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ackground: Respiratory distress syndrome causes significant morbidity and death especially among very low birth weight babies. Though the use of CPAP and surfactant have been shown to improve survival, these interventions were scarcely available in the past. This study aimed at comparing the clinical outcomes of preterm babies with RDS delivered at the Ife Hospital Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex at two different periods. Objective: To compare the birth weight specific mortality rates and overall mortality rates of preterm babies with RDS between two periods in the neonatal ward of the Ife Hospital Unit of OAUTHC. Methods: A retrospective study comparing outcomes of 92 babies with RDS at GA 26 to 33+6 weeks between January 2015 and May 2016 and managed with intranasal oxygen alone to 104 babies of same gestational age characteristics between January 2019 and May 2020 who were managed with CPAP/surfactant. Results: The mean weight and gestational age of the babies respectively were 1.36 (±0.37) kg and 31.14 (±2.3) weeks in 2015/2016 and 1.35 (±0.322) kg and 30.95 (±2.24) weeks in 2019/2020. The overall case fatality rate and birth-weight specific mortality rates for ELBW, VLBWand LBW were 33.7%, 62.5%, 35.2% and 9.1% in 2015/2016 and 18.3%, 58.3%, 15.5% and 9.7% respectively in 2019/2020. Conclusion: While the use of CPAP and the administration of surfactant clearly show improved survival among very low birth weight babies who are at increased risk of death from RDS, this was not the case for extreme low birth weight babies.

Background: Pregnancy and polymorphisms in drug disposition genes alter the clearance of key antiretrovirals used as part of regimens for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). The clinical significance of these in women initiating therapy late in pregnancy has not been investigated. The primary objective of the Viral and Antiretroviral Dynamics in HIV Mother-To-Child Transmission Fluids (VADICT) study is to investigate viral and antiretroviral dynamics in matrices associated with mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) (plasma, genital fluid and breastmilk) in women (stratified by CYP2B6 genotypes) who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) before or early in pregnancy versus late in pregnancy or early postpartum. Methods: A cohort of HIV-1 infected women who initiated ART containing 600 mg efavirenz before or early in pregnancy (n = 120), during the third trimester (n = 60), or early postpartum (n = 60) will be studied.  Eligible patients will be recruited from four hospitals in Benue State, North Central Nigeria and followed until the end of breastfeeding. Procedures at follow up visits will include sample collection for drug quantification and HIV-1 RNA and DNA in plasma, genital fluid and breastmilk; adherence monitoring; and newborn and infant assessment. Using newborn exposure to maternal efavirenz at birth for validation, prenatal pharmacogenetics of efavirenz will be explored using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Three integrated methods will be used to monitor patterns and correlates of adherence across pregnancy and the breastfeeding period. A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model will be developed to describe the observed data and simulate what to expect in women initiating ART containing 400 mg efavirenz (recently approved for non-pregnant adults) late in pregnancy or early postpartum. Discussion: This study will help in understanding residual MTCT in women receiving ART and reasons for the rise in MTCT risk during the breastfeeding period. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03284645 (15/09/2017)

The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting health systems globally. Maternity care disruptions have been surveyed, but not those related to vulnerable small newborns. We aimed to survey reported disruptions to small and sick newborn care worldwide and undertake thematic analysis of healthcare providers' experiences and proposed mitigation strategies. Using a widely disseminated online survey in three languages, we reached out to neonatal healthcare providers. We collected data on COVID-19 preparedness, effects on health personnel and on newborn care services, including kangaroo mother care (KMC), as well as disruptors and solutions. We analysed 1120 responses from 62 countries, mainly low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Preparedness for COVID-19 was suboptimal in terms of guidelines and availability of personal protective equipment. One-third reported routine testing of all pregnant women, but 13% had no testing capacity at all. More than 85% of health personnel feared for their own health and 89% had increased stress. Newborn care practices were disrupted both due to reduced care-seeking and a compromised workforce. More than half reported that evidence-based interventions such as KMC were discontinued or discouraged. Separation of the mother-baby dyad was reported for both COVID-positive mothers (50%) and those with unknown status (16%). Follow-up care was disrupted primarily due to families' fear of visiting hospitals (~73%). Newborn care providers are stressed and there is lack clarity and guidelines regarding care of small newborns during the pandemic. There is an urgent need to protect life-saving interventions, such as KMC, threatened by the pandemic, and to be ready to recover and build back better.

