Search

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a major pest of coconut plantations (Cocos nucifera L.) worldwide. Here, we conducted a bioguided phytochemical approach using toxicity and repellency bioassays of nonpolar extract and its fractions of Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Lamiaceae) leaves to this pest. Nonpolar crude extract was fractionated by column chromatography using solvents with increased polarity and binary mixtures, resulting in five semipurified groups. The biomonitoring bioassay provided active fractions and led to the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compound squalene, a biosynthetic precursor of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which plays an important role in plant defense against arthropods. The LC50 of the crude extract of V. gardneriana for A. guerreronis was estimated to be 0.185 mg·mL-1 and LC80 = 4.123 mg·mL-1. Also, the extract was highly repellent to this pest for up to 24 h. The fractions of V. gardneriana, and also squalene, caused mortality to A. guerreronis. The potential of V. gardneriana fractions/squalene as biopesticides for controlling A. guerreronis in coconut plantations is discussed herein.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-07-22T18:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1003-2022.Adenir-Vieira.pdf: 1680702 bytes, checksum: a15606aee7f6c50a098f421b1052d550 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

In this work, the compatibility of the babassu and degummed soybean oils to Typhlodromus ornatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was evaluated through the integration of estimates of lethal concentration (LC...

Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) ornatus Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is one of the predatory mites associated with the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), considered a severe pest of coconut plantations worldwide. In addition to predatory mites, vegetable oils such as degummed soybean and babassu oils have shown high efficiency in controlling A. guerreronis. Here, we evaluated the effects of degummed soybean and babassu oils on the functional response and oviposition of T. (A.) ornatus preying on A. guerreronis. Exposure to the tested oils did not alter either the functional response or the attack rate of T. (A.) ornatus. The variation in prey consumption with the exposure to vegetable oils did not differ from the control, although degummed soybean oil led to higher consumption compared to babassu oil. In addition, prey handling time and peak consumption were negatively affected by the exposure to babassu oil. The number of eggs laid by the female of T. (A.) ornatus at intermediate prey density decreased under exposure to degummed soybean oil. Overall, our results indicate that the tested oils are generally compatible with T. (A.) ornatus as they do not alter predatory responses but oviposition rate is affected by degummed soybean Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-06T19:01:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira-et-al2021-IJA.pdf: 1315747 bytes, checksum: a96cd87903fc4b9d55156aa6fca7ea70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), is a severe pest of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), banana (Musa sp.), and some ornamental palms. The predatory mite Amblyseius largoensis Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been reported in association with R. indica in several countries. Here, we assessed the interaction effect between prey density and population structure on predation and fecundity of this phytoseiid species. Specifically, we estimated the predation capacity of nymphs and females of A. largoensis based on their functional and numerical responses when fed on eggs, immature stages (deutonymphs or protonymphs), and females of R. indica. Nymphs and females of A. largoensis presented type II functional responses to R. indica, except for nymphs of the predator when consuming immature stages of the pest that exhibited a type III functional response. Nymphs and females of the predator showed a higher attack rate and shorter handling time when feeding on eggs of R. indica than on immatures and females. The highest oviposition rates of A. largoensis were observed when eggs and immatures of the pest were offered as prey. The results indicate that nymphs and females of A. largoensis may be effective in suppressing R. indica populations, mainly at lower prey densities. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-03T15:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lira-et-al-2021-Phytoparasitica.pdf: 474005 bytes, checksum: c4e35b73c0a146691bd68579a26504ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Several species of predatory mites, naturally occurring in coconut plantations, play an important role in regulating populations of phytophagous mites that are key pests of this crop. Plant essential oils (EOs) are bioactive mixtures of compounds that hold potential for controlling phytophagous arthropods with minimal impacts on non-target organisms and the environment. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition and assess the bioactivity of the EO extracted from the leaves of the ?Pera? sweet orange grafted on ?Rangpur lime? to a key pest of coconut plantations worldwide, namely the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), and its compatibility with the naturally-occurring generalist predatory mite Typhlodromus ornatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Briefly, sabinene was the major component, followed by δ-3-carene and (E)-β-ocimene. The EO was toxic to A. guerreronis (LC50 = 4.28 mg/mL; LC80 = 10.39 mg/mL) but not to T. ornatus. The LC80 of the EO did not repel A. guerreronis and was toxic to the pest mite only in the first hours (

