Search

In a feeding experiment for 75 days, the effects of fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) extract on growth, haematology, immune response and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated. The aqueous methanolic extract of the plant was mixed with feeds at three different levels, 0.1% (FO1), 0.2% (FO2) and 0.3% (FO3), and feed with no plant extract donated as the control. All four groups (mean initial weight: 13.02 ± 0.02 g) were fed with the prepared diets twice daily ad libitum in a triplicate experiment. Blood and liver samples were taken from the fish on 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days. Also, overall growth parameters were determined based on body weight data recorded from all fish before and at the end of feeding trial. Results indicated that there were variations in nonspecific immune parameters (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and oxidative radical production), but supplementation of the plant extract did not affect the immune response of the fish significantly. On the other hand, there was a general increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) evaluated in this study. Furthermore, possibly the most remarkable finding of the study is that the growth performance in the FO3 group was roughly 30% higher than that of the control group. Considering all findings in the present study, we conclude that 0.3% supplementation of fumitory extract would be beneficial for rainbow trout farming with respect to elevated growth and antioxidant status.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of white mustard (Sinapis alba) oil (WMO) on growth performance, immune responses, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, fish (initial weight: 25.77 ± 0.13 g) were divided into four experimental groups in triplicate and fed ad libitum twice a day with diets containing WMO at 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5% of diet for 9 weeks. Three fish from each tank (n:9 per treatment) were sampled on 21st, 42nd, and 63rd days for further analyses. At the end of the feeding period, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri in two separate experimental setups. Results showed that final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio was similar among treatments. Respiratory burst and potential killing activity decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control (P 0.05). Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities were elevated in all experimental groups at the end of the experiment compared to the control (P 0.05). Cytokine gene expressions in the head kidney and intestine were elevated in all experimental groups compared to that of the control in general (P 0.05). Hematological responses of the experimental fish groups were similar to that of the control (P 0.05). Pepsin and trypsin levels decreased in all experimental groups (P 0.05). In terms of antioxidant enzyme activities, significant improvement in liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione s-transferase activities in all treatment groups were determined (P 0.05). In addition, a significant decline in liver lipid peroxidation levels was recorded in all treated groups at all sampling times compared to the control (P 0.05). At the end of this feeding trial, no significant differences (P 0.05) were observed in survival against A. hydrophila among experimental groups compared to the control (P 0.05). However, increased survival against Y. ruckeri was determined in experimental fish groups (P 0.05). This study suggests that white mustard oil had a favorable effect on the overall health and growth of rainbow trout.

This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Sargassum polycystum extract administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). S. polycystum methanolic extract was administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout at the dose of 0 (control), 1 (S1), 3 (S3) and 5 (S5) mg/100 μl/per fish twice a day for 7 days. On 1st, 5th, 3rd and 7th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses and immune-related gene expressions were determined. The result of oxidative radical production showed no difference during early stage of the experiment and was lately decreased (P 0.05). Lysozyme activity increased on 3rd and 7th day of the study in S5 fish group and on 5th day in S3 group compared to control (P 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity had an increased level on the 1st and 3rd day in S1, S5 and S5 fish groups, respectively. IL-1β gene was significantly up-regulated in kidney and intestine in all experimental groups (except on the 1st day, in the intestine of S5 fish group) compared to control (P 0.05). IL-8 gene expression was elevated on 1st and 3rd day in kidney of all experimental fish groups. IL-6 transcript enhanced in a dose-dependent manner on 3rd and 7th day. IL-10 and IL-12 genes were also up-regulated. Survival in all treated fish groups challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila was significantly increased compared to that of control. The highest survival rate was recorded in S5 fish group (83.65%) followed by S3 fish group (82.62%). Our results suggest that S. polycystum aqueous methanolic extract is an effective immunostimulant and provide protection against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at a dose of 3-10 mg/20 g body weight/day.