BackgroundCOVID-19 is disrupting health services for mothers and newborns, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Preterm newborns are particularly vulnerable. We undertook analyses of the benefits of kangaroo mother care (KMC) on survival among neonates weighing ≤2000 g compared with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquired from infected mothers/caregivers.MethodsWe modelled two scenarios over 12 months. Scenario 1 compared the survival benefits of KMC with universal coverage (99%) and mortality risk due to COVID-19. Scenario 2 estimated incremental deaths from reduced coverage and complete disruption of KMC. Projections were based on the most recent data for 127 LMICs (~90% of global births), with results aggregated into five regions.FindingsOur worst-case scenario (100% transmission) could result in 1,950 neonatal deaths from COVID-19. Conversely, 125,680 neonatal lives could be saved with universal KMC coverage. Hence, the benefit of KMC is 65-fold higher than the mortality risk of COVID-19. If recent evidence of 10% transmission was applied, the ratio would be 630-fold. We estimated a 50% reduction in KMC coverage could result in 12,570 incremental deaths and full disruption could result in 25,140 incremental deaths, representing a 2·3-4·6% increase in neonatal mortality across the 127 countries.InterpretationThe survival benefit of KMC far outweighs the small risk of death due to COVID-19. Preterm newborns are at risk, especially in LMICs where the consequences of disruptions are substantial. Policymakers and healthcare professionals need to protect services and ensure clearer messaging to keep mothers and newborns together, even if the mother is SARS-CoV-2-positive.FundingEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Elma Philanthropies; Wellcome Trust; and Joint Global Health Trials scheme of Department of Health and Social Care, Department for International Development, Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust.

Background: Pregnancy and polymorphisms in drug disposition genes alter the clearance of key antiretrovirals used as part of regimens for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). The clinical significance of these in women initiating therapy late in pregnancy has not been investigated. The primary objective of the Viral and Antiretroviral Dynamics in HIV Mother-To-Child Transmission Fluids (VADICT) study is to investigate viral and antiretroviral dynamics in matrices associated with mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) (plasma, genital fluid and breastmilk) in women (stratified by CYP2B6 genotypes) who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) before or early in pregnancy versus late in pregnancy or early postpartum. Methods: A cohort of HIV-1 infected women who initiated ART containing 600 mg efavirenz before or early in pregnancy (n = 120), during the third trimester (n = 60), or early postpartum (n = 60) will be studied.  Eligible patients will be recruited from four hospitals in Benue State, North Central Nigeria and followed until the end of breastfeeding. Procedures at follow up visits will include sample collection for drug quantification and HIV-1 RNA and DNA in plasma, genital fluid and breastmilk; adherence monitoring; and newborn and infant assessment. Using newborn exposure to maternal efavirenz at birth for validation, prenatal pharmacogenetics of efavirenz will be explored using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Three integrated methods will be used to monitor patterns and correlates of adherence across pregnancy and the breastfeeding period. A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model will be developed to describe the observed data and simulate what to expect in women initiating ART containing 400 mg efavirenz (recently approved for non-pregnant adults) late in pregnancy or early postpartum. Discussion: This study will help in understanding residual MTCT in women receiving ART and reasons for the rise in MTCT risk during the breastfeeding period. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03284645 (15/09/2017)