The essential oil (EO) from different genotypes of Lippia gracilis Schauer (Verbenaceae) present two distinctive chemotypes containing either thymol or its isomer carvacrol as major compounds, both of which have proven bioactivity against several agricultural pests. Recently, we have shown that L. gracilis accession LGRA 106 and its major compound thymol are toxic and repellent against the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), a key pest of coconut plantations in Asia, Africa and America. Since intraspecific variation affects the chemical composition of EO and hence, its bioactivity, here we assessed the acaricidal and repellent effects of L. gracilis accession LGRA109 to A. guerreronis. Leaves of this accession contain carvacrol (49.35%) as major compound. The LC50 of the EO and of carvacrol estimated for A. guerreronis were 28.01 and 6.84 mg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol, at its LC50, as well as the EO and carvacrol at their LC99, repelled the mite. Our results indicated that carvacrol and the EO of L. gracilis accession LGRA109 were bioactive against A. guerreronis; however, the EO was less effective than its major compound. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-06T19:01:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teodoro-et-al2021-IJA.pdf: 644832 bytes, checksum: 90fd69cfc371be37e5ff9361d37b0a2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The objective of this work was to determine the influence of eight rootstocks on the yield, fruit quality, and survival of 'Pêra CNPMF D6' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees grown under rainfed conditions in a cohesive soil of the Brazilian Northeast. In 2014-2018, the yield, fruits, and survival of trees planted in 1997 were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Yield was assessed using annual fruit production, yield efficiency, and the alternate bearing index. Tree survival was considered the percentage of plants that remained alive until 2018. Fruit quality was evaluated by physicochemical attributes. 'Cravo' confirmed its good yield performance. Despite the lower number of trees, the 'Mazoe' rough lemon rootstock induced the highest fruit yield. The 'Cravo' x 'Cleópatra' hybrid and 'Volkameriano' lemon favored the highest trees survival, whereas 'Indio' citrandarin and 'Cravo' lime resulted in intermediate levels. The 'San Diego' and 'Riverside' citrandarins induced shorter tree with a high yield efficiency and a higher alternate bearing index, respectively. Fruits with less juice and mass were induced, respectively, by 'Riverside' citrandarin and 'Volkameriano' lemon. It can be concluded that the 'Mazoe' rootstock induces a higher fruit yield and 'Cravo' x 'Cleópatra' and 'Volkameriano', a greater survival. In addition, all rootstocks, except 'Riverside' and 'Volkameriano', induce fruit that meet the minimum quality requirements. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de oito porta-enxertos no rendimento, na qualidade do fruto e na sobrevivência de laranjeiras (Citrus sinensis) 'Pêra CNPMF D6' cultivadas, em regime de sequeiro, em solo coeso do Nordeste brasileiro. Em 2014-2018, foram avaliados, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, o rendimento, os frutos e a sobrevivência de árvores plantadas em 1997. O rendimento foi avaliado a partir da produção anual de frutos, da eficiência produtiva e do índice de alternância produtiva. A sobrevivência das árvores foi considerada a percentagem de plantas que permaneceram vivas até 2018. A qualidade dos frutos foi avaliada por meio de atributos físico-químicos. 'Cravo' confirmou seu bom desempenho produtivo. Apesar do menor número de árvores, o porta-enxerto limoeiro rugoso 'Mazoe' induziu a maior produtividade de frutos. O híbrido 'Cravo' x 'Cleópatra' e o limoeiro 'Volkameriano' favoreceram a maior sobrevivência das árvores, enquanto o citrandarin 'Indio' e o limoeiro 'Cravo' resultaram em níveis intermediários. Os citrandarins 'San Diego' e 'Riverside' induziram, respectivamente, árvores menores, com alta eficiência de produção e maior índice de alternância produtiva, respectivamente. Frutos com menos suco e massa foram induzidos, respectivamente, pelo citrandarin 'Riverside' e o limoeiro 'Volkameriano'. Conclui-se que o porta-enxerto 'Mazoe' induz maior rendimento de frutos e 'Cravo' x 'Cleópatra' e 'Volkameriano' maior sobrevivência. Além disso, todos os porta-enxertos, exceto 'Riverside' e 'Volkameriano', induzem frutos que atendem os requerimentos mínimos de qualidade.

Levantamento de Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae (Diptera), suas plantas hospedeiras e parasitoide no estado de Sergipe, Brasil RESUMO: Este é o primeiro levantamento de espécies de Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae, suas plantas hospedeiras e parasitoides no estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Foram amostrados frutos de diversas espécies em pomares, quintais e feiras livres de 13 municípios, de 22 a 26 de outubro de 2018 e de 7 a 11 de janeiro de 2019. Foram coletadas 89 amostras de frutos (4.930 frutos; 111,5 kg) de 28 espécies vegetais pertencentes a 17 famílias. Houve infestação de larvas em 29 amostras de frutos pertencentes a 11 espécies vegetais de 8 famílias. Também foram usadas armadilhas tipo McPhail com o atrativo Ceratrap®, em cinco municípios. Cinco espécies de tefritídeos (Anastrepha spp. e Ceratitis capitata), três de lonqueídeos (Neosilba spp.), nove de hospedeiros e uma de parasitoides são registradas pela primeira vez no estado de Sergipe.Palavras-chave: Anastrepha; Ceratitis capitata; Neosilba; Doryctobracon areolatus; moscas-das-frutas; lonqueídeos; armadilha. ABSTRACT: This is the first survey of Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae, their host plants and parasitoids in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Fruits of several plant species were sampled in orchards, backyards, and farmers markets of 13 municipalities, from October 22 to 26, 2018 and from January 7 to 11, 2019. We collected 89 fruit samples (4,930 fruits, 111.5 kg) from 28 plant species belonging to 17 families. Larval infestation occurred in 29 fruit samples belonging to 11 plant species from eight families. We also used McPhail traps baited with Ceratrap®, in five municipalities. Five species of fruit flies (Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata), three species of lance flies (Neosilba spp.), nine of host plants, and associated parasitoids (1 species) were recorded for the first time in the state of Sergipe.Key words: Anastrepha; Ceratitis capitata; Neosilba; Doryctobracon areolatus; fruit flies; lance flies; trap.

