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1. Sahelian smallholders’ varietal mixtures reconcile yield and agrobiodiversity conservation

Author: Aby Cissé, Cathy Clermont-Dauphin, Saïdou N. Sall, Sakmi GIE, Mbane Peasant Groupement, Alihou Ndiaye, Magatte Diouf, Boussira Traore, Khadidiatou Ndir, Ndjido A. Kane, Delphine Renard, Cyrille Violle, Adeline Barnaud, and Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
Subjects: Agrobiodiversity, Varietal mixtures, Pearl millet, Sahel, Flowering, Phenology, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: In the current setting, marked by the major challenges of growing food demand and climate change impacts, the ability of sub-Saharan agriculture to meet population needs depends on the resilience and adaptation capacity of this system. Using agrobiodiversity to promote agricultural sustainability is a strategy that has garnered much attention lately. Research suggests that mixing species or varieties within crop fields could increase the yield and/or stability. This mixing is also geared towards the conservation of crop diversity while ensuring that the various associated products and services will be available at the farm level.Few recent research studies have highlighted the benefits of varietal mixtures for Africa. This lack of research is a concern, given that this continent is considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change. This study was carried out to test whether plots with varietal mixtures would outperform monovarietal plots in terms of yield and pathogen regulation under smallholder farming conditions in Senegal. Together with farmers, we conducted 30 experiments in which mixtures of early- and late-flowering pearl millet landraces were grown in these farmers’ fields, while monitoring their low input management. We noted a significant positive effect of varietal mixtures on grain yield (mean gain of 63 ± 31.5 kg ha−1 for mixture plots, p = 0.046) with a relative yield total (RYT) averaging 1.87 ± 0.94. Both early- and late-flowering landraces benefited from mixtures, with a greater impact on late-flowering landraces. Higher fertility in terms of the seed number, percentage of fertile tillers and number of panicles per tiller, was documented in mixture plots. We did not find a significant effect of mixture on fodder, striga or weed infestation.In water and nutrient resource limiting conditions, such as in Sahelian agroecosystems, growing mixtures of early- and late-flowering landraces appeared to be an efficient way to increase productivity while ensuring agrobiodiversity conservation. Perhaps even more importantly, mixtures allowed farmers to harvest multiple products with different uses in an agrosocioecosystem context with constantly increasing land pressure.
Published: 2023
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2. Gestion communautaire des semences et responsabilité collective envers l’agrobiodiversité. De la nécessaire reconnaissance des incommuns

Author: Frédérique Jankowski and Adeline Barnaud
Subjects: Community seed banks, Seed commons, Uncommons, Accountability regimes, Forum theatre, Senegal, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, K1-7720, Sociology (General), HM401-1281
Abstract: This article examines the extent to which the (re)definition of collective responsibilities associated with community seed bank can contribute to a redefinition of seed relations and status. The analysis is based on interviews and a collaborative and reflective process conducted in Senegal with researchers, development actors and farmers’organizations. From a relational perspective, the notion of responsibility makes it possible to grasp the links that bind humans to each other and humans to seeds from the point of view of these different actors. The plurality of principles of responsibility observed reveals certain uncommons inherent of community seed banks. We emphasize the importance of taking these uncommons into account, both in order to respond to the issues of justice targeted by these mechanisms and to collectively explore new ways of preserving cultivated diversity as well as the plurality of relations to it.
Published: 2023
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3. Genomic footprints of selection in early-and late-flowering pearl millet landraces

Author: Adama Faye, Adeline Barnaud, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Philippe Cubry, Cédric Mariac, Concetta Burgarella, Bénédicte Rhoné, Aliou Faye, Katina Floride Olodo, Aby Cisse, Marie Couderc, Anaïs Dequincey, Leïla Zekraouï, Djibo Moussa, Moussa Tidjani, Yves Vigouroux, and Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
Subjects: adaptation, flowering, GWAS, genomic scan, yield, PhyC, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Pearl millet is among the top three-cereal production in one of the most climate vulnerable regions, sub-Saharan Africa. Its Sahelian origin makes it adapted to grow in poor sandy soils under low soil water regimes. Pearl millet is thus considered today as one of the most interesting crops to face the global warming. Flowering time, a trait highly correlated with latitude, is one of the key traits that could be modulated to face future global changes. West African pearl millet landraces, can be grouped into early- (EF) and late-flowering (LF) varieties, each flowering group playing a specific role in the functioning and resilience of Sahelian smallholders. The aim of this study was thus to detect genes linked to flowering but also linked to relevant traits within each flowering group. We thus investigated genomic and phenotypic diversity in 109 pearl millet landrace accessions, i.e., 66 early-flowering and 43 late-flowering, grown in the groundnut basin, the first area of rainfed agriculture in Senegal dominated by dry cereals (millet, maize, and sorghum) and legumes (groundnuts, cowpeas). We were able to confirm the role of PhyC gene in pearl millet flowering and identify several other genes that appear to be as much as important, such as FSR12 and HAC1. HAC1 and two other genes appear to be part of QTLs previously identified and deserve further investigation. At the same time, we were able to highlight a several genes and variants that could contribute to the improvement of pearl millet yield, especially since their impact was demonstrated across flowering cycles.
Published: 2022
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4. Pearl millet genomic vulnerability to climate change in West Africa highlights the need for regional collaboration

Author: Bénédicte Rhoné, Dimitri Defrance, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, Cédric Mariac, Philippe Cubry, Marie Couderc, Anaïs Dequincey, Aichatou Assoumanne, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Benjamin Sultan, Adeline Barnaud, and Yves Vigouroux
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Replacement of local crops with alternative varieties adapted to future conditions may improve food security under climate change. Here the authors apply landscape genomics and ensemble climate modelling to pearl millet in West Africa, supporting the potential of transfrontier assisted seed exchange.
Published: 2020
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5. Fonio millet genome unlocks African orphan crop diversity for agriculture in a changing climate

Author: Michael Abrouk, Hanin Ibrahim Ahmed, Philippe Cubry, Denisa Šimoníková, Stéphane Cauet, Yveline Pailles, Jan Bettgenhaeuser, Liubov Gapa, Nora Scarcelli, Marie Couderc, Leila Zekraoui, Nagarajan Kathiresan, Jana Čížková, Eva Hřibová, Jaroslav Doležel, Sandrine Arribat, Hélène Bergès, Jan J. Wieringa, Mathieu Gueye, Ndjido A. Kane, Christian Leclerc, Sandrine Causse, Sylvie Vancoppenolle, Claire Billot, Thomas Wicker, Yves Vigouroux, Adeline Barnaud, and Simon G. Krattinger
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Fonio millet is a fast growing orphan cereal crop with a great potential for dryland agriculture. Here, the authors report chromosome-scale reference genome assembly and population genomic resources to shed light on genetic diversity, population structure and domestication of fonio millet.
Published: 2020
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6. Abandonment of pearl millet cropping and homogenization of its diversity over a 40 year period in Senegal.

Author: Katina F Olodo, Adeline Barnaud, Ndjido A Kane, Cédric Mariac, Adama Faye, Marie Couderc, Leïla Zekraouï, Anaïs Dequincey, Diégane Diouf, Yves Vigouroux, and Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Cultivated diversity is considered an insurance against major climatic variability. However, since the 1980s, several studies have shown that climate variability and agricultural changes may already have locally eroded crop genetic diversity. We studied pearl millet diversity in Senegal through a comparison of pearl millet landraces collected 40 years apart. We found that more than 20% of villages visited in 1976 had stopped growing pearl millet. Despite this, its overall genetic diversity has been maintained but differentiation between early- and late-flowering accessions has been reduced. We also found stronger crop-to-wild gene flow than wild-to-crop gene flow and that wild-to-crop gene flow was weaker in 2016 than in 1976. In conclusion, our results highlight genetic homogenization in Senegal. This homogenization within cultivated pearl millet and between wild and cultivated forms is a key factor in genetic erosion and it is often overlooked. Improved assessment and conservation strategies are needed to promote and conserve both wild and cultivated pearl millet diversity.
Published: 2020
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7. Adaptive Introgression: An Untapped Evolutionary Mechanism for Crop Adaptation

Author: Concetta Burgarella, Adeline Barnaud, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Frédérique Jankowski, Nora Scarcelli, Claire Billot, Yves Vigouroux, and Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
Subjects: crops, wild relatives, domestication, selection, gene flow, adaptive introgression, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Global environmental changes strongly impact wild and domesticated species biology and their associated ecosystem services. For crops, global warming has led to significant changes in terms of phenology and/or yield. To respond to the agricultural challenges of this century, there is a strong need for harnessing the genetic variability of crops and adapting them to new conditions. Gene flow, from either the same species or a different species, may be an immediate primary source to widen genetic diversity and adaptions to various environments. When the incorporation of a foreign variant leads to an increase of the fitness of the recipient pool, it is referred to as “adaptive introgression”. Crop species are excellent case studies of this phenomenon since their genetic variability has been considerably reduced over space and time but most of them continue exchanging genetic material with their wild relatives. In this paper, we review studies of adaptive introgression, presenting methodological approaches and challenges to detecting it. We pay particular attention to the potential of this evolutionary mechanism for the adaptation of crops. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of farmers’ knowledge and practices in shaping wild-to-crop gene flow. Finally, we argue that screening the wild introgression already existing in the cultivated gene pool may be an effective strategy for uncovering wild diversity relevant for crop adaptation to current environmental changes and for informing new breeding directions.
Published: 2019
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8. Agromorphological Characterization Revealed Three Phenotypic Groups in a Region-Wide Germplasm of Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf) from West Africa

Author: Abdou R. Ibrahim Bio Yerima, Enoch G. Achigan-Dako, Mamadou Aissata, Emmanuel Sekloka, Claire Billot, Charlotte O. A. Adje, Adeline Barnaud, and Yacoubou Bakasso
Subjects: fonio, fonio millet, white fonio, Digitaria exilis, agro morphological descriptors, phenotypic diversity, Agriculture
Abstract: Fonio is an ancient orphan cereal, cultivated by resource-poor farmers in arid and semi-arid regions of West Africa, who conserved and used the cereal for nutrition and income generation. However, the extent and patterns of phenotypic variation within the fonio germplasm remain scarcely evaluated to inform breeding decisions. In this study, we used alpha lattice design to assess the phenotypic variability of 180 fonio accessions using 20 agro morphological descriptors, including both qualitative and quantitative traits at Bengou research station in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, combined analysis and multivariate analyses, including principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were performed. As results, we found significant differences among fonio accessions and among agro ecological zones of provenance for most of the quantitative traits. Furthermore, highly significant positive correlations were found between grain yield and other yield-related attributes such as harvest index and thousand seeds weight, whereas significant negative correlations were found between grain yield and flowering and maturity times. Clusters analysis revealed three phenotypic groups. Group 1 was characterized by early maturing fonio accessions with higher grain yield. Groups 2 and 3 were characterized by late maturing accessions with intermediate to moderate grain yield. The accessions from Group 1 are candidate for yield improvement and development of fonio lines with enhanced lodging resistance. Accessions from Group 2 and 3 can be improved for yield through marker-assisted selection of best thousand seed weight. This study highlights how traits are correlated within the major phenotypic groups of fonio in West Africa, and we discussed how these groups could be further exploited for improving traits of economic importance. Furthermore, this study exhibited agro morphological descriptors that discriminate fonio accessions and provide useful information for parental selection with economically important agronomic traits.
Published: 2020
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9. New Genetic Insights into Pearl Millet Diversity As Revealed by Characterization of Early- and Late-Flowering Landraces from Senegal