In teleosts, biometric parameters of certain bony structures are used for the age and/or size determination of the fish. Otolith is perhaps the most widely used of these bony structures. There are numerous studies which have shown that otolith biometry is positively and strongly correlated with fish size. In this paper, some recent studies that investigate the relationship between otolith biometry and fish length are summarized. It is possible to estimate fish size and/or age by knowing this relationship. This information can be useful, especially when it is not possible to sample a certain portion of a fish population. Besides, otoliths found in archaeological excavation sites or in the stomachs of predators can provide information about the fish they belong to. These data are useful to taxonomists, paleobiologists, and researchers studying the nutritional biology of predators.

Monitoring water quality is one of the high priorities for the protection of water resources. Many different approaches are used to analyse and interpret the variables that determine the variance of water quality observed in various sources. Statistical methods, especially multivariate statistical techniques, constitute an important part of these approaches. In this study, ten water quality parameters, which were measured for twelve months from seven stations determined on Filyos River, were evaluated by carrying out principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) from multivariate statistical methods. In addition, dominant quality parameters designating the quality of the water source were determined. According to PCA results, 4 principal components contained the key variables and accounted for 69.49% of total variance of surface water quality from Filyos River. Dominant water quality parameters were observed to be temperature, EC, DO and pH. While the study revealed that the river is exposed to agricultural pollution alongside with the water quality character generated by the climatic conditions, it also suggested that multivariate statistical methods are useful tools in evaluating complex data sets such as water quality data, and monitoring the quality of water resources.

The objective of this paper is to determine the trend and to estimate the streamflow of the Gökırmak River. The possible trend of the streamflow was forecasted using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Time series and trend analyses were performed using monthly streamflow data for the period between 1999 and 2014. Pettitt’s change point analysis was employed to detect the time of change for historical streamflow time series. Kendall’s tau and Spearman’s rho tests were also conducted. The results of the change point analysis determined the change point as 2008. The time series analysis showed that the streamflow of the river had a decreasing trend from the past to the present. Results of the trend analysis forecasted a decreasing trend for the streamflow in the future. The decreasing trend in the streamflow may be related to climate change. This paper provides preliminary knowledge of the streamflow trend for the Gökırmak River.

This study was designed to prevent fungal disease (Saprolegnia parasitica) that occurs on rainbow trout eggs (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using wastes of onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) plants. For this purpose, fertilized rainbow trout eggs were exposed to garlic skin, garlic stem and onion skin aqueous methanolic extracts by bathing in concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/L, whereas the control group was left untreated. The larvae in all groups were monitored until they become free-swimming larvae, the number of eggs died due to fungus was recorded, and the data obtained from experimental groups and control group were compared. As a result, it was determined that onion skin had no effect on the number of eggs that died due to fungus (p > .05), while garlic skin and garlic stem extracts significantly reduced the number of fungal infestations without affecting the number of live larvae or the embryological development of the eggs (p < .05). In light of these data, we conclude that garlic skin (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/L) and garlic stem (0.8 and 1.6 g/L) aqueous methanolic extracts are effective at preventing Saprolegnia parasitica infestation on rainbow trout eggs and may be used in aquaculture.

In this study, we examined changes occurred in blood parameters, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administered with ribwort plantain (RP) through feed. Fish (mean weight 36.56 ± 1.99 g) were fed a diet supplemented with an aqueous methanolic extract of RP at variable doses, 0 (control), 1 (RP1), 2 (RP2), and 3 g kg−1 (RP3) for 90 days. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly increased in RP1, RP2, and RP3 treatment groups compared to that of the control. Among examined blood parameters, hemoglobin value in RP1 group (9.77 ± 0.10 g dl−1) only was significantly high on the 30th day of the study. When immune response parameters were evaluated, we observed that oxidative radical production and lysozyme activities were affected positively in experimental groups (P

Determination of heavy metals is enormously important to determine the condition of the aquatic environment in terms of chemical pollution. In this study, a preliminary determination of heavy metal concentrations in sediment, water, and some macroinvertebrates in several sampling sites along Tawi-Tawi Bay, Philippines, was undertaken to have an initial status of heavy metal pollution in the area. Results revealed that the average concentration of heavy metals followed the order of Fe>Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd for sediment, Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Fe > Cd > Mn for seawater, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd for spider conch (Lambis lambis Linnaeus, 1758), and Fe> Zn > Pb > Ni > Mn > Cu > Cd for sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra, Jaeger, 1833). However, all these determined heavy metals were within the safety limits set by WHO, US (EPA and FDA), and EMA. This study suggests that despite the anthropogenic activities in the coastal areas, heavy metal contamination in Tawi-Tawi Bay has not exceeded the safety limits.