This study aimed at evaluating the agronomical performance of ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange grafted on ten rootstocks, in 2011-2017 harvests, so as to recommend the best combinations to be commercially explored in citrus growing regions in Bahia and Sergipe states, Brazil. An experiment was installed to test ten rootstock for 'pineapple' sweet orange: 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime, 'Red Rough' Lemon, 'Orlando' Tangelo, 'Sunki Tropical' Mandarin, 'Swingle' citrumelo, the citrandarins 'Indio' and 'Riverside' and the hybrids HTR-051, LVKxLCR-010 and TSKxCTTR-002. The trial was installed in 2008 in the municipality of Umbauba in Sergipe. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with four replications and two plants per plot. Plant spacing was 6 x 4 m which corresponds to 416 plants per hectare and the orchard was rainfed and followed conventional management. The following agronomical parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth, drought tolerance, yield and physico-chemical quality of fruits as well as the abundance of phytophagous mites. Both hybrids LVK x LCR – 010 and TSKC x CTTR-002 and the ‘Santa Cruz’ rangpur lime bestowed higher tolerance to the dry period on the ‘Pineapple’ orange tree, by comparison with higher water deficit susceptibility conferred by the ‘Orlando’ tangelo and the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. Rootstocks HTR-051, ‘Riverside’ citrandarin, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and TSKC x CTTR-02 induced plants to remain small and, thus, showed aptitude for culture densification. Cumulative yield of the ‘Pineapple’ orange was higher on rootstocks ‘Red Rough’ lemon and ‘Santa Cruz’ Rangpur lime, the hybrid LVK x LCR-010 and ‘Sunki Tropical’. Yield efficiency was not influenced by the rootstocks. Physico-chemical quality of fruits of ‘Pineapple’ orange is affected by the rootstocks and meets the requirements of juice industries. Regarding plant resistance, the rootstocks did not influence the population density of mites P. oleivora, E. banksi and T. mexicanus on ‘Pineapple’ oranges. Results show that both rootstocks ‘Red Rough’ lemon and ‘Santa Cruz’ rangpur lime conferred high regularity to ‘Pineapple’ orange trees in citrus growing regions in Bahia and Sergipe states. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico da laranjeira ‘Pineapple’ em combinação com dez porta-enxertos, nas safras 2011-2017, com vistas à recomendação das melhores combinações para exploração comercial na região citrícola dos estados da Bahia e de Sergipe. O experimento consistiu de laranja doce 'pineapple' enxertado nos porta-enxertos limoeiros ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’, limoeiro ‘Rugoso Vermelho’, tangeleiro Orlando, tangerineira ‘Sunki’ Tropical, citrumelo ‘Swingle’, citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’, além dos híbridos HTR – 051 e LVK x LCR – 010 e ‘TSKC x CTTR – 002’. O trabalho foi instalado em 2008, no município de Umbaúba, em Sergipe, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, duas plantas por parcela, no espaçamento de 6m x 4m, correspondendo a uma população de 416 plantas·ha-1, com manejo em sistema de produção convencional, sem o uso de irrigação. Os seguintes parâmetros agronômicos foram avaliados: crescimento vegetativo, tolerância à seca, produção e qualidade físico-química de frutos, além da abundância de ácaros fitófagos. Os híbridos LVK x LCR - 010 e TSKC x CTTR - 002, assim como o limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’, conferiram um maior nível de tolerância ao período seco, em contraste com maior suscetibilidade à seca relacionada ao tangelo ‘Orlando’ e ao citrumelo ‘Swingle’. Os porta-enxertos HTR - 051, citrandarin ‘Riversidade’, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ e TSKC x CTTR - 002 induziram menor porte às plantas, demonstrando aptidão ao adensamento de plantio. A produção acumulada da laranjeira ‘Pineapple’ foi maior sobre os porta-enxertos limoeiros ‘Rugoso Vermelho’ e ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’, híbrido LVK x LCR - 010 e tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’. A eficiência produtiva não foi influenciada pelos porta-enxertos. A qualidade física e química de frutos da laranjeira ‘Pineapple’ foi afetada pelos porta-enxertos e atendeu aos padrões exigidos pela indústria de sucos. Os porta-enxertos estudados não causaram variações nos níveis de populações dos ácaros Phyllocptruta oleivora, Eutetranychus banksi e Tetranychus mexicanus. Com base nos resultados conclui-se que os limoeiros ‘Rugoso Vermelho’ e ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ determinam maior regularidade de produção de frutos à laranjeira ‘Pineapple’ nas regiões produtoras da Bahia e de Sergipe.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nine rootstocks on 'Jaffa' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) for its vegetative, productive, and qualitative traits, and for its susceptibility to three pest mites (Eutetranychus banksi, Tetranychus mexicanus and Phyllocoptruta oleivora). The following parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth, yield, physiochemical characteristics of fruit, and density of pest mites. 'Sunki Tropical' mandarin conferred high cumulative yields whereas 'Orlando' tangelo and 'Rugoso Vermelho' lemon imparted bigger fruit with low brix, and less acidity to 'Jaffa'. Indio and 'Riverside' citrandarins induced more acid fruit of smaller sizes, as well as low-cumulated yields and canopy volumes. Also, the 'Cravo Santa Cruz' lime, 'San Diego' citrandarin, and the hybrids HTR-051 and LVK x LCR-010 conferred lower-cumulated yields to 'Jaffa'. The rootstocks did not influence the population levels of the evaluated mites. 'Sunki Tropical' mandarin, 'Cravo Santa Cruz' lime and 'Rugoso Vermelho' lemon stand up as excellent rootstock options for 'Jaffa' sweet orange in the Northeastern Brazil.

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a major pest in coconut plantations in America, Africa and Asia. The management of this pest usually relies on scheduled applications of synthetic pesticides. Recent research demonstrated that degummed soybean and cottonseed oils may potentially control the mite. Although these fixed oils have considerable selectivity for predatory mites, little is known about their sublethal effects on these key natural enemies. This study aimed to assess whether degummed soybean and cottonseed oils modify the functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus baraki (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite frequently associated with A. guerreronis. The exposure of N. baraki to the dosage required to kill 99% of the population (LC99) of the plant oils, estimated for A. guerreronis, changed the functional response of the predator from type III to type II. Attack rate and the change in consumption were not influenced by the fixed oils. However, handling time and consumption peak were adversely affected by the exposure of the predator to degummed soybean oil. Additionally, exposure to this oil reduced N. baraki female oviposition. Our results suggest that degummed soybean oil can be more detrimental to the control of A. guerreronis exerted by N. baraki. Although both oils altered the curve of the functional response, the predator could consume high proportions of A. guerreronis, mainly at low prey densities.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T23:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TheinvasiveredpalmmiteRaoiellaindicaHirstAcariTenuipalpidaeinBrazilrangeextensionandarrivalintothemostthreatenedareathe.pdf: 893611 bytes, checksum: 6db1696c5042eeb06728ca1b394fa8e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-06 Na publicação: Denise Navia; Elisangela G. F. de Morais.