Author: Oumar Diack, Ndjido A. Kane, Cecile Berthouly-Salazar, Mame C. Gueye, Baye M. Diop, Amadou Fofana, Ousmane Sy, Hamidou Tall, Leila Zekraoui, Marie Piquet, Marie Couderc, Yves Vigouroux, Diaga Diouf, and Adeline Barnaud
Subjects: millet, Pennisetum glaucum, flowering, genetic diversity, SSR, PgMADS11, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a staple food and a drought-tolerant cereal well adapted to Sub-Saharan Africa agro-ecosystems. An important diversity of pearl millet landraces has been widely conserved by farmers and therefore could help copping with climate changes and contribute to future food security. Hence, characterizing its genetic diversity and population structure can contribute to better assist breeding programs for a sustainable agricultural productivity enhancement. Toward this goal, a comprehensive panel of 404 accessions were used that correspond to 12 improved varieties, 306 early flowering and 86 late-flowering cultivated landraces from Senegal. Twelve highly polymorphic SSR markers were used to study diversity and population structure. Two genes, PgMADS11 and PgPHYC, were genotyped to assess their association to flowering phenotypic difference in landraces. Results indicate a large diversity and untapped potential of Senegalese pearl millet germplasm as well as a genetic differentiation between early- and late-flowering landraces. Further, a fine-scale genetic difference of PgPHYC and PgMADS11 (SNP and indel, respectively) and co-variation of their alleles with flowering time were found among landraces. These findings highlight new genetic insights of pearl millet useful to define heterotic populations for breeding, genomic association panel, or crosses for trait-specific mapping.
Published: 2017
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10. Structure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) diversity in West Africa covaries with a climatic gradient.

Author: Kodjo Glato, Atsou Aidam, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Diallo Bassirou, Marie Couderc, Leila Zekraoui, Nora Scarcelli, Adeline Barnaud, and Yves Vigouroux
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Sub-Saharan agriculture has been identified as vulnerable to ongoing climate change. Adaptation of agriculture has been suggested as a way to maintain productivity. Better knowledge of intra-specific diversity of varieties is prerequisites for the successful management of such adaptation. Among crops, root and tubers play important roles in food security and economic growth for the most vulnerable populations in Africa. Here, we focus on the sweet potato. The Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was domesticated in Central and South America and was later introduced into Africa and is now cultivated throughout tropical Africa. We evaluated its diversity in West Africa by sampling a region extending from the coastal area of Togo to the northern Sahelian region of Senegal that represents a range of climatic conditions. Using 12 microsatellite markers, we evaluated 132 varieties along this gradient. Phenotypic data from field trials conducted in three seasons was also obtained. Genetic diversity in West Africa was found to be 18% lower than in America. Genetic diversity in West Africa is structured into five groups, with some groups found in very specific climatic areas, e.g. under a tropical humid climate, or under a Sahelian climate. We also observed genetic groups that occur in a wider range of climates. The genetic groups were also associated with morphological differentiation, mainly the shape of the leaves and the color of the stem or root. This particular structure of diversity along a climatic gradient with association to phenotypic variability can be used for conservation strategies. If such structure is proved to be associated with specific climatic adaptation, it will also allow developing strategies to adapt agriculture to ongoing climate variation in West Africa.
Published: 2017
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11. Influence of ethnolinguistic diversity on the sorghum genetic patterns in subsistence farming systems in eastern Kenya.

Author: Vanesse Labeyrie, Monique Deu, Adeline Barnaud, Caroline Calatayud, Marylène Buiron, Peterson Wambugu, Stéphanie Manel, Jean-Christophe Glaszmann, and Christian Leclerc
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Understanding the effects of actions undertaken by human societies on crop evolution processes is a major challenge for the conservation of genetic resources. This study investigated the mechanisms whereby social boundaries associated with patterns of ethnolinguistic diversity have influenced the on-farm distribution of sorghum diversity. Social boundaries limit the diffusion of planting material, practices and knowledge, thus shaping crop diversity in situ. To assess the effect of social boundaries, this study was conducted in the contact zone between the Chuka, Mbeere and Tharaka ethnolinguistic groups in eastern Kenya. Sorghum varieties were inventoried and samples collected in 130 households. In all, 297 individual plants derived from seeds collected under sixteen variety names were characterized using a set of 18 SSR molecular markers and 15 morphological descriptors. The genetic structure was investigated using both a Bayesian assignment method and distance-based clustering. Principal Coordinates Analysis was used to describe the structure of the morphological diversity of the panicles. The distribution of the varieties and the main genetic clusters across ethnolinguistic groups was described using a non-parametric MANOVA and pairwise Fisher tests. The spatial distribution of landrace names and the overall genetic spatial patterns were significantly correlated with ethnolinguistic partition. However, the genetic structure inferred from molecular makers did not discriminate the short-cycle landraces despite their morphological distinctness. The cases of two improved varieties highlighted possible fates of improved materials. The most recent one was often given the name of local landraces. The second one, that was introduced a dozen years ago, displays traces of admixture with local landraces with differential intensity among ethnic groups. The patterns of congruence or discordance between the nomenclature of farmers' varieties and the structure of both genetic and morphological diversity highlight the effects of the social organization of communities on the diffusion of seed, practices, and variety nomenclature.
Published: 2014
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12. Population genetics of Ceratitis capitata in South Africa: implications for dispersal and pest management.

Author: Minette Karsten, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Adeline Barnaud, and John S Terblanche
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The invasive Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is one of the major agricultural and economical pests globally. Understanding invasion risk and mitigation of medfly in agricultural landscapes requires knowledge of its population structure and dispersal patterns. Here, estimates of dispersal ability are provided in medfly from South Africa at three spatial scales using molecular approaches. Individuals were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and a subset of individuals were also sequenced for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Our results show that South African medfly populations are generally characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and limited population differentiation at all spatial scales. This suggests high levels of gene flow among sampling locations. However, natural dispersal in C. capitata has been shown to rarely exceed 10 km. Therefore, documented levels of high gene flow in the present study, even between distant populations (>1600 km), are likely the result of human-mediated dispersal or at least some form of long-distance jump dispersal. These findings may have broad applicability to other global fruit production areas and have significant implications for ongoing pest management practices, such as the sterile insect technique.
Published: 2013
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13. A set of 100 chloroplast DNA primer pairs to study population genetics and phylogeny in monocotyledons.

Author: Nora Scarcelli, Adeline Barnaud, Wolf Eiserhardt, Urs A Treier, Marie Seveno, Amélie d'Anfray, Yves Vigouroux, and Jean-Christophe Pintaud
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Chloroplast DNA sequences are of great interest for population genetics and phylogenetic studies. However, only a small set of markers are commonly used. Most of them have been designed for amplification in a large range of Angiosperms and are located in the Large Single Copy (LSC). Here we developed a new set of 100 primer pairs optimized for amplification in Monocotyledons. Primer pairs amplify coding (exon) and non-coding regions (intron and intergenic spacer). They span the different chloroplast regions: 72 are located in the LSC, 13 in the Small Single Copy (SSC) and 15 in the Inverted Repeat region (IR). Amplification and sequencing were tested in 13 species of Monocotyledons: Dioscorea abyssinica, D. praehensilis, D. rotundata, D. dumetorum, D. bulbifera, Trichopus sempervirens (Dioscoreaceae), Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera, Astrocaryum scopatum, A. murumuru, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae), Digitaria excilis and Pennisetum glaucum (Poaceae). The diversity found in Dioscorea, Digitaria and Pennisetum mainly corresponded to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) while the diversity found in Arecaceae also comprises Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR). We observed that the most variable loci (rps15-ycf1, rpl32-ccsA, ndhF-rpl32, ndhG-ndhI and ccsA) are located in the SSC. Through the analysis of the genetic structure of a wild-cultivated species complex in Dioscorea, we demonstrated that this new set of primers is of great interest for population genetics and we anticipate that it will also be useful for phylogeny and bar-coding studies.
Published: 2011
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14. Optimization of capture protocols across species targeting up to 32000 genes and their extension to pooled DNA

Author: Cédric Mariac, Kévin Bethune, Sinara Oliveira de Aquino, Mohamed Abdelrahman, Adeline Barnaud, Claire Billot, Leila Zekraoui, Marie Couderc, Ndjido Kané, Alan Carvalho Andrade, Pierre Marraccini, Catherine Kiwuka, Laurence Albar, François Sabot, Valérie Poncet, Thomas LP Couvreur, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, and Yves Vigouroux
Abstract: PremiseIn-solution based capture is becoming a method of choice for sequencing targeted sequence.Methods and resultsWe assessed and optimized a capture protocol in 20 different species from 6 different plant genus using kits from 20,000 to 200,000 baits targeting from 300 to 32,000 genes. We evaluated both the effectiveness of the capture protocol and the fold enrichment in targeted sequences. We proposed a protocol with multiplexing up to 96 samples in a single hybridization and showed it was an efficient and cost-effective strategy. We also extended the use of capture to pools of 100 samples and proved the efficiency of the method to assess allele frequency. Using a set of various organisms with different genome sizes, we demonstrated a correlation between the percentage of on-target reads vs. the relative size of the targeted sequences.ConclusionAltogether, we proposed methods, strategies, cost-efficient protocols and statistics to better evaluate and more effectively use hybridization capture.
Published: 2022

15. From Texts to Enacting Practices: Defining Fair and Equitable Research Principles for Plant Genetic Resources in West Africa