The potential dietary utilization of Astragalus caudiculosus (AC) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Four different fish groups (control, AC1, AC2.5, and AC5) were assigned and received the AC-containing diet for 90 days at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, and 5%, respectively. Results indicated that the growth performance of the AC supplemented fish improved significantly (P 0.05). Among non-specific immune parameters examined, while lysozyme activity of the AC supplemented fish increased (P 0.05), oxidative radical production decreased in AC1 and AC2.5 fish groups (P 0.05) but did not differ in the AC5 group (P 0.05) compared to the control. Moreover, myeloperoxidase activity was not affected by the AC supplementation (P 0.05). All pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions, except IL-1β, were up-regulated, especially in the fish groups fed with 2.5 and 5% AC supplemented feed (P 0.05). AC administration caused an elevation in GPx and G6PDH activities, and a decrease in SOD, CAT, and lipid peroxidation (P 0.05). Overall, AC extract was found to improve the growth, antioxidant status, and immune response of the fish.

In this study, post‐mortem myofibril proteins change in myosin heavy chain (MHC) mass using sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), texture properties such as hardness, stickiness, cohesiveness, elasticity, chewiness, gumminess and stress relaxation test parameters (Fmax, Fmin and Fmax‐Fmin) were determined and compared on the days 0, 3, 6 and 9 in three different trout species (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta fario and Salvelinus fontinalis). In terms of texture properties, post‐mortem hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, chewiness and gumminess were decreased day by day, whereas stickiness, Fmax, Fmin and Fmax‐Fmin were significantly increased (p

In the present study, antioxidant activity, immune responses, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed with diets supplemented with dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis) and lichen (Usnea barbata) extracts were assessed. Four different concentrations of aqueous methanolic extract of the plants (0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% (D, dandelion; L, lichen) were added to the diets, and fish were fed for 75 days. On the 15th, 45th, and 75th day of the study, liver antioxidant enzyme activities were determined, and immune responses were determined every 15th day. The results showed that SOD activity increased in the fish group of 0.1% D on the 15th and 45th day compared to control; however, it was lower in all the lichen extract-treated groups than in control at almost all sampling times, except on the 15th day in the 0.1% L group. CAT activity showed an increased value (P

This study was designed to prevent fungal disease (Saprolegnia parasitica) that occurs on rainbow trout eggs (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using wastes of onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) plants. For this purpose, fertilized rainbow trout eggs were exposed to garlic skin, garlic stem and onion skin aqueous methanolic extracts by bathing in concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/L, whereas the control group was left untreated. The larvae in all groups were monitored until they become free-swimming larvae, the number of eggs died due to fungus was recorded, and the data obtained from experimental groups and control group were compared. As a result, it was determined that onion skin had no effect on the number of eggs that died due to fungus (p .05), while garlic skin and garlic stem extracts significantly reduced the number of fungal infestations without affecting the number of live larvae or the embryological development of the eggs (p .05). In light of these data, we conclude that garlic skin (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/L) and garlic stem (0.8 and 1.6 g/L) aqueous methanolic extracts are effective at preventing Saprolegnia parasitica infestation on rainbow trout eggs and may be used in aquaculture.

In this study, the taxonomic resolution and phylogenetic relationship of two presumed subspecies of Merlangius merlangus, namely M. m. euxinus and M. m. merlangus, were investigated. In addition, the effect of the Turkish Straits System on the evolutionary history and genetic structure of M. merlangus, was explored. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b genes, and the nuclear recombination activating gene-1 were analysed. Our results indicate no clear distinction between the two presumed subspecies, which is attributed to the low resolution of recombination activating gene-1 and/or presence of potential gene flow between the two subspecies. The temporal pattern of divergence between the two presumed subspecies related to the Last Glacial Maximum (219 Kya), whereas the expansion of each main sampling location occurred after the flooding of the Black Sea by salt water from the Mediterranean (5 Kya), following a period of stability. Additionally, significant genetic differences are observed among the North Aegean samples and the collections from the Turkish Straits System and the Black Sea, along with some significant structure among sampling sites located in the Turkish Straits System and Black Sea. The lower genetic variability of the eastern Mediterranean M. merlangus when compared to Atlantic ones might be due to a potential population bottleneck before the last glacial period, a trend that is commonly found in these waters.