International audience; AbstractSolitary bees are the main pollinators of native plant species and crops, therefore, understanding how they respond to the environment is essential to maintain ecosystem function and services. Here, we assessed how climatic conditions and vegetation type influence Centris tarsata nesting in Brazilian restinga. Evaluations were conducted using trap-nests placed in open areas, shrubby and secondary vegetations, and at understory and canopy in open areas and secondary vegetations. Overall, nesting was higher during the dry season, mostly in open areas at a height of 1.5 m. However, in shrubby and secondary vegetations, nesting seems to be favored by a specific rainfall and temperature range. Furthermore, the amount of brood cells, total number of adults, and nest length were higher in open areas compared to shrubby and secondary vegetations. Therefore, our results show that rainfall, temperature, and vegetation structure are determining factors in C. tarsata nesting in the Brazilian restinga.

1. The quarantine disease Lethal Yellowing (LY) is currently the main threat to coconut cultivation in Brazil. LY is caused by phytoplasmas and is transmitted by Haplaxius crudus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), although other planthoppers/leafhoppers could be involved. 2. We assessed the Auchenorrhyncha community composition on various coconut hybrids, including association with parental and nonparental dwarf coconut accessions. 3. The Auchenorrhyncha were trapped in 2016 between the dry and rainy seasons (March and April), in the rainy season (July and August) and in the dry season (November and December). 4. Oecleus sergipensis (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) accounted for 73% of the individuals, with a predominance at the dry-to-rainy season transition. Curtara samera (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) was the best-represented species on the hybrids Brazilian Green Dwarf × Brazilian Tall – Praia do Forte, Brazilian Green Dwarf ×Vanuatuan Tall and Malayan Yellow Dwarf ×West African Tall. Oecleus sergipensis was the best-represented species on the hybridsMalayan RedDwarf × Tagnanan Tall, Malayan Red Dwarf ×Vanuatuan Tall and Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Brazilian Tall – Praia do Forte. 5. Individuals of a species of Cenchreini and Omolicna nigripennis (Hemiptera: Derbidae) increase in the rainy season; Balclutha sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Cedusa sp. (Hemiptera: Derbidae) are prevalent in the transition period between the dry and rainy seasons.Knowledge about potentialAuchenorrhyncha phytoplasma vectors on coconut hybrids could contribute to the development of strategies for use in breeding programmes for coconut LY prevention.

Resumo. O psilideo, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae), por ser vetor da bacteria causadora do Hunglongbing (HLB), tornou-se uma praga-chave dos citros no Brasil. Alem dos citros, a planta ornamental conhecida como murta-de-cheiro, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, tambem e hospedeira do psilideo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica populacional do psilideo em pomares de citros e o seu parasitismo em citros e murta-de-cheiro no estado de Sergipe, o quarto maior produtor de citros do Brasil. As avaliacoes foram realizadas quinzenalmente durante onze meses em sete pomares de laranjeira Pera Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck localizados em dois municipios (Boquim, e Umbauba). As populacoes de ovos, ninfas e adultos de D. citri foram comparadas entre todos os pomares e todas as fases de vida foram relacionadas com os fatores abioticos, temperatura, umidade relativa e precipitacao de cada localidade. O psilideo D. citri foi classificado como especie acessoria (pouco abundante) nos pomares de Sergipe, apresentando maior densidade populacional nos meses de novembro, dezembro e marco. A precipitacao foi o unico fator abiotico que contribuiu para o aumento populacional de adultos do psilideo. Altas taxas de parasitismo (55 %) de ninfas do psilideo pelo parasitoide exotico Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) foram detectadas em plantas de murta-de-cheiro. Com base nos resultados, caso a bacteria seja detectada em Sergipe, para o manejo do vetor, amostragens de menor intervalo deverao ser realizadas nos meses da primavera e verao. Adicionalmente, o parasitoide T. radiata poderia ser liberado inundativamente em programas de manejo integrado do vetor. Population dynamics and natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on citrus orchards in Sergipe state Abstract. The Asian citrus psyllid , Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae), which is the vector of the Hunglongbing (HLB) bacterium, has become a key citrus pest in Brazil. In addition to citrus, the ornamental plant known as Orange Jasmine, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, also hosts the psyllid. The present work aimed at studying the population dynamics of the psyllid in citrus orchards and its parasitism in citrus and M. paniculata in the state of Sergipe, the fourth largest citrus-producing state in Brazil. The evaluations were performed fortnightly for eleven months in seven Pera Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange orchards located in two municipalities of Sergipe state (Boquim, and Umbauba). The populations of eggs, nymphs and adults of D. citri were compared among all orchards and all developmental stages were related to the abiotic factors temperature, relative humidity and precipitation, in each locality. The psyllid was classified as an accessory species (not very abundant) in the orchards of Sergipe, showing a higher population density in November, December and March. Precipitation was the only abiotic factor that contributed to the population increase of adults of the psyllid. High rates of parasitism (55%) of psyllid nymphs by the exotic parasitoid Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were detected in M. paniculata plants. Based on the results, if the HLB bacterium is detected in Sergipe, shorter samplings should be performed in the spring and summer months aiming at vector management. In addition, T. radiata could be released inundatively in integrated vector management programs.