Author: Frédérique Jankowski, J.-L. Pham, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, A. Diao Camara, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Adeline Barnaud, M. Diol, and Selim Louafi
Subjects: 050204 development studies, 0507 social and economic geography, Interactional justice, Recherche interdisciplinaire, Injustice, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Ressource génétique végétale, Political science, 0502 economics and business, Environmental sociology, Forum theater, Transdisciplinary research, Ethics, Sustainable development, Convention on Biological Diversity, Equity (economics), business.industry, Access and benefit sharing (ABS), 05 social sciences, Public relations, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Accès et partage des avantages, Development studies, Plant genetic resources, business, 050703 geography, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Collaborative research practices in the field of plant genetic resources must follow the principles of fairness and equity as defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). In this context the concepts of fairness and equity generally refer to the substantive and procedural dimensions associated with sharing the benefits of this research. But neither term is clearly defined by these international treaties, and the meanings attributed to the concepts vary among different societies. This paper looks at the question of how to account for the diversity among value systems when conducting research that implicates diverse stakeholders and respects the requirements of fairness and equity. We incorporated an auto-ethnography method developed as part of a multi-stakeholder network involved in research projects on plant genetic resources in West Africa. A theatrical device was used as a framework for testing the principles of fairness and equity, helping us to collectively identify feelings of injustice, and explore the conditions for making collaborative research practices more ethical in ways that respect the perspectives of different stakeholders. In an environment of extensive political and socio-cognitive inequality, this approach makes it possible to explain the criteria relating to interactional justice and expectations in terms of socio-political and socio-emotional benefits. It also invites us to consider the principles of fairness and equity in a framework of ethical competence that goes beyond international directives.
Published: 2022

16. Chapitre 35. Agrobiodiversité et transition agroécologique

Author: Aby Cissé, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, Saidou N. Sall, Delphine Renard, Cathy Clermont-Dauphin, Alihou Ndiaye, Adeline Barnaud, and Ndjido Ardo Kane
Published: 2022

17. Ecological distribution, diversity and use of the genus Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) in Senegal

Author: Mame Samba Mbaye, Mame Codou Gueye, Baye Magatte Diop, Kandioura Noba, Abdoul Aziz Camara, Ablaye Ngom, Adeline Barnaud, and Mathieu Gueye
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Ecology, Steppe, Digitaria, Tropics, Rainforest, Vegetation, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Digitaria exilis, Genus, Species richness, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The genus Digitaria Haller is one of the most important of grass flora of Senegal by both its specific richness and the socio-economic value of its species. Despite this importance, no studies have been done specifically on these species. This study aims, therefore, to document the diversity, distribution, ecology and usefulness of the genus of such species for raising public awareness about botanical, ecological distribution, and status of such species and their uses in Senegal. Data collection approach was based on field work conducted in Senegal that has allowed the preparation of distribution maps of species related to ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and soil coupled with a literature review used to determine the use of species. Consequently, literature accessed has revealed that various species of Digitaria exist and they consist mainly of weeds, forage or food crops. Digitaria spp. has a wider distribution with some species having a broader distribution whereas others are restricted to some African regions. They are generally encountered throughout the tropics including in rainforests, savannas and steppes; wherein soils are sandy and acidic types. In Senegal, most of the species are found in the south under a Sudano-Sahelian zone, growing on almost all vegetation and soil types. This study, which is a contribution to the improvement and preservation of the living environment of these species, is an important step for the facilitation of any conservation action. It also encourages a greater appreciation of the value of these species, which are potential sources of genes from Digitaria exilis, the cultivated species. Key words: Digitaria, climatic zones, vegetation types, soil types, conservation, Senegal.
Published: 2019

18. Fonio [Digitaria exilis (Kippist.) Stapf.] Diversity Revealed by Farmers and its Importance in Cropping Systems in Niger

Author: Yacoubou Bakasso, Adeline Barnaud, Claire Billot, Idi Saidou Sani, Ali Mahamane, Mahamane Saadou, M. M. Inoussa, and Atta Sanoussi
Subjects: Agronomy, Digitaria exilis, Biology, Cropping, Diversity (business)
Published: 2018

19. Agromorphological Characterization Revealed Three Phenotypic Groups in a Region-Wide Germplasm of Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf) from West Africa

Author: Charlotte Abike Adjé, Emmanuel Sekloka, Yacoubou Bakasso, Mamadou Aissata, Claire Billot, Abdou R. Ibrahim Bio Yerima, Enoch G. Achigan-Dako, Adeline Barnaud, University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger, University of Parakou, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Abdou Moumouni [Niamey], Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Commission (2016-2988), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Université de Parakou (UP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Germplasm, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Digitaria exilis, Quantitative trait locus, Biology, 01 natural sciences, West africa, lcsh:Agriculture, 03 medical and health sciences, Multiple factor analysis, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, 2. Zero hunger, fonio millet, genetic improvement, neglected and underutilized species (NUS), lcsh:S, food and beverages, Morphological descriptors, Arid, agro morphological descriptors, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, Grain yield, white fonio, Agronomy and Crop Science, fonio, phenotypic diversity, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Fonio is an ancient orphan cereal, cultivated by resource-poor farmers in arid and semi-arid regions of West Africa, who conserved and used the cereal for nutrition and income generation. However, the extent and patterns of phenotypic variation within the fonio germplasm remain scarcely evaluated to inform breeding decisions. In this study, we used alpha lattice design to assess the phenotypic variability of 180 fonio accessions using 20 agro morphological descriptors, including both qualitative and quantitative traits at Bengou research station in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, combined analysis and multivariate analyses, including principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were performed. As results, we found significant differences among fonio accessions and among agro ecological zones of provenance for most of the quantitative traits. Furthermore, highly significant positive correlations were found between grain yield and other yield-related attributes such as harvest index and thousand seeds weight, whereas significant negative correlations were found between grain yield and flowering and maturity times. Clusters analysis revealed three phenotypic groups. Group 1 was characterized by early maturing fonio accessions with higher grain yield. Groups 2 and 3 were characterized by late maturing accessions with intermediate to moderate grain yield. The accessions from Group 1 are candidate for yield improvement and development of fonio lines with enhanced lodging resistance. Accessions from Group 2 and 3 can be improved for yield through marker-assisted selection of best thousand seed weight. This study highlights how traits are correlated within the major phenotypic groups of fonio in West Africa, and we discussed how these groups could be further exploited for improving traits of economic importance. Furthermore, this study exhibited agro morphological descriptors that discriminate fonio accessions and provide useful information for parental selection with economically important agronomic traits.
Published: 2020

20. Fonio millet genome unlocks African orphan crop diversity for agriculture in a changing climate

Author: Ndjido Ardo Kane, Yves Vigouroux, Denisa Šimoníková, Leila Zekraoui, Jaroslav Dolezel, Nagarajan Kathiresan, Sandrine Causse, Michael Abrouk, Thomas Wicker, Sandrine Arribat, Claire Billot, Stéphane Cauet, Simon G. Krattinger, Jana Cizkova, Sylvie Vancoppenolle, Adeline Barnaud, E. Hribova, Hélène Bergès, Philippe Cubry, Jan Bettgenhaeuser, Mathieu Gueye, Hanin Ibrahim Ahmed, Liubov Gapa, Nora Scarcelli, Yveline Pailles, Jan J. Wieringa, Christian Leclerc, Marie Couderc, University of Zurich, Barnaud, Adeline, Krattinger, Simon G, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Centre National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute, LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), European Regional Development Fund OPVVV project 'Plants as a tool for sustainable development' CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827, ANR-16-IDEX-0006,MUSE,MUSE(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Digitaria, General Physics and Astronomy, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, Plant breeding, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Domestication, 0302 clinical medicine, 10126 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, lcsh:Science, 2. Zero hunger, Molecular breeding, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Diversité génétique (comme ressource), Agroforestry, Domestication des plantes, phytogénétique, food and beverages, Agriculture, 3100 General Physics and Astronomy, Genome, Plant, Agricultural genetics, Plant domestication, Science, Climate Change, Context (language use), 1600 General Chemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, génomique, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Ressource génétique végétale, Variation génétique, Species Specificity, 1300 General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 10211 Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Selection, Genetic, 030304 developmental biology, Changement climatique, Genetic diversity, business.industry, Genetic Variation, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Digitaria exilis, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Amélioration des plantes, 030104 developmental biology, Crop diversity, 13. Climate action, General Biochemistry, Africa, lcsh:Q, business, Edible Grain, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Sustainable food production in the context of climate change necessitates diversification of agriculture and a more efficient utilization of plant genetic resources. Fonio millet (Digitaria exilis) is an orphan African cereal crop with a great potential for dryland agriculture. Here, we establish high-quality genomic resources to facilitate fonio improvement through molecular breeding. These include a chromosome-scale reference assembly and deep re-sequencing of 183 cultivated and wild Digitaria accessions, enabling insights into genetic diversity, population structure, and domestication. Fonio diversity is shaped by climatic, geographic, and ethnolinguistic factors. Two genes associated with seed size and shattering showed signatures of selection. Most known domestication genes from other cereal models however have not experienced strong selection in fonio, providing direct targets to rapidly improve this crop for agriculture in hot and dry environments., Fonio millet is a fast growing orphan cereal crop with a great potential for dryland agriculture. Here, the authors report chromosome-scale reference genome assembly and population genomic resources to shed light on genetic diversity, population structure and domestication of fonio millet.
Published: 2020

21. Ethnicity Differences in Uses and Management Practices of Bitter Kola Trees (Garcinia kola) in Cameroon

Author: Adeline Barnaud, Théophile Fonkou, Alain Tsobeng, Stephane Takoudjou Momo, Marcelle Franca Meguem Mboujda, Marie-Louise Avana-Tientcheu, Jérôme Duminil, Boniface Tientcheu Yogom, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Dschang, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and University of Yaoundé [Cameroun]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Garcinia kola, Ethnobotany, Plant Science, Horticulture, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Indigenous, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, IUCN Red List, Cameroon, Multipurpose tree, Agroecology, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Agroforestry, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, Overexploitation, Geography, Threatened species, Conservation status, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Garcinia, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Ethnicity Differences in Use Values and Management Practices of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) in Cameroon. Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is an indigenous multipurpose tree species in West and Central Africa, threatened by overexploitation and classified by the IUCN as vulnerable. Understanding local knowledge and management patterns in different socioecological contexts could contribute to designing strategies for conservation and long-term use of the species. In order to characterize the parts of the plant and the harvesting techniques that are used by different ethnic groups in Cameroon, we conducted surveys through the use of semi-structured questionnaires (N = 182) in six different sites covering different agro-ecological zones where the species is present (forest and savanna). Ethnic groups from the savanna agro-ecological zone shared similar patterns in G. kola organs/parts used and harvesting techniques, but these patterns differed among ethnic groups from the savanna and forest zones and within the forest zone. Ethnic groups from the savanna zone mainly harvest the species for its seeds that are used as stimulants. Conversely ethnic groups from the forest zone mainly collect bark and roots, and uses differ between agriculturalists (Fang and Bassa) and hunter-gatherers (Baka). These patterns have direct consequences on species management practices. Savanna farmers applied sustainable harvesting as they extract fruits and seeds and planting more trees in order to increase the species’ contribution to their livelihood. People in the forest zone destructively felled standing trees, threatening the species in its natural environment. The influence of these results on the conservation status of the species in the region are discussed.
Published: 2020

