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The genus Penicillium has currently 549 described species. Many members of this genus are economically important, both in positive and negative ways. Correct molecular identification of isolated species is important for their utilization. Penicillium LBKURCC37.1, LBKURCC37.2, LBKURCC38 and LBKURCC39 are four strains isolated from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve natural forest located in Riau. Although already identified morphology as members of Penicillium, their species identity still needs to be determined by molecular methods. The aim of this study was to determine optimal conditions for chromosomal DNA isolation and amplification of the Internal Transcribe Spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region of Penicillium LBKURCC37.1, LBKURCC37.2, LBKURCC38 and LBKURCC39, for subsequent use in molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Our results show that chromosomal DNA could be isolated from two to three days old cultures, depending on the strain. Various annealing temperatures were explored for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS rDNA regions of the fungal chromosomal DNA. All strains required an annealing temperature of 42°C before producing PCR bands representing the ITS rDNA region with sizes ranging from 590 bp to 732 bp.

One of many duties of teachers is as a facilitators of students learning activities, as facilitator a teacher has to be capable in serving various kinds of instructional media. This research aims to develop instructional media by applying the computer assisted as simulation trainer of DCS in order to run processing control system, and analyzing characteristics on processing control systems, interactively, intuitive, effectively, and efficiently. This DCS/SCADA trainer is developed using LabVIEW application as the Human Machine Interface (HMI) which usually present on Distributed Control System (DCS). Arduino microcontroller as replacement for Programmable Logic Control (PLC) device. Applied controlling systems are Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) control on single loop level and cascade loop level. From the research result by using mixed methods acquired qualitative and quantitative data’s. Data then analyzed through triangulation process by using the support of NVivo application until its validity and credibility can be approved as assessment on the instructional media which had been developed. To know the effectiveness thus testing of the student comprehension regarding of the media that is being used before has to be done by providing pretest and posttest. The results of the analysis of qualitative data obtained the information that stakeholders in the development of instructional media have confirmed agreement on the suitability of media that is developed with the curriculum in instrumentation processing control program. And the results of testing the effectiveness of this medium can be proven by the average value of the results of more than pretest posttest, the effectiveness is then expressed in Cohen-d where the results indicate a positive difference.

The focus of this paper is on devices and implements that may be deployed to realize technology-driven instructors and simulated classrooms. It discusses the barriers to building systems with the capability to replicate the human instructor in simulated learning environments. The paper also presents a confluence of technological advancements and open standards that are primed to facilitate the implementation of the capabilities required for the delivery of individualized instruction in simulated classrooms. The goal of the research being presented is to develop tools and applications that can be used to implement learning environments consisting of technology-driven and persistent instructors, learning objects, and simulated classrooms where learners can engage in learning individually while also benefiting from group learning activities.

Foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is generally carried out with traditional boom sprayers. However there is a possibility that this operation may cause physical stress to nematodes due to the action of the mechanical components. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a spray application, with a conventional hydraulic sprayer, on the viability of Steinernema car-pocapsae (Weiser) in spinach crop. Laboratory tests preceded foliar application in the field to exclude possible effects on the ne-matodes due to the spray equipment. In a field trial, applications of EPN alone and in a mixture with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) subsp. aizawai were carried out evaluating their level of control against noctuid moths in spinach. The biopesticides action was also compared with conventional chemical control. In addition, the interaction from the combination of Bt and EPN was investigated. Results showed that a static pressure up to 14 bar causes no significant damage to S. carpocapsae and that the passage of the nematode through the flat fan nozzles do not affect their viability. Repeated recirculation of nematodes by hydro-ejector did not affect their viability even at high recirculation level (36.9 l/min). In the field trial, treatment with EPN alone and with the mixture EPN+Bt showed no significant differences with respect to the control. Nevertheless, in general these treatments were not significantly different from chemical treatment. The combined application of EPN and Bt showed an additive interaction compared to EPN alone.

The performance of sprayers used to treat orchards, vines and hop crops is a concern for the environment. Soil or effluent pollution due to pesticides can occur. The configuration of the sprayers is thus very important; it must take into account the air and volume of the sprayed pesticides. Measurement methods have been designed to define the sprayers., Le résultat des pulvérisateurs utilisés pour traiter des vergers, des vignes et des cultures de houblon constitue un sujet de préoccupation au niveau de l'environnement. La contamination du sol ou des effluents par les pesticides peut se produire. La configuration des machines est donc très importante ; elle doit tenir compte de l'air et du volume de pesticides diffusé. Des méthodes de mesure ont été mises au point pour définir l'instrumentation.

A research program was set up with European Institutes to compare the testing methods employed by these laboratories to measure characteristic parameters of the air assisted orchard sprayers. The parameters studied in the frame of this program are : the air flow rate, the air velocity and the liquid distribution. The study showed off the differences and explained if these differences come from the measuring devices or the testing methods., Un programme de recherche a été mis sur pied en collaboration avec les instituts européens pour comparer les méthodes d'essai utilisées par ces laboratoires afin de mesurer les paramètres caractéristiques des pulvérisateurs pneumatiques utilisés dans les vergers. Les paramètres étudiés dans le cadre de ce programme sont : le débit d'air, la vitesse de l'air et la répartition du liquide. L'étude a permis de mettre en évidence certaines différences et d'expliquer si ces différences étaient dues aux appareils de mesure ou aux méthodes d'essai.