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), is a serious pest of coconut plantations in tropical countries such as Brazil. Ecologically-sound control strategies have been sought for this pest; however, the potential of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) in controlling this pest, as well as its compatibility with co-occurring natural enemies, remains poorly investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential of four B. bassiana strains in controlling R. indica, as well as the compatibility of the most pathogenic fungal strain with the predatory mites Amblyseius largoensis and Typhlodromus ornatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Briefly, the pathogenicity of four B. bassiana strains (Bb-032, Bb-053, Bb-057 and Bb-086), isolated from coconut pests, were tested against R. indica. The B. bassiana strain Bb-032 was selected for further bioassays for being the most pathogenic to R. indica. The red palm mite survival and mean survival time drastically decreased when exposed to B. bassiana strain Bb-032 at both LC50 and LC80. In contrast, neither survival nor mean survival time of A. largoensis and T. ornatus were affected by the exposure to LC50 and LC80 of B. bassiana strain Bb-032. The fungal strain showed considerable selectivity to the two predatory mites; however, at its estimated LC80 for R. indica, reduced oviposition, egg viability and the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) were generally observed for both natural enemies. Therefore, B. bassiana holds potential promise for controlling R. indica in addition to being generally selective to non-target predatory mites.

portuguesA resinose, causada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis paradoxa, e uma das doencas mais importantes do coqueiro Cocos nucifera em todo o mundo, e algumas especies de insetos tem sido encontradas em associacao com coqueiros infectados por T. paradoxa. O presente trabalho investigou se os besouros escolitineos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) poderiam disseminar a resinose a partir de coqueiros infectados. Escolitineos adultos coletados de coqueiros com sintomas da resinose foram inoculados em meio de cultura BDA. Os resultados mostraram que nao houve germinacao do fungo T. paradoxa da cuticula ou do trato digestivo dos insetos. Assim, nao encontramos evidencias de que besouros escolitineos carreguem esporos viaveis de T. paradoxa que pudessem infectar coqueiros e disseminar a doenca resinose. Palavras-chave: Cocos nucifera; Thielaviopsis paradoxa; Ceratocystis paradoxa; Chalara paradoxa; Scolytinae EnglishStem bleeding disease, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa is one of the most important diseases of coconut palm Cocos nucifera worldwide and some insect species have been found in association with T. paradoxa infected coconut palms. The present research investigated whether coconut palm-infesting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) could disseminate stem bleeding disease. Adult bark beetles collected from coconut palms presenting stem bleeding symptoms were inoculated in PDA culture medium. Results showed no germination of the fungus T. paradoxa from either cuticle or digestive tract of bark beetles. Thus, we found no evidence that bark beetles carry viable spores of T. paradoxa that could infect healthy coconut palms and disseminate stem bleeding disease. Key words: Cocos nucifera; Thielaviopsis paradoxa; Ceratocystis paradoxa; Chalara paradoxa; Scolytinae

Aromatic plants can affect arthropod community composition and reduce herbivore populations by attracting beneficial insects such as generalist predators. To investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the attraction of aromatic plant species to natural enemies in the field, we assessed the attractiveness of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) (Lamiaceae) and Cordia verbenacea DC (black sage) (Boraginaceae) to adults of the green lacewing Ceraeochrysa cubana Hagen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), a generalist predator widely distributed across the Americas. Additionally, we tested whether access to leaves and flowers of these plant species would affect larval survival, development or oviposition by C. cubana . The green lacewing was attracted to basil but not to the other aromatic plants. Larvae and adults did not benefit from the presence of any plant leaves, but basil flowers enhanced C. cubana larval and adult survival. Basil can be recommended as a companion crop in conservation biological control programs, not only for its well-known negative effects on pests, but also for its attractiveness to generalist predatory insects such as C. cubana . Besides attracting adults, basil flowers benefit both larvae and adults, which is desirable for conservation biological control.

The present work is devoted to the study of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite (PLN) of alginate–bentonite as a bead matrix for the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain CPATC032. In particular, we investigate the encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology of beads presenting different concentrations of bentonite, where the effects associated with the drying method of the samples were analyzed. The internal structure of alginate–bentonite beads are studied by means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, determining the impact of the drying process on the crystalline structure of bentonite domains inside the polymeric matrix. By using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy techniques, we identify a monolithic distribution profile for beads inside the PLN matrix, which is independent of the concentration of bentonite and of the drying method employed. However, our results demonstrated that the in vitro release of the fungus is sensitive to the bead preparation method due to the emergence of a barrier phenomenon as the concentration of silicate is increased. Swelling degree and release kinetics were also investigated, where a strong dependence on the drying method was observed.

Background Compared to chemical control, the use of naturally occurring biological agents to control invasive pests is less threatening to the environment and human health. Objectives Here, we assessed the ability of immature stages of the lacewing Ceraeochrysa caligata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to prey upon different developmental stages of the red palm mite Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), one of the most destructive invasive pests of palm trees in Neotropical regions. Methods Increasing densities of three stages of R. indica (eggs, immature stages, and adult females) were offered to C. caligata in coconut leaf arenas. The immature stages of C. caligata were less than 24 h old and were starved before being transferring to the arenas. The amount of prey consumed was recorded 6 h after releasing the C. caligata. Results Our results indicated that the ability of C. caligata to feed upon R. indica increased with the larval development of the predator. Higher feeding levels and shorter handling times were recorded for the first and second instars of C. caligata when preying upon the eggs and immature stages of R. indica. Furthermore, C. caligata individuals of different stages exhibited differential functional responses according to prey type (i.e., eggs, immatures, or adult females of R. indica). Ceraeochrysa caligata second instar individuals exhibited a sigmoid increase in consumption rate with increasing prey availability (i.e., a type III functional response) when preying upon immature stages of R. indica. However, when preying upon R. indica adult females, C. caligata second instar individuals exhibited a type II functional response (i.e., an increase in consumption rate with increasing prey availability, before reaching a plateau). Predator individuals of the first and third instar stages exhibited a type II functional response for all prey types. Conclusions Collectively, our findings demonstrate that C. caligata, especially at the second instar stage, has potential as a tool for ecological management of the red palm mite.