Background: Sepsis is a common diagnostic challenge in newborns with clinical features which are protean, subtle, and non-specific. There are varying incidences of neonatal sepsis, etiological agents, and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. However, to adopt an empirical antibiotic in a region, there is a need to determine the etiological agent and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in that region. This study aimed to determine the common organism responsible for neonatal sepsis and the antibiotics sensitivity pattern. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Consecutive neonates with features of sepsis were recruited. Blood culture and sensitivity patterns were carried out. Data were analyzed and p-value = 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 180 neonates comprising 106 (58.9%) males with a male to female ratio 1.4:1. The incidence of neonatal sepsis was 17.8%. Majority of neonates with sepsis were out-born (56.3%) and fever (62.5%) was the most common presenting feature. The most common organism isolates were Staphylococcus aureus accounting for (70.5%), followed by Klebsiella (11.7%) while coagulase negative staphylococcus (2.9%) was the least. The overall sensitivity of organisms isolated showed a sensitivity of 90.9% to ciprofloxacin, 86.4% to ceftriaxone, 77.3% to ofloxacin, and 72.8% to cefuroxime. While there was resistance to genticin 54.5%, ampicillin 40.9%, and cloxacillin 41.7%. Conclusion: There was high resistance to the commonly used empirical antibiotics and overall sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Therefore, there is a need to review the present antibiotic protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Antibiotic-resistant bacteria complicate treatment options in neonatal sepsis, especially in developing countries. This study determined the epidemiology and bacteriological characteristics of neonatal sepsis at a tertiary hospital, in southwest Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study from December 2017 to April 2019 among admitted babies with clinical neonatal sepsis. Blood culture was performed by semi-automated system, sepsis biomarker assay (serum procalcitonin) by a semi-quantitative kit while proforma was used to capture clinicodemographic data. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, determination of genetic elements mediating resistance, were performed by standard methods and polymerase chain reaction protocols, respectively. Quantitative data were expressed as frequencies, mean; bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed by Chi-square or Fishers’ exact test and logistic regression. Results Of the 192 cases of neonatal sepsis enrolled, 42.7% (82/192) were blood culture positive. Factors associated with blood culture positivity included respiratory rate ≥60 bpm (60/82; p<0.03), lethargy/unconsciousness (59/82; FE=7.76; p<0.001), grunting respiration (54/82; p=0.04), meconium passage before birth (17/82; p=0.03) and prolonged rupture of membranes ≥24 hours (50/82; FE=6.90; p=0.01). On the other hand, mortality in the neonates was associated with elevated serum procalcitonin assay (>0.5 ng/mL) χ² =13.58; p=0.03] and Gram-negative bacteremia (χ² =24.64; p<0.001). The most common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (42/82), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (17/82), Enterobacter spp. (8/82), and Acinetobacter spp. (6/82). Methicillin resistance was present in 85.7% (36/42) of Staphylococcus aureus and 52.9% (9/17) of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes were present in (21.1%; 4/19) of the Gram-negative bacilli. Conclusions Almost half of the cases of clinically diagnosed neonatal sepsis have bacterial etiologic confirmation of sepsis. Gram-negative bacteremia and high serum procalcitonin predict mortality in neonatal sepsis. There was high resistance to common antibiotics for the treatment of neonatal sepsis in our settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, about 15% of newborns are born with a low birth weight (LBW) as a result of preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction or both. Up to 70% of neonatal deaths occur in this group within the first 3 days after birth. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) applied after stabilization of the infant has been shown to reduce mortality by 40% among hospitalized infants with a birth weight of less than 2.0 kg. In these studies, infants were randomly assigned and KMC was initiated after about 3 days of age, when the majority of neonatal deaths would have already occurred. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of continuous KMC initiated as soon as possible after birth compared with the current recommendation of initiating continuous KMC after stabilization in neonates with a birth weight between 1.0 and less than 1.8 kg.Methods: This randomized controlled trial is being conducted in tertiary-care hospitals in five low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. All pregnant women admitted to these hospitals for childbirth are pre-screened. After delivery, all neonates with a birth weight between 1.0 and less than 1.8 kg are screened for enrollment. Eligible infants are randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention consists of continuous skin-to-skin contact initiated as soon as possible after birth, promotion and support for early exclusive breastfeeding, and provision of health care for mother and baby with as little separation as possible. This efficacy trial will primarily evaluate the impact of KMC started immediately after birth on neonatal death (between enrollment and 72 h of age and deaths between enrollment and 28 days of age) and other key outcomes.Discussion: This is the first large multi-country trial studying immediate KMC in LMICs. Implementation of this intervention has already resulted in an important enhancement of the paradigm shift in LMIC settings in which mothers are not separated from their baby in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The findings of this trial will have future global implications not only on how the LBW newborns are cared for immediately after birth but also for the dissemination of designing NICUs in accordance with the mother-neonatal intensive care unit (M-NICU) model.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI): CTRI/2018/08/01536 (retrospectively registered); Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12618001880235 (retrospectively registered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder that affects attention and concentration of children. In Africa, there is a lack of information on academic performance of children with ADHD. This article aims to (1) determine the academic performance and intelligent quotient (IQ) of pupils with ADHD, (2) compare the academic performance and IQ of children with ADHD to those without ADHD, and (3) determine other factors affecting academic performance in children with ADHD. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ile Ife among pupils aged 5 to 12 years. They were screened with Disruptive Behavioral Disorder Rating Scale, IQs determined with the Draw-A-Person test (DAPT), the academic performance determined with academic performance questionnaire (APQ), and continuous assessment (CA) score for 2013/2014 session recorded. A total of 32.3% of 65 pupils with ADHD had low CA score, while 9.6% of 1,320 pupils without ADHD had low CA score. The CA score of pupils with ADHD was significantly lower ( χ 2  = 36.875, p  = 0.001), particularly among older children aged 9 to 12 years ( χ 2  = 4.135, p  = 0.042). A total of 46.2% of 65 pupils with ADHD had subnormal IQ, while 47.2% of 1,320 pupils without ADHD had subnormal IQ. There was no significant difference between the IQ of children with ADHD and their peers without ADHD ( χ 2  = 0.023, p  = 0.879). Children with ADHD had similar IQ as their peers without ADHD but lower CA score. The low academic performance in pupils with ADHD could be attributed to inattentiveness in the affected pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mother-to-child transmission of HIV is difficult to predict and also hard to prevent in practice, pregnancy among women living with HIV/AIDS (WHA) needs to be taken with considerable aforethought. The prevention of unwanted pregnancy among WHA is therefore a public health issue. The aim of our study was to determine the unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women and the associated factors. Ours was a cross-sectional study involving 425 non-pregnant WHA attending an adult HIV clinic in Nigeria. Interviewer-administered, structured questionnaires designed for the study were used to obtain data. The contraceptive uptake was 47% while the unmet need for contraception was 20%. There were significant associations between unmet need for contraception and age group ( P < 0.001), religion ( P < 0.001), ethnic group ( P < 0.001), knowledge about contraceptives ( P = 0.02), educational status ( P = 0.01) and partners' retroviral status ( P = 0.008) The unmet need for contraception was high. Advocacy programs should perhaps be focused on older women, Christians and those with little or no education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]