The main purpose of this study was to estimate possible climate change effects on the annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Data for annual streamflow and climatic parameters were obtained from streamflow gauging stations on the river and Bartın, Karabük, Zonguldak meteorological observation stations. Time series analysis was performed on 46 years of annual streamflow data and 57 years of annual mean climatic data from three monitoring stations to understand the trends. Pettitt change-point analysis was applied to determine the change time and trend analysis was performed to forecast trends. To reveal the relationship between climatic parameters and streamflow, correlation tests, namely, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau were applied. The results of Pettitt change-point analysis pointed to 2000 as the change year for streamflow. Change years for temperature and precipitation were detected as 1997 and 2000, respectively. Trend analysis results indicated decreasing trends in the streamflow and precipitation, and increasing trend in temperature. These changes were found statistically significant for streamflow (p < 0.05) and temperature (p < 0.01). Also, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation was found between streamflow and precipitation. In conclusion, decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature as a result of climate change initiated a decrease in the river streamflow.

Water is one of the most important natural resource and assessment of the trends in water has a great importance to estimate the future of water resources. The main purpose of this study is to present a trend analysis of the streamflow of Daday Stream in Kastamonu, Turkey by monthly, seasonal and annual analyses. Monthly streamflow data were obtained from streamflow gauging station on the stream between 1988 and 2007. Trends of monthly, seasonal and annual runoff of Daday Stream were analysed by Trend analysis, non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Spearman tests. The results showed that mean annual streamflow of Daday Stream has a significant tendency to decrease for this period (p

This study was carried out for a period of 12 months from September 2016 to August 2017 at 4 stations determined in Beyler Dam Lake in Kastamonu, Turkey. In this study, some parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) were investigated. Temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity and the amount of dissolved oxygen of the water samples were measured by multi parameter measurement device in the field during sampling. Chemical parameters such as ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, BOD and COD were determined by spectrophotometric methods in laboratory conditions. Study indicates such results as; the temperature was between 0.70 and 23.50 ºC and the mean temperature was 11°C, pH was between 7.46 and 9.50 and average pH was 8.34, amount of dissolved oxygen varied from 7.48 to 12.16 mg/l and the average dissolved oxygen amount was 9.73 mg/l, conductivity was between 102.50 and 240 µS cm-1 and the average conductivity was 157.68 µS cm-1, turbidity changed from 1.23 to 5.57 FNU/NTU and the average turbidity was 3.0 FNU/NTU, nitrate varied from 0.003 to 1.0 mg/l and the average nitrate was 0.35 mg/l, nitrite was between 0.001 and 0.007 mg/l and the average nitrite was 0.003 mg/l, ammonium changed from 0.009 and 0.130 mg/l and the average ammonium was 0.052 mg/l, phosphate was between 0.24 and 5.21 mg/l and the average phosphate was 2.541 mg/l, COD which is an important water quality parameters, was detected as the lowest 0.04 mg/l and the highest 28.1 mg/l and the average was found 9.45 mg/l, BOD was detected between 2.50 and 6.0 mg/l and the average BOD was calculated 4.17 mg/l. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between the measured parameters according to the Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR) in Turkey. Although Beyler Dam Lake was evaluated as Class I for most parameter values, in total it can be classified as Class II according to water quality classification.