The lethal yellowing (LY) is a major phytoplasma causing disease seriously threatening coconut plantations worldwide, with imminent risk of entering Brazil. The LY phytoplasma is restricted to the phloem and transmitted by the planthopper Haplaxius crudus (Van Duzee) (Cixiidae). In this study, Auchenorrhyncha were collected on the leaves of Dwarf vs. Dwarf hybrids and Brazilian Green Dwarf Jiqui in the Brazilian northern state of Para using yellow adhesive traps in May of 2016. The planthopper H. crudus was found in coconut plantations of Brazilian Green Dwarf Jiqui, accounting for 87% of the individuals captured. This is the first report of vector H. crudus in Brazilian coconut plantations. These findings are of great scientific relevance since H. crudus could negatively impact the Brazilian coconut industry and this knowledge could be used in contingency measures in the case of LY be introduced in the country.

Plant essential oils and their active compounds are recognized as sustainable tools for the management of arthropod pests. Here, the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from different Citrus scions was characterized (i.e., sweet oranges ‘Kona’ and ‘Pera CNPMF-D6’; acid lime ‘Persian lime 58’ and mandarin ‘Piemonte’), and it was evaluated whether these oils could be used to control Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae), a key pest of cassava crop. In addition, it was assessed whether exposure to acid lime oil alters the predatory ability of the generalist predator Ceraeochrysa caligata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Predatory bioassays were conducted at two prey densities (i.e., 25 and 50 mites in an arena of 7.1 cm2) immediately after exposure to essential oil and over three consecutive days. Sabinene and linalool were main components in oranges and mandarin oils, while limonene made up more than half of acid lime oil. Based on their LC50 values, all the essential oils and the limonene isomers equally controlled M. tanajoa. However, mites exposed to the LC25 or LC50 of acid lime essential oil exhibited reduced survival rates compared to control. In comparison, exposure to the LC80 of acid lime essential oil caused low mortality (i.e., 20.4 ± 5%) of C. caligata larvae. Moreover, C. caligata larvae that survived exposure to LC50 and faced prey scarcity exhibited higher predatory ability immediately after exposure. Overall, this study demonstrates that the essential oils of these Citrus scions could be successfully integrated into management programs for M. tanajoa.

Citrus orchards in the coastal tablelands of Northeast Brazil are almost exclusively composed of ‘Pera CNPMF D-6’ sweet orange, henceforth ‘Pera’, grafted on ‘Rangpur’ lime. Therefore, assessing new rootstocks for ‘Pera’ in this region is pivotal for diversification purposes, potentially leading to increased competitiveness, yield and fruit quality. In this study, vegetative growth, productive performance, pest attack and fruit quality of ‘Pera’, grafted on five rootstocks, were assessed over 10 years in Northeast Brazil. The trifoliate hybrid HTR-051 conferred the highest yield efficiency to ‘Pera’, while ‘Red Rough’ lemon and LVK x LCR - 010 induced precocity, with yields exceeding 9400 kg ha−1 in the first harvest, as well as the highest cumulative yields. ‘Red Rough’ lemon, LVK x LCR - 010 and HTR-051 were notable for imparting high weight and total soluble solids to ‘Pera’ fruit. Regarding pests, the highest densities of citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora were found on the fruit of ‘Pera’ grafted on LVK x LCR - 010, despite low densities of this arthropod over the sampling period. Altogether, our results highlight ‘Red Rough’ lemon and LVK x LCR −010 as superior rootstocks for excelling in productive performance and fruit quality. In addition, HTR-051 manifests as an excellent option for high-density orchards because it induces dwarfism and high production efficiency.

Coconut plantations are attacked by the lethal yellowing (LY), which is spreading rapidly with extremely destructive effects in several countries. The disease is caused by phytoplasmas that occur in the plant phloem and are transmitted by Haplaxius crudus (Van Duzee) (Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae). Owing to their phloem-sap feeding habit, other planthopper species possibly act as vectors. Here, we aimed at assessing the seasonal variation in the Auchenorrhyncha community in six dwarf coconut accessions. Also, we assessed the relative contribution of biotic (coconut accession) and abiotic (rainfall, temperature) in explaining Auchenorrhyncha composition and abundance. The Auchenorrhyncha community was monthly evaluated for 1 yr using yellow sticky traps. Among the most abundant species, Oecleus sp., Balclutha sp., Deltocephalinae sp.2, Deltocephalinae sp.3, Cenchreini sp., Omolicna nigripennis Caldwell (Derbidae), and Cedusa sp. are potential phytoplasma vectors. The composition of the Auchenorrhyncha community differed between dwarf coconut accessions and periods, namely, in March and April (transition from dry to rainy season) and August (transition from rainy to dry season). In these months, Oecleus sp. was predominantly found in the accessions Cameroon Red Dwarf, Malayan Red Dwarf, and Brazilian Red Dwarf Gramame, while Cenchreini sp. and Bolbonota sp. were dominant in the accessions Brazilian Yellow Dwarf Gramame, Malayan Yellow Dwarf, and Brazilian Green Dwarf Jequi. We conclude that dwarf coconut host several Auchenorrhyncha species potential phytoplasma vectors. Furthermore, coconut accessions could be exploited in breeding programs aiming at prevention of LY. However, rainfall followed by accessions mostly explained the composition and abundance of the Auchenorrhyncha community.