22. EST-SSR development for Digitaria exilis and its relatives D. iburua and D. longiflora from transcriptome sequences

Author: Adeline Barnaud, Katina Olodo, Salomon Abraham, Mame Codou Gueye, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Yves Vigouroux, Caroline Calatayud, Claire Billot, Baye Magatte Diop, Valentine Otang Ntui, Marie-Madeleine S. Barreto, Edak Aniedi Uyoh, Ablaye Ngom, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Calabar (UNICAL), Université de Montpellier (UM), and West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP/PPAAO 2A CERA 58) : 06 Deutscher, Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, microsatellite, Séquence nucléotidique, Digitaria, Transferability, Plant Science, Poaceae, 01 natural sciences, West africa, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, diversity, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, Séquence d'ADN, EST-SSR, Botany, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, 2. Zero hunger, Genetic diversity, biology, Diversité génétique (comme ressource), genetic techniques [EN], biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Digitaria exilis, Microsatellite, cross-amplification, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Digitaria exilis is an important indigenous cereal in West Africa. The first fonio reference transcriptome was released and became a key tool for developing new molecular markers contributing to a better understanding of its genetic diversity. A total of 126 new putative primer pairs were successfully designed in 37,327 unigenes from the D. exilis transcriptome. Thirty-seven primer pairs were randomly selected and tested for their ability to cross-amplify to related species. Clear amplification patterns were observed on 24 primer pairs. Of these, 71, 74 and 35% showed polymorphism in three species: D. exilis, D. longiflora and D. iburua. The transferability from D. exilis was 96% to D. longiflora and 71% to D. iburua. The new SSR markers confirmed the close genetic proximity of D. exilis with D. longiflora and its stronger genetic difference of D. exilis from D. iburua. These markers will be valuable for completing future knowledge on Digitaria evolutionary history, and for testing gene flows between related species.
Published: 2019

23. Adaptive Introgression: An Untapped Evolutionary Mechanism for Crop Adaptation

Author: Yves Vigouroux, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Frédérique Jankowski, Adeline Barnaud, Nora Scarcelli, Concetta Burgarella, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, Claire Billot, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (UPR GREEN), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agropolis Fondation through the 'Investissements d'avenir' programme under the frame of I-SITE MUSE : 1403-057, ANR-10-LABX-0001-01, ANR-16-IDEX-0006, NERC/DFID Future Climate For Africa programme under the AMMA-2050 project : NE/M019934/1, ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0006,MUSE,MUSE(2016), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, F40 - Écologie végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, farmer’s practices, introgression, adaptation aux changements climatiques, Introgression, selection, Plant Science, Review, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Ecosystem services, Gene flow, Plante sauvage, 03 medical and health sciences, domestication, Variation génétique, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Genetic variability, adaptive introgression, Domestication, 030304 developmental biology, Changement climatique, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Vegetal Biology, Ecology, adaptive, 15. Life on land, crops, wild relatives, gene flow, farmer's practices, 13. Climate action, Gene pool, Plante de culture, Adaptation, Biologie végétale
Abstract: Global environmental changes strongly impact wild and domesticated species biology and their associated ecosystem services. For crops, global warming has led to significant changes in terms of phenology and/or yield. To respond to the agricultural challenges of this century, there is a strong need for harnessing the genetic variability of crops and adapting them to new conditions. Gene flow, from either the same species or a different species, may be an immediate primary source to widen genetic diversity and adaptions to various environments. When the incorporation of a foreign variant leads to an increase of the fitness of the recipient pool, it is referred to as “adaptive introgression”. Crop species are excellent case studies of this phenomenon since their genetic variability has been considerably reduced over space and time but most of them continue exchanging genetic material with their wild relatives. In this paper, we review studies of adaptive introgression, presenting methodological approaches and challenges to detecting it. We pay particular attention to the potential of this evolutionary mechanism for the adaptation of crops. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of farmers’ knowledge and practices in shaping wild-to-crop gene flow. Finally, we argue that screening the wild introgression already existing in the cultivated gene pool may be an effective strategy for uncovering wild diversity relevant for crop adaptation to current environmental changes and for informing new breeding directions.
Published: 2019

24. Growing a shared landscape : plants and humans over generations among the Duupa farmers of northern Cameroon

Author: Eric Garine, Adeline Barnaud, Raimond Christine, Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG (UMR_8586 / UMR_D_215 / UM_115)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stépanoff, C. (Ed.), Vigne, J.-D. (Ed.), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

25. Growing a shared landscape

Author: Adeline Barnaud, Christine Raimond, and Eric Garine
Subjects: Biology
Published: 2018

26. Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf): A Socially Embedded Cereal for Food and Nutrition Security in Senegal

Author: Ndiaga Cissé, Adeline Barnaud, Omar Diack, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Mame Codou Gueye, Christian Leclerc, Ibrahima Ndoye, Yves Vigouroux, Khadidiatou Ndoye Ndir, Amadou Fofana, Baye Magatte Diop, Marie Piquet, Claire Billot, Codjo Emile Agbangba, Monique Deu, Ablaye Ngom, Leila Zekraoui, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Thiès, University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: S01 - Nutrition humaine - Considérations générales, Graine, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Cash crop, Ethnobotany, Neglected and underutilized species, Family farming system, Cereals, Agricultural diversification, Groupe éthnique, 2. Zero hunger, Vegetal Biology, Food security, Agroforestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040401 food science, Agricultural sciences, Geography, sécurité alimentaire, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Agroecology, business.industry, Rôle des femmes, Subsistence agriculture, Digitaria exilis, Réseau, 15. Life on land, Pénurie alimentaire, Agriculture, Anthropology, Sustainability, Système d'exploitation agricole, business, Biologie végétale, Sciences agricoles
Abstract: International audience; Agricultural diversification with neglected and underutilized species is a viable way to sustainably increase the productivity of agrosystems. Understanding the social, cultural, and ecological roles of these species is crucial for their promotion. White fonio (Digitaria exilis), a neglected cereal endemic to West African Sahelian countries, is recognized as a crop for the future due to its cultural, nutritional, and economic values. In this study, we described fonio farming systems in Senegal through an ethnobotanical approach. As expected in family farming systems, farmers largely practiced diversified subsistence agriculture on small plots and relied on local seed exchange networks. The importance of fonio varied among agroecological zones, ethnic groups, and gender. In the Groundnut Basin, where agriculture is more mechanized, late-maturing landraces of fonio are cultivated as a cash crop rather than a staple crop. However, in southern Senegal, where food shortages are recurrent, fonio is more widespread and the cultivation of both early- and late-maturing landraces contributes to local food security. These differences also reflect the cultural status of fonio: different among ethnic groups and more important for women than for men. Finally, the regressive dynamics of fonio cultivation in most regions emphasizes the need to develop integrated conservation and promotion strategies that take into account the diversity of social and agronomical roles of the plant.
Published: 2018

27. Ecological distribution, diversity and use of the genus Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) in Senegal

Author: Ablaye, Ngom, primary, Mame, Samba Mbaye, additional, Adeline, Barnaud, additional, Mame, Codou Gueye, additional, Abdoul, Aziz Camara, additional, Mathieu, Gueye, additional, Baye, Magatte Diop, additional, and Kandioura, Noba, additional
Published: 2019
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28. Myosin XI is associated with fitness and adaptation to aridity in wild pearl millet

Author: T Moussa, Marie Couderc, Aichatou Assoumane, Domenica Manicacci, Leila Zekraoui, Djibo Moussa, Cédric Mariac, Yves Vigouroux, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Adeline Barnaud, Issaka Salia Ousseini, Bénédicte Rhoné, Yacoubou Bakasso, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Abdou Moumouni [Niamey], Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-12-ADAP-0002,AdaptInWild,Identifier la variation adaptative dans les espèces sauvages apparentées de deux céréales cultivées, le maïs et le mil(2012), and ANR-12-PDOC-0009,MILDIV,Génomique des populations pour l'étude de l'adaptation des populations de mil sauvage (Cenchrus americanus)(2012)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pennisetum, Genotype, Climate, Physiological, Rain, Population, Genetic Fitness, Biology, Myosins, Mali, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Plant proteins, Niger, Allele, Adaptation, Association mapping, Domestication, education, Genetic Association Studies, Genetics (clinical), Alleles, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, fungi, food and beverages, Water, Phenotypic trait, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Adaptation, Physiological, Gene frequency, Genetics, Population, Phenotype, 030104 developmental biology, Inflorescence, Original Article
Abstract: International audience; Phenotypic changes in plants can be observed along many environmental gradients and are determined by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of alleles associated with phenotypic variations is a rapidly developing area of research.We studied the genetic basis of phenotypic variations in 11 populations of wild pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) on two NorthSouth aridity gradients, one in Niger and one in Mali. Most of the 11 phenotypic traits assessed in a common garden experimentvaried between the populations studied. Moreover, the size of the inflorescence, the number of flowers and aboveground dry mass co-varied positively with a decrease in rainfall. To decipher the genetic basis of these phenotypes, we used an associationmapping strategy with a mixed model. We found two SNPs on the same myosin XI contig significantly associated with variations in the average number of flowers. Both the allele frequency of the two SNPs and the average number of flowers co-varied withthe rainfall gradient on the two gradients. Interestingly, this gene was also a target of selection during domestication. The Myosin XI gene is thus a good candidate for fitness-related adaptation in wild populations.
Published: 2017

29. High selfing rate inferred for white fonio [Digitaria exilis (Kippist.) Stapf] reproductive system opens up opportunities for breeding programs