In this study, effects of grape Vitis vinifera seed oil supplementation (0, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg/kg feed) for 60 days on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles were investigated. The average final fish weights were not different between the control group and 500 mg/kg feed group (p > .05), but 250 mg/kg feed group were lower than those of the control group, and 1,000 mg/kg feed group were higher than those of the control group. Although the SFA, MUFA and n3 ratios of the control group were higher than that of the other groups, no statistical difference was found. The highest fatty acids in the fish were palmitic acid C 16: 0 in the SFA group and C 18: 1n‐9 and docosahexaenoic acid C 22: 6n‐3 in the PUFA group. The EPA ratio was significantly increased in all groups compared with the control group. The DHA ratio was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental groups, and there was no difference between the experimental groups. Urea were significantly lower in the 250 mg/kg feed group. Total protein and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly increased in the 1,000 mg/kg feed group. Only the 1,000 mg/kg feed group showed an increase in antioxidant activities, and this concentration also yielded positive results in terms of growth performance, survival rates, fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout juvenile and can be used as a natural feed additive.

Bu çalışmada Kastamonu ili Daday ilçesi sınırları içerisinde bulunanGermeçtepe baraj gölünün su kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi amacı ile gölüzerinde belirlenen üç istasyondan bir yıl boyunca alınan su numunelerisıcaklık, pH, turbidite, kondüktivite, çözünmüş oksijen, nitrat, nitrit,fosfat, amonyum, KOİ ve BOİ olmak üzere 11 fiziko-kimyasal parametre bakımındanincelenmiştir. Su numunelerinden sıcaklık, pH, kondüktivite ve çözünmüş oksijenparametreleri örnekleme esnasında multimetre cihazı ile diğer parametreler isesprektrofotometrik metotla laboratuvarda analiz edilmiştir. Göl suyunda tespitedilen fiziko-kimyasal parametrelerden sıcaklığın 1,07-24,5°C arasında, pH’nın7,32-9,98, turbiditenin 0,74-8,17 NTU, çözünmüş oksijenin 7,23-11,35 mg l-1,kondüktivitenin 332-459 µS cm-1, nitritin 0,0-0,008 mg l-1,nitratın 0,0-0,87 mg l-1, fosfatın 0,04-3,53 mg l-1,amonyumun 0,0-0,53 mg l-1, KOİ’nin 8,41-23,13 mg l-1 veBOİ’nin 0,0-2,0 mg l-1 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçolarak Germeçtepe baraj gölü su kalitesi yüzey suları yönetmeliğine göresıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen, kondüktüvite, nitrat, amonyum, KOİ ve BOİparametreleri bakımından I. kalite, nitrit bakımından II. Kalite ve fosfatbakımından ise IV. Kalite su sınıfında olduğu tespit edilmiş ve göl suyununönemli bir kirlilik baskısında olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Germeçtepe barajgölünden bir yıl boyunca elde edilen ve on fiziko-kimyasal parametrenin kuraltabanına dahil edildiği bulanık mantık yaklaşımı sonuçlarına göre ise karardestek sisteminde % 90 başarı sağlandığı ve bulanık mantık yaklaşımın su kalitesınıflandırmasında önemli ölçüde etkili olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır., The aim of this study is to evaluate the waterquality of Germeçtepe dam lake located in the Daday district of Kastamonuprovince and to determine the temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity,dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia, COD and BOD in terms of11 physico-chemical parameters. The temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen parameters of thewater samples were analyzed study land using multimeter and other parameterswere determined using sproctrophotometric method in the laboratory. The physico-chemicalparameters determined in the lake water were between 1.07-24.5 ° C, pH7.32-9.98, turbidity 0.74-8.17 NTU, dissolved oxygen 7.23-11.35 mg -1,conductivity 332-459 μS cm-1, nitrite 0.0-0.008 mg -1, nitrate 0.0-0.87 mg -1,phosphate 0.04-3.53 mg-1, ammonium 0.0-0.53 mg -1, COD 8.41-23.13 mg-1 and BODHas been found to vary between 0.0 and 2.0 mg-1. All of the a data set (12 months) about severalphysico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolvedoxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, Ammonia, COD and BOD was collected from 3monitoring stations in Germeçtepe Dam Lake were evaluated with statisticalanalysis. In the results of theanalysis, Germeçtepe dam reservoir water quality was determined as the firstquality in terms of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conduction, nitrate,ammonium, COD and BOD parameters in terms of nitrite. In terms of quality andphosphate, IV. It has been determined that quality is in the water class and itis determined that the lake water is not in an important pollution pressure.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality of Germeçtepe dam lake located in the Daday district of Kastamonu province and to determine the temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia, COD and BOD in terms of 11 physico-chemical parameters. The temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen parameters of the water samples were analyzed study land using multimeter and other parameters were determined using sproctrophotometric method in the laboratory. The physico-chemical parameters determined in the lake water were between 1.07-24.5 ° C, pH 7.32-9.98, turbidity 0.74-8.17 NTU, dissolved oxygen 7.23-11.35 mg -1, conductivity 332-459 μS cm-1, nitrite 0.0-0.008 mg -1, nitrate 0.0-0.87 mg -1, phosphate 0.04-3.53 mg-1, ammonium 0.0-0.53 mg -1, COD 8.41-23.13 mg-1 and BOD Has been found to vary between 0.0 and 2.0 mg-1. All of the a data set (12 months) about several physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, Ammonia, COD and BOD was collected from 3 monitoring stations in Germeçtepe Dam Lake were evaluated with statistical analysis. In the results of the analysis, Germeçtepe dam reservoir water quality was determined as the first quality in terms of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conduction, nitrate, ammonium, COD and BOD parameters in terms of nitrite. In terms of quality and phosphate, IV. It has been determined that quality is in the water class and it is determined that the lake water is not in an important pollution pressure.