Solitary wasps and bees (Hymenoptera) play a key role in ecosystem and agroecosystem functioning. Crops may benefit from biological pest control and pollination carried out by predatory solitary wasps and solitary bees, respectively. Here, we aimed at evaluating the abundance and faunistic compositions of solitary wasps and bees in respect to land-use (pasture, alley cropping, young fallow and old fallow) over an entire year using trap nests in the Brazilian northeastern state of Maranhão. Land-use did not influence the abundance of solitary wasps and bees, however, levels of dominance, abundance and frequency of the species Pachodynerus guadulpensis Saussure, Isodontia sp. 1, Isodontia sp. 2, Trypoxylon nitidum Smith and Megachile cfr. framea Schrottky varied with land-use. The abundance of wasps and bees varied over the period of the year with populations peeking in January (bees), and June and July (wasps). Relative humidity explained most of the variation for the abundance of wasps while temperature explained higher portions of the variance for the abundance of bees. There was an interaction between period of the year and land-use for the abundance of wasps (but not for bees). We concluded that total population abundance of solitary wasps and bees were not affected by the land-use however, levels of dominance, abundance and frequency of some species of these hymenopterans changed according to land-use. Also, relative humidity and temperature were important environmental variables explaining the abundances of wasps and bees. Keywords: Abiotic factors, Agroecosystems, Faunistic analyses, Trap-nesting

The Vitex genus (Lamiaceae) produces a plethora of metabolites that include ecdysteroids and terpenoids, some of which have demonstrated insect repellent properties. The volatile composition of several members of this genus has not been chemically defined, as many taxa are endemic to remote ecosystems. In this study, leaves were collected from the northeast of Brazil from Vitex capitata, V. megapotamica, V. gardneriana and V. rufescens plants and examined for their chemical profile via GC-MS/FID of essential oil extracts. The analyses showed a diversity of terpenoids. Of particular note were seven-member ring sesquiterpenes which were present in great abundance; a dendrogram showed clades separating by the production of (+)-bicyclogermacrene, aromadendrane and 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids for the four species. Comparison of volatile metabolite profiles to 13 other Vitex species showed strong similarities in the production of some monoterpenes, but varied by their production of larger terpenes, especially those with gem-dimethylcyclopropyl subunits on seven-member ring compounds. From this work, we suggest that the sesquiterpene skeleton with seven member rings is a good chemosystematic biomarker candidate for the Vitex genus. Separation using this biomarker was then validated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) profiling. Lastly, experiments examining the toxicity of these four oils against the coconut mite A. guerreronis showed that only the oil of V. gardneriana had strong acaricidal activity, with an LC50 of 0.85 mg/mL, thus demonstrating its potential for use as a natural pesticide.

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a major tropical pest of coconut. Here, we assessed the chemical profiles and the potential use of babassu, degummed soybean, and coconut oils to control A. guerreronis as well as their side-effects on the predatory mite Neoseiulus baraki (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a key natural enemy of the coconut mite. Babassu and coconut oils had similar fatty acids chemical profiles. All vegetable oils showed toxicity to A. guerreronis; degummed soybean oil exhibited the highest toxicity (LC50 = 0.15 µL/cm2). Although all oils were less toxic to N. baraki, their potential to attract/repel this predatory mite differed. Whereas N. baraki females were unresponsive to coconut oil at both concentrations (i.e., LC50 and LC99 estimated for A. guerreronis), irrespective of exposure period (i.e., 1 or 24 h), the babassu oil repelled the predator, independent of exposure period, when applied at its LC99 (1.48 µL/cm2). Intriguingly, this oil also exhibited attractiveness to N. baraki 24 h after exposure when applied at its LC50 (0.26 µL/cm2). A similar attractiveness pattern was recorded 24 h after N. baraki was exposed to degummed soybean oil at both concentrations tested (LC50 = 0.15 µL/cm2; LC99 = 1.39 µL/cm2). However, N. baraki was repelled by degummed soybean oil at its LC50 after 1 h of exposure. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that all the vegetable oils used here had higher toxicity to the coconut mite and considerable selectivity to the predator N. baraki, indicating they are promising tools that can potentially be included in management programs to control A. guerreronis in commercial coconut plantations.

Summary Due to current encouragement to the use of bioinsecticides for pest control and the susceptibility of biological agents to external factors, we investigated the use of a polymer nanocomposite (PLN, polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposite) as matrix to encapsulate an entomopathogenic fungus active against pest insects of palm trees. The beads were formed by extrusion and the following variables were assessed: fungus conidial concentration (series 1: 107; series 2: 108 and series 3: 109 conidia/mL) and nanolayered silicate concentration (0; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4%). The matrix was evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the following characteristics of the products were assessed: percent of encapsulated conidia, size distribution and polydispersity index, swelling index, formulation's in vitro ability to release conidia and stability under different storage temperatures. PLN, whose interactions could be visualized by FTIR, proved to be a potential matrix for this fungus, because, while composed by natural substances non-toxic to the environment, it succeeded to encapsulate high amounts of conidia (series 2). A barrier effect with bentonite increase was also demonstrated by increased fungus germination time and thermal stability.