Author: Mamadou Billo Barry, Yves Vigouroux, Ronan Rivallan, Mamadou Alpha Tely Diallo, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Sani Idi Saidou, Claire Billot, Marie Piquet, Leila Zekraoui, Yacoubou Bakasso, Adeline Barnaud, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée (IRAG), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Abdou Moumouni [Niamey], Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and This research was funded by the ARCAD project(No. 0900-001, www.arcad-project.org), a flagship project ofAgropolis Fondation (www.agropolis-fondation.fr)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, agrobiodiversité, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Mating system, Marqueur génétique, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, Céréale secondaire, Diversification, Génotype, Context (language use), Outcrossing, Reproduction sexuée, Biology, Poaceae, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, Apomixis, Genetics, Fonio millet, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, business.industry, NUS, Selfing, Microsatellite, Digitaria exilis, SSR, Biotechnology, Agrobiodiversity, 030104 developmental biology, Agricultural biodiversity, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; In a context of the global major changes, it is mandatory to enlarge the range of crops supporting food security and pay great attention to neglected and underutilized species. However, basic knowledge of the biology of many neglected and underutilized species is still lacking to increase their yields. In this study, the mating system of white fonio [Digitaria exilis (Kippist.) Stapf], a West African minor and promising cereal, is assessed. Progenies arrays from both homozygous and heterozygous mothers were genotyped with microsatellites markers. The rate of genotyping errors in the experiments was assessed and a likelihood framework was used to determine the probability of different mating systems: outcrossing, self-fertilization and apomixis. The results suggested that white fonio has a highly selfing reproductive system with a possible outcrossing rate of 1.7%. Understanding the reproduction system of white fonio opens up opportunities for more effective breeding programs and a wider use of this cereal for food security improvement.
Published: 2017

30. Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci developed Digitaria exilis Stapf in related Digitaria species

Author: Kandioura Noba, Baye Magatte Diop, Marie Piquet, Leila Zekraoui, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Mame Codou Gueye, Adeline Barnaud, Yves Vigouroux, Caroline Calatayud, Ablaye Ngom, Claire Billot, Mame Samba Mbaye, and Mathieu Gueye
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Genetic diversity, Wild species, biology, Digitaria, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, White (mutation), Crop, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Genus, Digitaria exilis, Botany, Microsatellite, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Objectives: Digitaria exilis Stapf (white fonio) is a staple crop in West Africa, mainly consumed during food shortage and highly associated to cultural events. The aim of this study was to test the transferability of microsatellite loci developed for D. exilis to other species of the genus Digitaria in order to further investigate the diversity of species for which there is little genomic resources available. Methodology and Results : Eight (8) microsatellite loci on 119 accessions from 39 Digitaria species were tested. With an average amplification percentage of 62.8% ranging from 25% to 100 %, these SSR markers are transferable to other species of the genus Digitaria. The transferability was higher for D. argyrothrica, D. fuscescens, D. longiflora, D. milanjiana and D. ternata. In some species such as D. abyssinica, D. nuda, D. pennata, D. pseudodiagonalis and D. tisserantii, the very low percentage of cross-amplification confirmed their distance from D. exilis. D. longiflora , thought as the most related wild species to D. exilis , exhibited 100% level of transferable polymorphic loci. Conclusion and application of findings : This set of markers will be useful for breeding and studying relationships between Digitaria species. Keywords : Cross-species amplification, Digitaria, genetic diversity, microsatellite loci.
Published: 2019

31. Structure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) diversity in West Africa covaries with a climatic gradient

Author: Yves Vigouroux, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Atsou Aïdam, Leila Zekraoui, Kodjo Glato, Diallo Bassirou, Marie Couderc, Nora Scarcelli, Adeline Barnaud, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Lomé [Togo], This study was partly funded by the Agropolis Foundation’s 'Agropolis Resource Center for Crop Adaptation and Diversity' (ARCAD) project, the French embassy in Togo (SCAC), Institut Sénégalais de la Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal, the Institut de la Recherche pour le De´veloppement (IRD) in Dakar, Sénégal and Montpellier, France, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) grant N˚ 11514/2011/DDS/DESFP/PAES-436 to Kodjo Glato and the University of Lomé, Togo., and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Leaves, Range (biology), Climate, lcsh:Medicine, Plant Science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Geographical Locations, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Vegetables, Ipomoea batatas, lcsh:Science, Flowering Plants, 2. Zero hunger, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, Food security, Geography, Agroforestry, Plant Anatomy, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Plants, Senegal, Africa, Western, Phylogeography, Phenotypes, Biogeography, Togo, Physical Sciences, Statistics (Mathematics), Research Article, Genes plant, Climatic adaptation, Climate change, Genes, Plant, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Western Africa, Statistical Methods, Domestication, Genetic diversity, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Genetic Variation, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Agriculture, People and Places, Africa, Multivariate Analysis, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Sweet Potato, business, Population Genetics, Mathematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Sub-Saharan agriculture has been identified as vulnerable to ongoing climate change. Adaptation of agriculture has been suggested as a way to maintain productivity. Better knowledge of intra-specific diversity of varieties is prerequisites for the successful management of such adaptation. Among crops, root and tubers play important roles in food security and economic growth for the most vulnerable populations in Africa. Here, we focus on the sweet potato. The Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was domesticated in Central and South America and was later introduced into Africa and is now cultivated throughout tropical Africa. We evaluated its diversity in West Africa by sampling a region extending from the coastal area of Togo to the northern Sahelian region of Senegal that represents a range of climatic conditions. Using 12 microsatellite markers, we evaluated 132 varieties along this gradient. Phenotypic data from field trials conducted in three seasons was also obtained. Genetic diversity in West Africa was found to be 18% lower than in America. Genetic diversity in West Africa is structured into five groups, with some groups found in very specific climatic areas, e.g. under a tropical humid climate, or under a Sahelian climate. We also observed genetic groups that occur in a wider range of climates. The genetic groups were also associated with morphological differentiation, mainly the shape of the leaves and the color of the stem or root. This particular structure of diversity along a climatic gradient with association to phenotypic variability can be used for conservation strategies. If such structure is proved to be associated with specific climatic adaptation, it will also allow developing strategies to adapt agriculture to ongoing climate variation in West Africa.
Published: 2015

32. Biodiversity, evolution and adaptation of cultivated crops

Author: Anne-Céline Thuillet, Yves Vigouroux, Adeline Barnaud, and Nora Scarcelli
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, Climate, Biodiversity, Panicum, Zea mays, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Crop biodiversity, Domestication, Crop, Humans, Asset (economics), Smallholder agriculture, Adaptation, Demography, Cultivated plant taxonomy, General Immunology and Microbiology, Agroforestry, business.industry, Agriculture, General Medicine, Adaptation, Physiological, Biological Evolution, Geography, Crop diversity, Environmental changes, Hybridization, Genetic, Agricultural biodiversity, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract: The human diet depends on very few crops. Current diversity in these crops is the result of a long interaction between farmers and cultivated plants, and their environment. Man largely shaped crop biodiversity from the domestication period 12,000 B.P. to the development of improved varieties during the last century. We illustrate this process through a detailed analysis of the domestication and early diffusion of maize. In smallholder agricultural systems, farmers still have a major impact on crop diversity today. We review several examples of the major impact of man on current diversity. Finally, biodiversity is considered to be an asset for adaptation to current environmental changes. We describe the evolution of pearl millet in West Africa, where average rainfall has decreased over the last forty years. Diversity in cultivated varieties has certainly helped this crop to adapt to climate variation.
Published: 2011

33. Gestion des ressources génétiques du sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) chez les Duupa (Nord Cameroun)

Author: Simon Monné, Monique Deu, Hélène Joly, Célestin Khasah, Adeline Barnaud, Eric Garine, and Doyle McKey
Subjects: Agriculteur, Participation, Sorghum bicolor, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Amélioration des plantes, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Gestion des ressources, Ressource génétique végétale, F03 - Production et traitement des semences, E50 - Sociologie rurale, Animal Science and Zoology, Agriculture traditionnelle, Production de semences, Semence, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Le système de diffusion des semences a un impact direct sur la structure génétique des populations de plantes domestiquées et sur son évolution. Ce système peut être caractérisé par ses acteurs, mais aussi par la nature, le sens et l'intensité des échanges. En décrivant les pratiques de sélection et la circulation des semences de sorgho dans la société duupa au Nord Cameroun, notre étude vise à comprendre la dynamique de la diversité génétique. Les agriculteurs duupa maintiennent une importante diversité variétale (40 variétés) qu'ils cultivent en mélange polyvariétal. Chaque année, ils sélectionnent des panicules pour reconduire leur culture, mais peuvent également utiliser des graines non sélectionnées. Les échanges de semences sont importants, et 56 % des agriculteurs se pourvoient auprès de leur famille ou de leurs voisins. Le battage est le moment privilégié des échanges de semences en panicules, mais les agriculteurs duupa introduisent également dans leurs semences des graines à vocation alimentaire échangées à l'occasion de visites et de cérémonies. Les liens sociaux qu'entretiennent les Duupa influencent directement la circulation des semences et sont au coeur de la dynamique de la diversité génétique.
Published: 2008

34. Farmer seed networks make a limited contribution to agriculture? Four common misconceptions

Author: Marco Pautasso, Devra I. Jarvis, Eric Garine, Sophie Caillon, Guntra A. Aistara, Adeline Barnaud, Chloé Violon, Pierre Martin, Laure Emperaire, Jean Wencelius, Pascal Clouvel, Elise Demeulenaere, Doyle McKey, Selim Louafi, Shawn McGuire, Oliver T. Coomes, François Massol, Department of Geography [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], School of International Development, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University [Budapest, Hongrie] (CEU), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Fondation de Recherche sur la Biodiversité, CESAB, NETSEED, McGill University, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Biodiversity International, Central European University (CEU), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Systèmes de Cultures Annuelles (UPR 102 SCA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité (CESAB), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Systèmes de Cultures Annuelles (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 102 SCA), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: SELECTION, Germplasm, Seed supply, Economics and Econometrics, Informal seed sector, Sociology and Political Science, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, DIVERSITE SPECIFIQUE, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Development, Planting material circulation, SEMENCE, Agricultural economics, Farmer seed systems, Social networks, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, SYSTEME DE REPRESENTATIONS, SECTEUR INFORMEL, F03 - Production et traitement des semences, DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL, Crop genetic resource management, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, business.industry, CULTIVAR, AGRICULTEUR, Provisioning, AMELIORATION DES PLANTES, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Livelihood, Social engagement, CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES, AGRODIVERSITE, language.human_language, [SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science, ETHNOBOTANIQUE, TIERS MONDE, Agriculture, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Food policy, language, Agricultural biodiversity, business, Food Science
Abstract: The importance of seed provisioning in food security and nutrition, agricultural development and rural livelihoods, and agrobiodiversity and germplasm conservation is well accepted by policy makers, practitioners and researchers. The role of farmer seed networks is less well understood and yet is central to debates on current issues ranging from seed sovereignty and rights for farmers to GMOs and the conservation of crop germplasm. In this paper we identify four common misconceptions regarding the nature and importance of farmer seed networks today. (1) Farmer seed networks are inefficient for seed dissemination. (2) Farmer seed networks are closed, conservative systems. (3) Farmer seed networks provide ready, egalitarian access to seed. (4) Farmer seed networks are destined to weaken and disappear. We challenge these misconceptions by drawing upon recent research findings and the authors’ collective field experience in studying farmer seed systems in Africa, Europe, Latin America and Oceania. Priorities for future research are suggested that would advance our understanding of seed networks and better inform agricultural and food policy., Food Policy, 56, ISSN:0306-9192, ISSN:1873-5657
Published: 2015

