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Background: Over-the-counter-drugs (OTC) are drugs that can be obtained by patients without a prescription from a physician. In Saudi Arabia, it has been reported that more than half of university students practiced self-medication and used OTC drugs. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study, among medical and non-medical students in Riyadh. The sample size was 421, by systemic random sampling. A pre-coded pre-tested online questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS V 23. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant relationship between what the participants were majoring in and the usage of OTC drugs (p value= 0.373). Gender also had no relation with the use of OTC (p value= 0.168). Panadol appeared as the most commonly used OTC drug 62.9% for the relief of the most commonly mentioned factor which is headache 50.12%. Conclusion: Medical education didn’t have much of an effect on the use of OTC drugs. Moreover, professional guidance or advice was not considered most of the time for taking OTC, but the majority of respondents portrayed good behavior towards usage of OTC.

BACKGROUND: Biomedical waste can potentially compromise the environment and public safety if not safely disposed. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the understanding and safe practices of biomedical and dental waste amongst the dental practitioners and practical year students amid the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A structured and validated questionnaire consisting of 21 closed ended questions was used to collect data from dental practitioners and students working in hospitals and clinics. The questionnaire was distributed in paper and digital form amongst the participants. Descriptive analysis was performed for categorical and numerical variables. Spearman correlation test was used to assess the relationship between awareness and waste disposal practices of dentists. A p-value of≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: More than three fourth of the participants were aware of proper dental waste disposal steps. One half was aware of the color-coded segregation of biomedical waste management. Two third of the participants were deploying safe biomedical waste practices. Nearly 68% subjects allocated separate labeled containers for disposal of COVID-19 suspected patient’s waste. Furthermore, 71.63% participants were practicing PCR test before aerosol procedures. While 88.65% participants believed that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the financial burden in terms of safe practices and dental waste management. CONCLUSION: The awareness and practices of the participants towards dental waste management was found to be moderate. Satisfactory COVID-19 prevention and transmission measures were observed amongst the participants. BMW management lessons should be included in the academic curriculum and training program needs to be adopted for mass awareness.

This review focuses on existing technologies for carcass and corpse disposal and potential alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, key issues related to these treatments (e.g., carcass and corpse disposal events, available methods, performances, and limitations) are addressed in conjunction with associated environmental impacts. Simultaneously, various treatment technologies have been evaluated to provide insights into the adsorptive removal of specific pollutants derived from carcass disposal and management. In this regard, it has been proposed that a low-cost pollutant sorbent may be utilized, namely, biochar. Biochar has demonstrated the ability to remove (in)organic pollutants and excess nutrients from soils and waters; thus, we identify possible biochar uses for soil and water remediation at carcass and corpse disposal sites. To date, however, little emphasis has been placed on potential biochar use to manage such disposal sites. We highlight the need for strategic efforts to accurately assess biochar effectiveness when applied towards the remediation of complex pollutants produced and circulated within carcass and corpse burial systems. Graphical Abstract

Engineered organo-mineral composites were synthesized from date palm waste biochar and silica or zeolite via mechanochemical treatments. Date palm tree rachis (leaves) waste biomass was pre-treated with silica or zeolite minerals via ball milling and sonication prior to pyrolysis at 600 °C. The resultant organo-mineral composites and pristine materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermal (TG-DTA), Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope analyses and surface area and porosity analyzer to investigate the variations in physiochemical and structural characteristics. Compared to the resultant composites derived from non-milled date palm biomass, ball milling increased surface area, while decreased crystallinity index and effective particle size of the biochar composites. Silica composited biochars were located near origin in the van Krevelen diagram indicating lowest H/C and O/C molar ratios, thus suggesting higher aromaticity and lower polarity compared to other biochars. TGA thermograms indicated highest thermal stability of silica composited biochars. Ash and moisture corrected TGA thermograms were used to calculate recalcitrance index (R

Proje yönetim yazılımı; proje planlaması, organizasyonu, çizelgelendirilmesi, yönetilmesi, kaynak paylaştırmasının geliştirilmesi ile yardımcı olma kabiliyetinde ve yönetimi değerlendiren bir uygulamadır. Proje yöneticisine ve onun çalışanlarına yönetme yeteneği ve bir çok proje aktivitelerini içerme yeteneğini sağlar ve projeyi kolaylaştırır. Bir çok organizasyon ve işletme projelerini uygularken, uygun araç seçme problemlerine sahiptir. Bundan dolayı, bu araştırma; proje uygulamasına yararlı olabilecek bazı önemli araçları keşfetmeye çalışır ve verimlilik, kullanılabilirlik, esneklik, ve performans gibi önemli proje faktörlerini iyileştirmek için proje yönetim yazılımı yeteneğini araştırır. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmanın amacı mevcut araç ve tekniklerin kabiliyetini, proje yönetim karar vericilerine bu alanda en etkili araç ve teknikleri bir yolgösterimi sağlayarak araştırmayı içerir. Bununla beraber, Teamwork gibi, proje yönetim yazılımı uygulamalarının yöneticileri ve takım üyelerinin nasıl işbirliği yapabildiğini ve uygulma içerisindeki bilgileri, aktiviteleri nasıl paylaşabildiğini gösterir. Bu çalışmanın farklı kaynaklardan bulguları, proje yönetim yazılım uygulamalarının yararları hakkında geniş kabul olduğudur. Buna ek olarak; verimlilik, kullanılabilirlik, esneklik, ve performans gibi bazı faktörler vardır, proje yönetiminin hedeflerini başarmasını teşvik etmek için çok önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Project management software is an application which has the capability to help with project planning, organizing, scheduling, managing, developing resource allocation and estimates management. It provides the project manager and his staff the ability to manage and cover most project activities and facilitate the project. Many organizations and enterprises have problems in choosing the appropriate tool in implementing their projects. Wherefore, this research tries to discover some important tools that can benefit projects implementation and investigates the ability of the project management software to enhance important project factors such as productivity, usability, flexibility and performance. Therefore, the objectives of this research include investigating the capabilities of available tools and techniques to provide a guideline to project management decision makers of the most efficient tools and techniques in their field. In addition, to show how project management software applications, for example (Teamwork), can make managers and team members cooperate and share information, activities within it. The findings of this study from different sources that there is wide acceptance about the benefits of project management software applications. Furthermore, there are some factors such as; usability, productivity, flexibility, and performance play very important role to achieve the promoting target of project management. 97