Spontaneously growing plants are commonly considered competitors of cultivated plants. Owing to the lack of specificity of many arthropods, spontaneous plants may be attacked by the same arthropods that attack cultivated plants and they may also harbor natural enemies of organisms harmful to cultivated plants. Aceodromus convolvuli Muma (Blattisociidae) has been reported recently in relatively large numbers in Tocantins state, central Brazil, mostly on Helicteres guazumifolia Kunth (Malvaceae). Very little has been reported about the population dynamics of blattisociid mites under field conditions. The objective of this work was to study the population dynamics of A. convolvuli in Gurupi, Tocantins state, to evaluate its possible interaction with associated mites. Monthly samples were taken from leaves of the 11 most abundant and frequent spontaneous plants in a Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) plantation. About 96.5 % of the specimens of A. convolvuli were collected in the rainy season. The patterns of variation of the population of A. convolvuli and of predators belonging to the family Phytoseiidae were similar, but A. convolvuli was much more numerous than all phytoseiid specimens combined. Highly significant correlations were observed between A. convolvuli densities and relative humidity or diversity of spontaneous plants. When only mites on H. guazumifolia were considered, highly significant correlation was also observed between densities of A. convolvuli and of mites of the family Tetranychidae. The results suggested that A. convolvuli could be a predator of tenuipalpid and/or tetranychid mites. Studies about its biology are needed to determine its preferred food sources and potential as biological control agent.

Both prey density and developmental stage of pests and natural enemies are known to influence the effectiveness of biological control. However, little is known about the interaction between prey density and population structure on predation and fecundity of generalist predatory mites. Here, we evaluated the functional response (number of prey eaten by predator in relation to prey density) of adult females and nymphs of the generalist predatory mite Euseius concordis to densities of different developmental stages of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, as well as the fecundity of adult females of the predator. We further assessed the instantaneous rate of increase, based on fecundity and mortality, of E. concordis fed on eggs, immatures and adults of M. tanajoa. Overall, nymphs and adults of E. concordis feeding on eggs, immatures and females of M. tanajoa had a type III functional response curve suggesting that the predator increased prey consumption rate as prey density increased. Both nymphs and adult females of the predator consumed more eggs than immatures of M. tanajoa from the density of 20 items per leaf disc onwards, revealing an interaction between prey density and developmental stage in the predatory activity of E. concordis. In addition, population growth rate was higher when the predator fed on eggs and immatures in comparison with females. Altogether our results suggest that E. concordis may be a good candidate for the biological control of M. tanajoa populations. However, the efficiency of E. concordis as a biological control agent of M. tanajoa is contingent on prey density and population structure.

Genipa americana L. has a diversity of secondary metabolites, including iridoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Pharmacological and biological properties have also been reported. This study has aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of G. americana and its bioactivity against Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), a serious pest of coconut production areas worldwide. EO from the leaves was extracted and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC-MS/FID). For the bioassays, the adult coconut mites were subjected to increasing concentrations of EO. The analyses showed a predominance of sesquiterpenes, followed by monoterpenes, aldehydes, and fatty acids. The EO (LC50 = 0.41 mg mL-1; LC90 = 6.43 mg mL-1) showed toxicity and repellent effects against the coconut mite. The tested EO has the potential to develop as a natural product, with acaricidal activities against A. guerreronis, in order to assist in the control of the coconut mite.

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), and the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), are serious pests of commercial coconut plantations worldwide. We assessed the toxicity and sublethal effects of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis Schauer on these two pests, and its toxicity against Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite that is mainly associated with R. indica. Chemical analyses revealed that the essential oil of L. gracilis accession LGRA106 contains thymol as a major compound (52.41%). Based on concentration-mortality bioassays, the toxicity of the oil differs from that of thymol for A. guerreronis (LC50 = 4.28 mg/mL, LC50thymol = 5.34 mg/mL) and for R. indica (LC50=4.99 mg/mL, LC50thymol = 9.03 mg/mL). The LC50, as estimated for R. indica, proved to be toxic to the predatory mite A. largoensis, killing roughly half of its population. In addition, the essential oil of L. gracilis and thymol, at their LC50 for each mite species, repelled A. guerreronis and reduced the survival and oviposition of R. indica. The potential of L. gracilis as a natural pesticide on coconut plantations and their effects on beneficial mites are discussed herein.

Coconut trees of the cv. Green Dwarf of Jiqui in Bahia, northeastern Brazil, that displayed hartrot symptoms were cut and inspected for the presence of insect vectors in the leaf axils. Eggs, nymphs and adults of Lincus lobuliger Breddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), vector of the protozoan causing hartrot, were collected together with an abundance of adults of the predatory beetle Hololepta (Leionata) quadridentada (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Histeridae). In the field, both were placed in a plastic container for transport, and the predation of L. lobuliger eggs by the histerid was observed. The predation was subsequently confirmed under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we report for the first time H. quadridentada preying on L. lobuliger eggs, suggesting that the histerid contributes to the natural biological control of this vector. Moreover, our results could contribute to the development of biologically sound control strategies against L. lobuliger or other Lincus species. Sumario Plantulas de cocotero de la variedad enano verde de Jequi ubicados en el estado de Bahia, Nordeste de Brasil, que presentaban sintomas del hartrot, fueron cortados y inspeccionados en cuanto a la presencia de insectos en las axilas de las hojas. Huevos, ninfas y adultos de Lincus lobuliger Breddin, 1908 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), vector del protozoario del hartrot, fueron colectados en asociacion con una grande abundancia de adultos de lo escarabajo depredador Hololepta (Leionata) quadridentada (Olivier, 1789) (Coleoptera: Histeridae). En campo, estos fueron acomodados en un recipiente plastico para transporte, siendo observada la predacion de huevos de L. lobuliger por el histerideo. Posteriormente, la predacion fue confirmada en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Este es el primer relato de H. quadridentada depredando huevos de L. lobuliger, sugiriendo que el histerideo contribuye para el control biologico natural de este vector. Ademas, este conocimiento podria contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias ecologicas de control de L. lobuliger y otras especies de Lincus. Key Words: Cocos nucifera; phytomonas; hartrot, insect vector; predator View this article in BioOne https://doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0221

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a severe and ubiquitous pest of coconut plantations worldwide. Vegetable oils contain fatty acids that are active again...