35. A Network-Based Method to Detect Patterns of Local Crop Biodiversity

Author: R. B. Rana, Paola De Santis, Marianne Elias, Sophie Caillon, D. I. Jarvis, Chloé Violon, Pierre Barbillon, Jean Wencelius, Bhuwon Sthapit, Luis Manuel Arias-Reyes, Christine Raimond, Doyle McKey, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue, Edmond Dounias, Mathieu Thomas, Adeline Barnaud, Oliver T. Coomes, François Massol, Vanesse Labeyrie, Eric Garine, Christian Leclerc, Pham Hung Cuong, Nicolas Verzelen, and Luis Latournerie-Moreno
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Ecology, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, fungi, Biodiversity, food and beverages, Distribution (economics), respiratory system, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Adaptability, 010601 ecology, Geography, Crop diversity, Nestedness, Agricultural biodiversity, Ecosystem diversity, business, human activities, Diversity (business), media_common
Abstract: In this chapter, we develop new indicators and statistical tests to characterize patterns of crop diversity at local scales to better understand interactions between ecological and socio-cultural functions of agroecosystems. Farms, where a large number of crops (species or landraces) is grown, are known to contribute a large part of the locally available diversity of both rare and common crops but the role of farms with low diversity remains little understood: do they grow only common varieties—following a nestedness pattern typical of mutualistic networks in ecology—or do ‘crop–poor’ farmers also grow rare varieties? This question is pivotal in ongoing efforts to assess the local-scale contribution of small farms to global agrobiodiversity. We develop new network-based approaches to characterize the distribution of local crop diversity (species and infra-species) at the village level and to validate these approaches using meta-datasets from 10 countries. Our results highlight the sources of heterogeneity in crop diversity at the village level. We often identify two or more groups of farms based on their different levels of diversity. In some datasets, ‘crop–poor’ farms significantly contribute to the local crop diversity. Generally, we find that the distribution of crop diversity is more heterogeneous at the species than at the infra-species level. This analysis reveals the absence of a general pattern of crop diversity distribution, suggesting strong dependence on local agro-ecological and socio-cultural contexts. These different patterns of crop diversity distribution reflect an heterogeneity in farmers’ self-organized action in cultivating and maintaining local crop diversity, which ensures the adaptability of agroecosystems to global change.
Published: 2015

36. Compte rendu de conférence

Author: Adeline Barnaud and Claire Billot
Subjects: Animal Science and Zoology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: agr.2011.0501 Auteur(s) : Adeline Barnaud adeline.barnaud@ird.fr, Claire Billot claire.billot@cirad.fr Voir version pdf.
Published: 2011

37. Genetic diversity of Jatropha curcas L. in Senegal compared with exotic accessions based on microsatellite markers

Author: Mame Codou Gueye, Diégane Diouf, Ibrahima Diedhiou, Daniel Fonceka, Adeline Barnaud, Khadidiatou Ndoye Ndir, Elie Léonard Akpo, Ndiaga Cissé, Bassiaka Ouattara, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), ISRA, Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Germplasm, Breeding program, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Genetic diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, Jatropha curcas, Genetic variation, Genetics, Plant breeding, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, biology, Microsatellite marker, Agroforestry, business.industry, 1. No poverty, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Senegal, Biotechnology, Genetic marker, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Significant efforts have been undertaken in West Africa to increase biofuel production with the expectation to alleviate the dependency on fossil energies and to reduce rural poverty by diversifying cultivated crops. In this context, Jatropha curcas L., a shrub belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, has gained great interest because of its oil which can be converted to biodiesel. It is also highly adaptable to marginal soils due to its drought-tolerant characteristics. Characterisation of J. curcas germplasm in Senegal could be an important input for its better management and in identifying genotypes that could be used in breeding program. Genetic diversity of 103 accessions including 82 accessions from different agro ecological zones in Senegal and 21 exotic accessions was assessed through 33 microsatellite markers. All the markers gave amplifications at the expected band size. Only one microsatellite marker, JCT17, was polymorphic showing 3 alleles and allows distinguishing 2 accessions from Burkina Faso. The surprisingly low level of genetic variation might be because introduction of J. curcas in Senegal seems to have been done from one or a few origins and the species has not regained genetic diversity since then due to vegetative propagation. Cultivation of J. curcas at large scale may face to vulnerability to pests and require many cautions. They are necessity to widen the genetic base of J. curcas in Senegal via new introductions from its centre of origin.
Published: 2014

38. Cost-effective enrichment hybridization capture of chloroplast genomes at deep multiplexing levels for population genetics and phylogeography studies

Author: François Sabot, Adeline Barnaud, Claire Billot, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Guillaume Martin, Cédric Mariac, Vincent Maillol, Juliette Pouzadou, A. Faye, Nora Scarcelli, Sylvain Santoni, Ayite Kougbeadjo, Yves Vigouroux, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire National de Recherche sur les Productions Végétales, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Université de Yaoundé I
Subjects: Phylogénie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MiSeq, Biodiversity, Population genetics, Dioscorea rotundata, Genome, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Chloroplaste, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, plastomes, Pennisetum glaucum, education.field_of_study, Dioscorea, Hybridization probe, Oryza glaberrima, DNA, Chloroplast, Hybridation, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, whole chloroplast sequencing, Chloroplast, DNA probes, Phylogeography, PCR, Biotechnology, Population, Molecular Sequence Data, Computational biology, Biology, DNA sequencing, Specimen Handling, Botany, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Sonde nucléique, long-range PCR, education, Genome, Chloroplast, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Génie génétique, Génome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Digitaria exilis, Genetics, Population, Collection de matériel génétique, next-generation sequencing
Abstract: INRA UMR 1334 AGAP, Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces Méditerranéennes; International audience; Biodiversity, phylogeography and population genetic studies will be revolutionized by access to large data sets thanks to next-generation sequencing methods. In this study, we develop an easy and cost-effective protocol for in-solution enrichment hybridization capture of complete chloroplast genomes applicable at deep-multiplexed levels. The protocol uses cheap in-house species-specific probes developed via long-range PCR of the entire chloroplast. Barcoded libraries are constructed, and in-solution enrichment of the chloroplasts is carried out using the probes. This protocol was tested and validated on six economically important West African crop species, namely African rice, pearl millet, three African yam species and fonio. For pearl millet, we also demonstrate the effectiveness of this protocol to retrieve 95% of the sequence of the whole chloroplast on 95 multiplexed individuals in a single MiSeq run at a success rate of 95%. This new protocol allows whole chloroplast genomes to be retrieved at a modest cost and will allow unprecedented resolution for closely related species in phylogeography studies using plastomes.
Published: 2014

39. Quel pourrait être le territoire des semences des sorghos que cultivent les Duupa du Massif de Poli (Nord du Cameroun) ?

Author: Eric Garine, Christine Raimond, Adeline Barnaud, Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d’Anthropologie, Université de Paris Ouest, LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Raimond, C. (coord), Robert, T. (coord.), and Garine, E. (coord.)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, territoire, Nord du Cameroun, semences, sorgho, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Cameroun, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, ethnie, 010606 plant biology & botany, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Les collectivités paysannes duupa, une ethnie de 5 000 personnes environ, ont pour base de leur subsistance la pratique de l’agriculture, et la production du sorgho y joue un rôle éminent. Comme beaucoup d’agriculteurs dits « traditionnels », les Duupa disposent d’un large éventail de variétés de cette céréale – plus de cinquante sont nommées dans leur langue. Toutefois, cette diversité est inégalement répartie entre les agriculteurs d’un même village ou d’un village à l’autre. Peut-on considérer que ce corpus de variétés locales, et le pool génétique qu’elles représentent, est un trait culturel de l’ensemble du groupe ethnique duupa ? Un examen croisé des principes sociologiques qui sous-tendent la circulation des semences et de l’analyse de la structure génétique du sorgho révèle que l’étendue du territoire où on les retrouve dépasse celle du terroir villageois et du groupe ethnique. Les ressources génétiques dont dépendent les Duupa pour assurer leur subsistance et leur identité culturelle sont semblables à celles de leur voisin dowayo dont ils se distinguent pourtant par leur langue et de nombreux traits de leur culture.
Published: 2014

40. Influence of Ethnolinguistic Diversity on the Sorghum Genetic Patterns in Subsistence Farming Systems in Eastern Kenya

Author: Marylène Buiron, Caroline Calatayud, Adeline Barnaud, Peterson W. Wambugu, Christian Leclerc, Jean-Christophe Glaszmann, Monique Deu, Vanesse Labeyrie, Stéphanie Manel, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Conservation genetics, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Plant Evolution, agroécologie, lcsh:Medicine, Population genetics, Social Sciences, Plant Science, Ethnobiologie, 01 natural sciences, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Cultural Anthropology, Génétique des populations, Ethnicity, Ethnicities, Groupe éthnique, lcsh:Science, Social organization, Nomenclature, Ethnobiology, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Ecology, Communication, food and beverages, Agriculture, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Comportement social, Multigene Family, Genetic structure, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Modèle mathématique, Research Article, Evolutionary Processes, Population, Social Anthropology, Crops, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Conservation des ressources génétiques, [SDV.GEN.GPL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Plants genetics, Variation génétique, Genetic variation, Variété indigène, Humans, E50 - Sociologie rurale, Variété, education, Sorghum, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Genetic Variation, Linguistics, 15. Life on land, Amélioration des plantes, Kenya, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Organismal Evolution, Genetics, Population, Crop diversity, Anthropology, People and Places, lcsh:Q, Population Groupings, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, linguistique, Agroecology, Population Genetics, 010606 plant biology & botany, Cereal Crops
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the effects of actions undertaken by human societies on crop evolution processes is a major challenge for the conservation of genetic resources. This study investigated the mechanisms whereby social boundaries associated with patterns of ethnolinguistic diversity have influenced the on-farm distribution of sorghum diversity. Social boundaries limit the diffusion of planting material, practices and knowledge, thus shaping crop diversity in situ.To assess the effect of social boundaries, this study was conducted in the contact zone between the Chuka, Mbeere and Tharaka ethnolinguistic groups in eastern Kenya. Sorghum varieties were inventoried and samples collected in 130 households. In all, 297 individual plants derived from seeds collected under sixteen variety names were characterized using a set of 18 SSR molecular markers and 15 morphological descriptors. The genetic structure was investigated using both a Bayesian assignment method and distance-based clustering. Principal Coordinates Analysis was used to describe the structure of the morphological diversity of the panicles. The distribution of the varieties and the main genetic clusters across ethnolinguistic groups was described using a non-parametric MANOVA and pairwise Fisher tests.The spatial distribution of landrace names and the overall genetic spatial patterns were significantly correlated with ethnolinguistic partition. However, the genetic structure inferred from molecular makers did not discriminate the short-cycle landraces despite their morphological distinctness. The cases of two improved varieties highlighted possible fates of improved materials. The most recent one was often given the name of local landraces. The second one, that was introduced a dozen years ago, displays traces of admixture with local landraces with differential intensity among ethnic groups. The patterns of congruence or discordance between the nomenclature of farmers’ varieties and the structure of both genetic and morphological diversity highlight the effects of the social organization of communities on the diffusion of seed, practices, and variety nomenclature.
Published: 2014

