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Tuberculosis New Technologies and Diagnostics, USAID’s, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UKCorrespondence: Pankaj Sharma, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK, Email pankaj.sharma@rhul.ac.ukBackground: Anthropometric measurements used to predict cardiovascular disease vary worldwide but are mostly derived from those of Caucasian ancestry. We sought to undertake such measurements in the little studied Bangladeshi population.Methods: The MAGPIE (Multidimensional Approach of Genotype and Phenotype in Stroke Etiology) study is a Bangladeshi stroke case–control study that recruited nationwide between January 2022 and June 2024. The univariate analysis was utilised to curtail the risk of independent variables, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to identify the cut-off values of Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and Hip Circumference (HC). Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression (LR) model demonstrated the risk of independent predictors of haemorrhagic stroke (HS) among sexes.Results: Of a total of 1491 age- and sex-matched study population, 918 were haemorrhagic stroke (61.5%) with female predominance (n=489; 53.3%) and significantly older than men (P=0.003). The BMI (22.9 ± 3.0 vs 21.3 ± 3.0; P< 0.001), WC (84.0 ± 7.3 vs 80.8 ± 7.3; P< 0.001) and HC (90.6 ± 7.1 vs 85.5 ± 7.7; P< 0.001) was significantly higher among women compared to men. A ROC curve demonstrated that the cut-off values of BMI, WC, and HC are 20.6kg/m2, 78.8cm, and 84.6cm, respectively, in men and 21.1 kg/m2, 81.5cm, and 88.1cm, respectively, in women haemorrhagic stroke population. Furthermore, an age-adjusted multivariate LR model identified a HC of ≥ 84.6 cm in men (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.61– 4.97; P < 0.001) and a WC of ≥ 81.5cm in women (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.01– 2.37; P=0.001) as potential independent predictors of haemorrhagic stroke.Conclusion: Bangladeshi men with a hip circumference of ≥ 84.6cm have about threefold, and women with a waist circumference of ≥ 81.1cm have about twofold heightened risk of haemorrhagic stroke.Keywords: haemorrhagic stroke, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, Bangladesh

Redoy Ranjan,1,2 Dipannita Adhikary,2 Debasish Das,3 Asit Baran Adhikary1 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Department of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshCorrespondence: Redoy Ranjan, Department of cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh, Tel +8801717556046, Email redoy_ranjan@bsmmu.edu.bdPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of carotid stenosis among ischaemic heart disease (IHD) patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and identify risk factors associated with carotid stenosis at a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 200 IHD patients scheduled for isolated and elective CABG surgery, and multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the impact of independent variables on carotid stenosis with coronary artery disease. A vascular surgeon and sonographer assessed carotid stenosis, and the severity of stenosis was classified according to the current Grayscale and Doppler US diagnosis models.Results: We observed that the prevalence of carotid artery stenosis was 13.5%, and the male was significantly higher (85.2%) in the carotid stenosis group. A multivariate regression analysis observed that age (OR 1.79), dyslipidaemia (OR 2.19), uncontrolled hypertension (OR 2.38), uncontrolled DM (OR 2.51), multivessel coronary artery disease (OR 3.79), and multiple comorbidities (OR 4.46) are potential predictors of having significant carotid stenosis in a patient undergoing CABG surgery.Conclusion: In Bangladesh, multivessel coronary artery disease, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, are 4 (four) times higher risk to have significant carotid artery stenosis. Preoperative carotid duplex screening should be performed to curtail the risk of postoperative adverse cerebrovascular events, particularly those who have carotid stenosis associated potential risk factors.Keywords: prevalence, carotid stenosis, coronary artery disease, ischaemic heart disease

Three new contributions to the field of multisurface plasticity are presented for general situations with an arbitrary number of nonlinear yield surfaces with hardening or softening. A method for handling linearly dependent flow directions is described. A residual that can be used in a line search is defined. An algorithm that has been implemented and comprehensively tested is discussed in detail. Examples are presented to illustrate the computational cost of various components of the algorithm. The overall result is that a single Newton-Raphson iteration of the algorithm costs between 1.5 and 2 times that of an elastic calculation. Examples also illustrate the successful convergence of the algorithm in complicated situations. For example, without using the new contributions presented here, the algorithm fails to converge for approximately 50% of the trial stresses for a common geomechanical model of sedementary rocks, while the current algorithm results in complete success. Because it involves no approximations, the algorithm is used to quantify the accuracy of an efficient, pragmatic, but approximate, algorithm used for sedimentary-rock plasticity in a commercial software package. The main weakness of the algorithm is identified as the difficulty of correctly choosing the set of initially active constraints in the general setting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]