In this study, ginseng root extract was manufactured and used as a food additive for 8 to 9-month old male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The extracts were added to the food in two different ratios, 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg. The control group was given a commercial feed with no additive. The fish ate the provided feed for 120 days ad libitum. Sperm samples were taken from fish every 30 days. We observed that the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in the experimental groups was higher than in the control group. Motility duration of groups 1 and 2 was 10 seconds more than the control group. Sperm density averages (SDA) were 7.74±0.61x109, 8.62±0.53 x109 and 11.27±0.78x109, respectively. All sperm samples taken from each experimental group were used for fertilization. Fertilization ratios of control and experimental groups were 65±10%, 84.9±5% and 90±6%, respectively. The hatching ratio was also very high in the extract added groups compared to the control group.

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of mucus obtained from different fish species on the carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Acute paw edema was induced by 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan, and a single dose of diclofenac and lyophilized mucus (25 mg/kg) of rainbow trout, brook trout, European sea bass, and gilthead sea bream were administered to rats through gastric gavage 1 h before carrageenan treatment. Rat paws were measured before and 1-4 h after carrageenan treatment. The mRNA expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β), antioxidant markers (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and COX-2 were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The inhibition percentage of carrageenan-induced paw edema by different fish mucus ranged from 52.46% to 74.86% at 4 h. Histopathological evaluation showed that all fish mucus diminished carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. The upregulation of IL-1β mRNA induced by carrageenan was decreased by the mucus of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream while an increase in the expression of IL-6 mRNA was reduced by the mucus of rainbow trout, brook trout, and gilthead sea bream. In addition, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase was higher in the rainbow trout mucus group than the carrageenan group. Conclusions: Mucus obtained from different fish species may have anti-inflammatory effects.

In this study, effects of tetra (T) (Cotinus coggygria) and common mallow (CM) (Malva sylvestris) aqueous methanolic extracts on growth performance and immune response in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (19.92 ± 0.40 g) and European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (18.66 ± 0.86 g) were investigated. The experiment was designed as 5 treatment groups: control (0 mg/kg), 500 mg kg−1 (CM500, T500) and 1000 mg kg−1 (CM1000, T1000) for each fish species. Fish were fed the diet supplemented with tetra and common mallow extracts for 60 days and blood samples were collected on the 30th and 60th days of the study. Immunological parameters, such as respiratory burst, phagocytic, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and bacterial killing activities were determined. At the end of feeding trial, fish were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum infection and survival rate was recorded. Final weight of the both experimental fishes were significantly increased in CM treatment groups compared to control (P .05), whereas a decrease in FCR was noticed in CM treatment groups of sea bream (P