41. Biocultural diversity hypothesis : is it useful to understand the evolution of agrobiodiversity ? Snapshots from the Lake Chad Basin

Author: Eric Garine, Luxereau, A., Thierry Robert, Jean Wencélius, Raimond Christine, Adeline Barnaud, Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IUAES, and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Subjects: Agrobiodiversity, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Lake Chad Basin, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Biocultural diversity, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

42. Seed exchange networks for agrobiodiversity conservation. A review

Author: Oliver T. Coomes, François Massol, Doyle McKey, Sara Tramontini, Marc Delêtre, Clélia Soler, Thomas F. Döring, Sophie Caillon, Marco Pautasso, Shawn McGuire, Devra I. Jarvis, Hélène Joly, Adeline Barnaud, Guntra A. Aistara, Christine Padoch, Pascal Clouvel, Mathieu Thomas, Paola De Santis, Selim Louafi, Isabelle Goldringer, Laure Emperaire, Eric Garine, Christian Leclerc, Elise Demeulenaere, Pierre Martin, Ludivine Eloy, Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University [Budapest, Hongrie] (CEU), Diversité et génomes des plantes cultivées (UMR DGPC), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dynamiques socio-environnementales et gouvernance des ressources (199), Systèmes de Cultures Annuelles (UPR SCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Trinity College Dublin, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversity International, Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Végétale (GV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of International Development, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Bioversity International [Rome], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Organic Research Centre (ORC), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB), Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite (CESAB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Diversité et génomes des plantes cultivées [UMR DGPC], Systèmes de Cultures Annuelles [UPR SCA], Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie [EAE], Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement [UMR ART-Dev], Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance [PALOC], Génétique Végétale [GV], European Space Research and Technology Centre [ESTEC], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive [CEFE], Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales [UMR AGAP], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement [Cirad], Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 [Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)], Institut Universitaire de France [IUF], Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne [EDYTEM], European Food Safety Authority [EFSA], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, collecte de semences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, agrobiodiversité, Biodiversity, DIVERSITE SPECIFIQUE, Review, 01 natural sciences, Global change, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, FACTEUR SOCIOECONOMIQUE, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, Participation, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Simulation models, CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES, GRAINE, Agroécosystème, Seeds, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Environmental Engineering, Agriculteur, Participatory approaches, media_common.quotation_subject, ECHANGE, Analyse de réseau, Complex networks, 010603 evolutionary biology, Landscape genetics, SEMENCE, PLANTE CULTIVEE, Conservation des ressources, Scenarios, Variété indigène, F03 - Production et traitement des semences, Variété, Environnement socioculturel, Environmental planning, Semence, Sustainable development, Changement climatique, business.industry, Modèle de simulation, AGRICULTEUR, 15. Life on land, AGROBIODIVERSITE, MODELISATION, Methods in ecology and evolution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Cultural heritage, Conceptual framework, approches participatives, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainability, Agricultural biodiversity, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, Plante de culture, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: International audience; The circulation of seed among farmers is central to agrobiodiversity conservation and dynamics. Agrobiodiversity, the diversity of agricultural systems from genes to varieties and crop species, from farming methods to landscape composition, is part of humanity’s cultural heritage. Whereas agrobiodiversity conservation has received much attention from researchers and policy makers over the last decades, the methods available to study the role of seed exchange networks in preserving crop biodiversity have only recently begun to be considered. In this overview, we present key concepts, methods, and challenges to better understand seed exchange networks so as to improve the chances that traditional crop varieties (landraces) will be preserved and used sustainably around the world. The available literature suggests that there is insufficient knowledge about the social, cultural, and methodological dimensions of environmental change, including how seed exchange networks will cope with changes in climates, socio-economic factors, and family structures that have supported seed exchange systems to date. Methods available to study the role of seed exchange networks in the preservation and adaptation of crop specific and genetic diversity range from meta-analysis to modelling, from participatory approaches to the development of bio-indicators, from genetic to biogeographical studies, from anthropological and ethnographic research to the use of network theory. We advocate a diversity of approaches, so as to foster the creation of robust and policy-relevant knowledge. Open challenges in the study of the role of seed exchange networks in biodiversity conservation include the development of methods to (i) enhance farmers’ participation to decision-making in agro-ecosystems, (ii) integrate ex situ and in situ approaches, (iii) achieve interdisciplinary research collaboration between social and natural scientists, and (iv) use network analysis as a conceptual framework to bridge boundaries among researchers, farmers and policy makers, as well as other stakeholders.
Published: 2013

43. Effervescence patrimoniale au Sud : entre nature et société

Author: Sophie Caillon, Chloé Violon, Anne Luxereau, Eric Garine, Adeline Barnaud, Thierry Robert, Jean Wencelius, Christine Raimond, Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), LMI LAPSE, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Anthropologie, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Juhé Beaulaton, D. (ed.), Cormier Salem, Marie-Christine (ed.), Robert, Pascale de (ed.), Roussel, B. (ed.), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Patrimoine, SAVOIR TRADITIONNEL, DIVERSITE SPECIFIQUE, PATRIMOINE NATUREL, ETHNIE, 01 natural sciences, SEMENCE, SYSTEME DE REPRESENTATIONS, PLANTE CULTIVEE, Plantes cultivées, RECHERCHE PLURISDISCIPLINAIRE, 050602 political science & public administration, SORGHO, 2. Zero hunger, ACTEUR LOCAL, NOM SCIENTIFIQUE, SYSTEME DE CULTURE, 05 social sciences, AGRICULTEUR, PLANTE ALIMENTAIRE TROPICALE, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, INVENTAIRE, AGROBIODIVERSITE, Bassin du Lac Tchad, CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES, 0506 political science, NOM VERNACULAIRE, HABITUDE ALIMENTAIRE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Si l’on considere qu’un patrimoine est constitue d’entites (materielles ou non) transmises entre generations de personnes pour signifier leur appartenance a un meme groupe social et affirmer la singularite de ce groupe, les varietes traditionnelles de plantes cultivees par les communautes paysannes constituent des modeles interessants a etudier. La « mise en patrimoine » des elements d’une culture releve avant tout de mecanismes sociaux et politiques qui sous-tendent les manieres qu’ont les groupes humains de se differencier les uns des autres. Toutefois, les objets vivants, et plus particulierement les plantes domestiquees (especes et varietes), presentent aussi des caracteristiques particulieres sur lesquelles il convient de reflechir.
Published: 2013

44. Révision du genre Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) au Sénégal : proposition d’une clé de détermination pour une meilleure identification des espèces

Author: Madiop Gueye, Abdoul Aziz Camara, Aboubacry Kane, Yacine Badiane Ndour, Kandioura Noba, Ngasoumana Ba, Mame Samba Mbaye, Adeline Barnaud, and Ablaye Ngom
Subjects: biology, Genus, Digitaria, Botany, Leaf blade, Poaceae, biology.organism_classification
Abstract: Le genre Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) constitue l’un des genres les plus diversifies des Poaceae du Senegal avec 19 especes. Bien qu’il y ait une monographie mondiale du genre, la determination des especes reste difficile et repose essentiellement sur les caracteres de l’appareil reproducteur. Ce travail, qui est une revision du genre Digitaria au Senegal, est entrepris afin de rechercher des caracteres pertinents sur l’appareil vegetatif et d’ameliorer l’identification des especes. Pour ce faire, une description detaillee des differents organes des specimens etudies est realisee a l’aide d’une loupe binoculaire. Les resultats de l’etude montrent que la pubescence de l’epillet est un caractere essentiel pour l’identification des especes. De plus, les longueurs relatives de la glume superieure et de la lemma inferieure sont tres interessantes pour la discrimination d’especes affines. Toutefois, l’etude supplementaire des organes vegetatifs de la plante adulte montre que certains caracteres vegetatifs pourraient contribuer considerablement a l’amelioration de l’identification des especes. Il s’agit du cycle biologique, de la pubescence de la ligule, de la marge du limbe, des noeuds et des entre-noeuds du chaume qui sont des caracteres plus faciles a observer. Une cle de determination basee sur des caracteres vegetatifs et reproducteurs des especes est ainsi elaboree. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Digitaria , Poaceae, revision, cle de determination, Senegal English Title: Review of Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) genus in Senegal: suggestion of a determination key for a better identification of species English Abstract The genus Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) is one of the most diversified genera of Poaceae in Senegal with 19 species. Although it has a worldwide monograph of the genus, the identification of species remains difficult and mainly based on the characteristics of the reproductive system. This work, which is a review of the genus Digitaria in Senegal, is undertaken in order to search relevant characteristics on the vegetative system and to improve the identification of species. To do this, a detailed description of the various organs of the studied specimens is carried out using a binocular microscope. The results of the study show that the pubescence of the spikelet is an essential characteristic for the identification of species. Moreover, the relative lengths of the upper glume and lower lemma are very interesting for the discrimination of species closely related. However, the additional study of vegetative organs of the adult plant shows that some vegetative characteristics could contribute considerably to the improvement of the identification of species. It is the biological cycle, the pubescence of the ligule, the margin of the leaf blade, nodes and internodes of the thatch which are characteristics easier to observe. A key of determination based on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of species is thus worked out. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Digitaria , Poaceae, review, key of determination, Senegal
Published: 2016