Ozet Geleneksel su kalite degerlendirme metotlarinda; alt ve ust limitleri iceren ayirim tablolari kullanilmaktadir. Gozlenen konsantrasyon degerleri, ayirim tablolarinda ayni bolge icerisinde yer aliyorsa; degerler limitlere yakin yada uzak olsun ayni esit oneme sahiptir. Ayrica her bir kalite parametresi, tabloda yer alan dort siniftan birisi icerisinde yer almalidir. Bu nedenle, her bir parametrenin farkli siniflarda oldugu durumlarda da belirsizlik meydana gelir. Bu calismada, su kalite siniflandirilmasinin bulanik mantik ile degerlen- dirilmesinin yapildigi bir indeks model kullanilmistir. Bu amac dogrultusunda; Karasu Nehri'nde 5 istasyonda, 12 ay boyunca, toplam 180 adet olcumu yapilarak; Bakir (Cu), Cinko (Zn), Manganez (Mn), Kursun (Pb), Nikel (Ni), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Demir (Fe) gibi bazi agir metal konsantrasyonlarinin veri kumesi olusturulmustur. Ardindan Karasu Nehri'ndeki agir metal kirliligi icin bulanik mantik degerlendirme metodu kullanilmistir. Sonucta; cevre yonetiminde karar olusturmak icin bulanik mantik degerlendirme metodunun alternatif bir arac olabilecegi dusunulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Agir metal kirliligi, bulanik mantik degerlendirme metodu, Karasu irmagi, su kalite degerlendirme. Abstract Traditional water quality evaluation methods use discrete form that involve upper and lower limits, and the concentrations values are equally important when the values are near to or far away from the limits. Moreover, each quality parameter might belong to one of the four classes; therefore differences of the classes of the parameters may be vagueness. In this study, an index model is purposed for quality evaluation of water quality classification using fuzzy logic. For that purpose, a data set (12 months, total 180 measurements) about several heavy metals such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe) was collected from 5 monitoring stations in Karasu River. After that, fuzzy logic assessment method was used to quality evaluation for heavy metal pollution in Karasu stream. In conclusion, it was supposed that fuzzy logic evaluation method may also be used as an alternative tool for decision-making in environmental management.

Global warming and its impacts are known to cause serious problems in sustainability of natural resources. In this study, change-point analysis and trend analysis were applied to climatic (temperature, precipitation, evaporation) and streamflow data for Tuzla, Gediz and Buyuk Menderes rivers. Box-Jenkins technique and ARIMA model were used for trend analysis. Results showed that there were decreases in streamflow of all rivers. The paper suggests that climate change effects on streamflow could be changeable and that many factors (anthropogenic effects, geographical location, agricultural activities) should be considered. Management strategies specified regionally are required to mitigate the potential climate change effects.

The effects of cadmium (Cd) on the enzymatic activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were investigated in the gill, liver and kidney tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three test groups of fish were subjected to increasing concentrations (1, 3 and 5 mg/l) of cadmium (Cd) in vivo, respectively. The G6PD and 6PGD activities in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of each group of fish were measured on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities, measured in gill, liver and kidney homogenates, were stimulated by various concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/l) of cadmium. Although the dose-response pattern of G6PD enzyme activities in liver and kidney tissue was very similar, that in gill was different from both other tissues. The enzyme activity of G6PD enzyme was significantly stimulated after three days (Day 3) in liver and kidney tissues at a dose of 1 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05), whereas it was stimulated on the first day of experiment (Day 1) in gill, liver and kidney tissues at doses of 3 and 5 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05). However, the activity of 6PGD was stimulated after three days (Day 3) in the liver at a dose of 1 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05) and on the first day in gill, liver and kidney tissues at doses of 3 and 5 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05). The stimulation effect of the 5 mg/l dose of Cd on G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities was significantly diminished after seven days (Day 7) in all tissues (p < 0.05). In contrast to the dose-response pattern at the dose of 5 mg/l Cd, G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (p < 0.05) in liver and kidney tissues at the doses of 3 and 1 mg/l Cd. The stimulation effect of cadmium on the three tissues studied was also calculated; for both of the enzymes (G6PD and 6PGD), the enzyme activity levels were stimulated by approximately 60% and 38% in gills, 68% and 44% in liver, and 67% and 41% in kidneys, respectively, over the base-line enzyme activity of the control groups during the sevenday experimental period. These findings indicate that tissue G6PD and 6PGD enzymes function to protect against cadmium toxicity. Enzyme activity, in vivo, kidney, gill, G6PD, 6PGD It is generally recognized that the cell has four major NADPH-production systems that correspond to the activities of four cytoplasmatic enzymes: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) belong to the pentose phosphate pathway, malic enzyme (ME) and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH).

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the haematological parameters of cultured Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) in recirculating aquaculture system. Total erythrocytes, thrombocytes, red blood cell distribution, monocytes, basophils as well as haemoglobin levels of stellate sturgeon differed significantly from that of the other two species (p0.05). The information generated may help in monitoring health status and to adopt better management strategies in culture systems.

This study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation of sage (Salvia officinalis), mint (Mentha spicata) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils on growth performance, lipid peroxidation level (melondialdehyde, MDA) and liver antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione-S-transferase, GST and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. For this purpose, triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed daily ad libitum with diets containing sage, mint and thyme oils at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg kg(-1) for 60 days. While weight gain percentage of fish fed the diets containing sage and thyme oils was significantly higher than the control group, that of fish fed mint oil was the lowest. Similarly, specific growth rate was found to be the highest in all groups of the sage and thyme oil feeding and the lowest in the mint groups. Moreover, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the mint oil administered groups. Survival rate was also significantly reduced in the fish fed the diet containing mint oil. It was observed that SOD, G6PD and GPx activities were significantly increased in liver tissues of all the treated fish groups compared to that of control diet-fed group. However, CAT, GST and GR activities were significantly decreased in experimental diet-fed fish groups at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, a significant reduction was found in MDA levels in the fish fed the diets with sage and thyme oils compared to control and mint diets on the 30th and 60th days of experiment. Overall, dietary inclusion of sage and thyme oils is effective in enhancing rainbow trout growth, reduction in MDA and least changing antioxidant enzyme activities at a low level of 500 mg kg(-1) diet, and they can be used as important feed supplements for rainbow trout production.

An investigation has been described on the relationship of body length, age and sex with adipose fin length and the number of androgen receptor (AR)-containing cells in the adipose fin as a secondary sexual characteristic for brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Firstly, body and adipose fin lengths of 2- to 5-year-old brown trout were measured. Thereafter, these fish were killed by decapitation, then their sexes were determined, and adipose fins were excised. The cellular bases of AR binding activities in the adipose fins were analyzed with an antibody against human/rat AR peptide. Immunocytochemistry and western blotting techniques were performed with this antibody. Analysis of morphological measurements indicated that body length and age had a linear relationship with adipose fin length. The coefficients of determination for the body length and age were 0.92 and 0.85 in the male fish and 0.76 and 0.73 in the female fish against the adipose fin length, respectively. At 2 years of age, cells in the adipose fin did not exhibit AR immunoreactivity. However, AR-immunopositive cells were abundant in the adipose fin of 3- to 5-year-old fish. Moreover, the number of AR-immunopositive cells was significantly (P < 0.05) high in males and increased with age. These observations indicate that the adipose fin in the brown trout is a probable target for androgen action and that tissue function or development may to some extent be androgen dependent. In addition, it is likely that such an effect will be mediated by specific androgen receptors.

Three feeding regimes were tested to determine their effects on growth, survival, and feed conversion in rainbow trout alevins for 60 days. In the first regime, the alevins were fed a starter feed consisting of 800 micron parti- cles for the first 15-day period. For the following 15-day period, the alevins were given a starter feed consisting of 1200 micron particles. For the final two 15-day periods, the alevins were given feeds consisting of 1500 micron and 2 mm particles, respectively. In the second regime, feed particles in the four periods were 1200 micron, 1500 micron, 2 mm, and 3 mm granules, respectively. In the third regime, feeds contained 1500 micron, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm granules. During the first two 15-day periods, no significant dif- ferences in growth parameters were detected (p>0.05). In the second two 15-day periods, there were significant differences in final live weight, growth, and feed conversion rates between groups (p0.05).