45. Sorghum, social links dans genetic diversity in Northern Cameroon

Author: Adeline Barnaud, Hélène Joly, Deu, M., Doyle Mckey, Raimond Christine, Eric Garine, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UMR PRODIG, PUBLICATIONS, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: Social links, [SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Cameroon, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetic diversity, Sorghum, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

46. Development of nuclear microsatellite markers for the fonio, Digitaria exilis (Poaceae), an understudied West African cereal

Author: Carole Blay, Jean Louis Pham, Marylène Buiron, Yves Vigouroux, Adeline Barnaud, Claire Billot, Jean-Louis Noyer, Hélène Vignes, and Ange-Marie Risterucci
Subjects: DNA, Plant, Population, Locus (genetics), Plant Science, Biology, Poaceae, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Variation génétique, Botany, Genetics, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, underutilized crops, Genetic diversity, education.field_of_study, Polymorphism, Genetic, Human evolutionary genetics, Microsatellite, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Digitaria exilis, genetic diversity, simple sequence repeat markers, Africa, Western, Evolutionary biology, Genetic marker, Genetic structure, Africa, Digitaria, fonio, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Premise of the study: We developed nuclear microsatellite primers to explore the genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary history of the fonio (Digitaria exilis), an understudied cereal cultivated in West Africa. o Methods and Results: We used a microsatellite-enriched library approach to isolate and characterize 38 nuclear primer pairs (31 di-, five tri-, and two tetranucleotide repeats), of which 21 were polymorphic and exhibited a clear pattern in 36 accessions from West Africa. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 22, with a mean of 4.71, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.03 to 0.93. o Conclusions: The developed set of 21 polymorphic SSR markers will provide tools for population and evolutionary genetics studies of the cultivated fonio. (Resume d'auteur)
Published: 2012

47. A set of 100 chloroplast DNA primer pairs to study population genetics and phylogeny in monocotyledons

Author: Jean-Christophe Pintaud, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Yves Vigouroux, Marie Seveno, Nora Scarcelli, Urs A. Treier, Adeline Barnaud, and Amélie d'Anfray
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Inverted repeat, Minisatellite Repeat, Molecular Sequence Data, Polynucleotides, lcsh:Medicine, Population genetics, Minisatellite Repeats, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Magnoliopsida, Species Specificity, Phylogenetics, Evolutionary Systematics, lcsh:Science, Biology, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, DNA Primers, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Multidisciplinary, Polymorphism, Genetic, biology, Base Sequence, lcsh:R, DNA, Chloroplast, biology.organism_classification, Variable number tandem repeat, Genetics, Population, Chloroplast DNA, lcsh:Q, Dioscorea, Primer (molecular biology), Population Genetics, Research Article
Abstract: Chloroplast DNA sequences are of great interest for population genetics and phylogenetic studies. However, only a small set of markers are commonly used. Most of them have been designed for amplification in a large range of Angiosperms and are located in the Large Single Copy (LSC). Here we developed a new set of 100 primer pairs optimized for amplification in Monocotyledons. Primer pairs amplify coding (exon) and non-coding regions (intron and intergenic spacer). They span the different chloroplast regions: 72 are located in the LSC, 13 in the Small Single Copy (SSC) and 15 in the Inverted Repeat region (IR). Amplification and sequencing were tested in 13 species of Monocotyledons: Dioscorea abyssinica, D. praehensilis, D. rotundata, D. dumetorum, D. bulbifera, Trichopus sempervirens (Dioscoreaceae), Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera, Astrocaryum scopatum, A. murumuru, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae), Digitaria excilis and Pennisetum glaucum (Poaceae). The diversity found in Dioscorea, Digitaria and Pennisetum mainly corresponded to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) while the diversity found in Arecaceae also comprises Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR). We observed that the most variable loci (rps15-ycf1, rpl32-ccsA, ndhF-rpl32, ndhG-ndhI and ccsA) are located in the SSC. Through the analysis of the genetic structure of a wild-cultivated species complex in Dioscorea, we demonstrated that this new set of primers is of great interest for population genetics and we anticipate that it will also be useful for phylogeny and bar-coding studies.
Published: 2011

48. A weed-crop complex in sorghum: The dynamics of genetic diversity in a traditional farming system

Author: Hélène Joly, Jacques Chantereau, Eric Garine, Justin Bolteu, Doyle McKey, Adeline Barnaud, Monique Deu, and Esaei Ouin Koïda
Subjects: Population genetics, Introgression, Plant Science, Biology, H60 - Mauvaises herbes et désherbage, Gene flow, Variation génétique, Genetics, Domestication, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sorghum, Genetic diversity, business.industry, Ecology, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Agriculture, Agricultural biodiversity, Système de culture, Technologie traditionnelle, Weed, business, Mauvaise herbe
Abstract: Despite the major ecological and economic impacts of gene fl ow between domesticated plants and their wild relatives, many aspects of the process, particularly the relative roles of natural and human selection in facilitating or constraining gene fl ow, are still poorly understood. We developed a multidisciplinary approach, involving both biologists and social scientists, to investigate the dynamics of genetic diversity of a sorghum weed - crop complex in a village of Duupa farmers in northern Cameroon. Farmers distinguish a gradient from weedy morphotypes ( naa baa see , haariya , and genkiya ) to domesticated morphotypes; haariya and genkiya have intermediate morphological traits. We investigated the pattern of diversity in this complex using both morphological and genetic data. Our biological results are interpreted in the light of data on farmers ' taxonomy and practices such as spatial pattern of planting and plant selection. Both morphological and genetic data are congruent with farmers ' taxonomy and confi rm the introgressed status of intermediate weedy morphotypes. Farmers actively select against weedy morphotypes, but several practices unconsciously favor gene fl ow. Furthermore, haariya and genkiya may facilitate introgression between naa baa see and domesticated morphotypes by virtue of their intermediate fl owering period and their mode of management by farmers.
Published: 2009

49. High outcrossing rates in fields with mixed sorghum landraces: how are landraces maintained?

Author: Adeline Barnaud, Doyle McKey, G. Trigueros, and Hélène Joly
Subjects: Gene Flow, In situ conservation, Physiologie de la reproduction, Outcrossing, medicine.disease_cause, Conservation des ressources génétiques, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Gene flow, Pollen, Variété indigène, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Variété, Genetic variability, Cameroon, Croisement, Pollination, Genetics (clinical), Crosses, Genetic, Ecosystem, Sorghum, F63 - Physiologie végétale - Reproduction, Genetic diversity, biology, Pollinisation, fungi, food and beverages, Genetic Variation, Sorghum bicolor, biology.organism_classification, Mating system, Biological Evolution, Agronomy, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières
Abstract: The effect of mating system on genetic diversity is a major theme in plant evolutionary genetics, because gene flow plays a large role in structuring the genetic variability within and among populations. Understanding crop mating systems and their consequences for gene flow can aid in managing agricultural systems and conserving genetic resources. We evaluated the extent of pollen flow, its links with farming practices and its impact on the dynamics of diversity of sorghum in fields of Duupa farmers in Cameroon. Duupa farmers grow numerous landraces mixed in a field, a practice that favours extensive pollen flow. We estimated parameters of the mating system of five landraces representative of the genetic diversity cultivated in the study site, using a direct method based on progeny array. The multilocus outcrossing rate calculated from all progenies was 18% and ranged from 0 to 73% among progenies. Outcrossing rates varied greatly among landraces, from 5 to 40%. Our results also showed that individual maternal plants were usually pollinated by more than eight pollen donors, except for one landrace (three pollen donors). Although the biological traits of sorghum (inflorescence morphology, floral traits, phenology) and the spatial planting practices of Duupa farmers led to extensive pollen flow among landraces, selection exerted by farmers appears to be a key parameter affecting the fate of new genetic combinations from outcrossing events. Because both natural and human-mediated factors shape evolution in crop populations, understanding evolutionary processes and designing in situ conservation measures requires that biologists and anthropologists work together.
Published: 2008

50. Analyse multiéchelle de la diversité génétique des sorghos : compréhension des processus évolutifs pour la conservation in situ

Author: Dékoro Dembélé, Fabrice Sagnard, Caroline Calatayud, Adeline Barnaud, Clarisse Barro, Ronan Rivallan, Virginie Pomies, Monique Deu, Hélène Joly, Michel Vaksmann, Kirsten Vom Brocke, Jacques Chantereau, Claude Luce, Sophie Bouchet, Jean-François Rami, Claire Billot, Aboubacar Touré, and Gilles Bezançon
Subjects: Agriculteur, Distribution géographique, Conservation of resources theory, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, West africa, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Variation génétique, Ressource génétique végétale, Genetic resources, Conservation du matériel génétique, Variété indigène, Marqueur génétique, Variété, Sorghum, Sorghum (Food), Sorghum bicolor, Microsatellite, Forestry, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Geography, Animal Science and Zoology, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Au Burkina Faso, au Mali, au Niger et a Wante, 1 518 echantillons de sorgho ont ete collectes et analyses a l’aide de marqueurs microsatellites. Les parametres de diversite et de differenciation genetique ont ete estimes a differentes echelles spatiales, depuis celle de la variete locale a celle du pays, pour determiner l’effet des principales forces evolutives sur la diversite genetique du sorgho. Il existe une diversite intra-varietale principalement determinee par la biologie de la reproduction du sorgho et par les derives genetiques engendrees par les effectifs limites d’individus lors de l’introduction d’une variete ou de la selection paysanne de la semence. A l’echelle d’un village, la correlation entre la diversite des noms vernaculaires et la diversite genetique mesuree par les marqueurs microsatellites est faible. Aucune structuration spatiale n’est observee dans des villages distants de plus de 30 kilometres soulignant le caractere tres local des systemes semenciers traditionnels. Au Mali et au Niger, une proportion equivalente et superieure, respectivement, de la diversite genetique du sorgho est observee sur un transect longitudinal qui recoupe essentiellement des divisions ethnolinguistiques, par rapport au transect latitudinal qui recoupe une variabilite agro-ecologique plus grande. La diversite des groupes humains explique donc, en interaction avec les conditions environnementales, la diversite genetique du sorgho in situ. Une grande partie de la diversite presente dans la core collection sorgho du Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement (Cirad) se retrouve a l’echelle de pays comme le Niger ou le Mali. L’importance de la diversite genetique cultivee par les paysans dans des systemes agricoles restes traditionnels souligne l’utilite des approches de conservation in situ des ressources genetiques. La conciliation des enjeux de conservation et d’amelioration varietale pourrait etre realisee par un recours plus important au germoplasme local dans des programmes de selection decentralises.
Published: 2008

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