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1. Feline Papillomatosis.

Author

Egberink, Herman, Hartmann, Katrin, Mueller, Ralf, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Belák, Sándor, Tasker, Séverine, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D., Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J.

Subjects
VIRAL antigens, SKIN tumors, SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma, VIRAL DNA, IN situ hybridization, CAT diseases
Abstract

Different types of feline papillomaviruses (PVs) are associated with a variety of skin lesions and neoplasia, such as papillomas and cell carcinomas, but the virus can also be found in healthy skin. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of veterinary experts on feline infectious diseases from 11 European Countries, discusses the current knowledge of feline PV infections. Cats most likely become infected through lesions or abrasions of the skin. Most PV infections remain asymptomatic. Besides cat-specific PVs, DNA sequences most closely related to human and bovine PVs have been detected in feline skin lesions. Diagnosis is supported by the histological detection of PV-induced cell changes and intralesional detection of viral antigen (immunostaining) or viral DNA (in situ hybridization). Immunostaining of p16CDKN2A protein (p16) can be performed as a proxy marker for PV-induced neoplasms. There is no specific treatment for PV-induced skin lesions. Spontaneous regression commonly occurs. In the case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC), complete excision should be considered, if possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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3. Feline Morbillivirus: Clinical Relevance of a Widespread Endemic Viral Infection of Cats

Author

Pennisi, Maria Grazia, primary, Belák, Sándor, additional, Tasker, Séverine, additional, Addie, Diane D., additional, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Frymus, Tadeusz, additional, Hartmann, Katrin, additional, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, additional, Lloret, Albert, additional, Marsilio, Fulvio, additional, Thiry, Etienne, additional, Truyen, Uwe, additional, Möstl, Karin, additional, and Hosie, Margaret J., additional

Published
2023
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4. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines

Author

Tasker, Séverine, primary, Addie, Diane D., additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, additional, Hosie, Margaret J., additional, Truyen, Uwe, additional, Belák, Sándor, additional, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, additional, Frymus, Tadeusz, additional, Lloret, Albert, additional, Marsilio, Fulvio, additional, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, additional, Thiry, Etienne, additional, Möstl, Karin, additional, and Hartmann, Katrin, additional

Published
2023
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5. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin, primary, Egberink, Herman, additional, Möstl, Karin, additional, Addie, Diane D., additional, Belák, Sándor, additional, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, additional, Frymus, Tadeusz, additional, Lloret, Albert, additional, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, additional, Marsilio, Fulvio, additional, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, additional, Tasker, Séverine, additional, Thiry, Etienne, additional, Truyen, Uwe, additional, and Hosie, Margaret J., additional

Published
2023
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6. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J

Abstract

Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.

Published
2023

7. Feline Morbillivirus: Clinical Relevance of a Widespread Endemic Viral Infection of Cats

Author

Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Belák, Sándor, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Belák, Sándor, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, and Hosie, Margaret J

Abstract

Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was first isolated in 2012 from stray cats in Hong Kong. It has been found in association with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), the most common cause of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, viral host spectrum and virus tropism go beyond the domestic cat and kidney tissues. The viral genetic diversity of FeMV is extensive, but it is not known if this is clinically relevant. Urine and kidney tissues have been widely tested in attempts to confirm associations between FeMV infection and renal disease, but samples from both healthy and sick cats can test positive and some cross-sectional studies have not found associations between FeMV infection and CKD. There is also evidence for acute kidney injury following infection with FeMV. The results of prevalence studies differ greatly depending on the population tested and methodologies used for detection, but worldwide distribution of FeMV has been shown. Experimental studies have confirmed previous field observations that higher viral loads are present in the urine compared to other tissues, and renal TIN lesions associated with FeMV antigen have been demonstrated, alongside virus lymphotropism and viraemia-associated lymphopenia. Longitudinal field studies have revealed persistent viral shedding in urine, although infection can be cleared spontaneously.

Published
2023

8. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines

Author

Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, Hartmann, Katrin, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, and Hartmann, Katrin

Abstract

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.

Published
2023

9. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats

Author

Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J, Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J

Published
2023

10. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines

Author

Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, Hartmann, Katrin, Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, and Hartmann, Katrin

Published
2023

11. Feline Morbillivirus: Clinical Relevance of a Widespread Endemic Viral Infection of Cats

Author

Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Belák, Sándor, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J, Virologie, Infectious Diseases and Immunology - Virology, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Belák, Sándor, Tasker, Séverine, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, and Hosie, Margaret J

Published
2023

12. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines

Author

Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Möstl, Karin, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Truyen, Uwe, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Möstl, Karin, and Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X

Abstract

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.

Published
2023

13. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023

Abstract

Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.

Published
2023

14. Feline Morbillivirus: Clinical Relevance of a Widespread Endemic Viral Infection of Cats

Author

Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Pennisi, Maria Grazia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4194, Belák, Sándor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-268X, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, and Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023

Abstract

Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was first isolated in 2012 from stray cats in Hong Kong. It has been found in association with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), the most common cause of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, viral host spectrum and virus tropism go beyond the domestic cat and kidney tissues. The viral genetic diversity of FeMV is extensive, but it is not known if this is clinically relevant. Urine and kidney tissues have been widely tested in attempts to confirm associations between FeMV infection and renal disease, but samples from both healthy and sick cats can test positive and some cross-sectional studies have not found associations between FeMV infection and CKD. There is also evidence for acute kidney injury following infection with FeMV. The results of prevalence studies differ greatly depending on the population tested and methodologies used for detection, but worldwide distribution of FeMV has been shown. Experimental studies have confirmed previous field observations that higher viral loads are present in the urine compared to other tissues, and renal TIN lesions associated with FeMV antigen have been demonstrated, alongside virus lymphotropism and viraemia-associated lymphopenia. Longitudinal field studies have revealed persistent viral shedding in urine, although infection can be cleared spontaneously.

Published
2023

15. Studies on the humoral immune response to feline coronavirus

Author

Addie, Diane D.

Subjects
636.8
Abstract

The first objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test in feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. As a result of this work, guidelines for veterinary practitioners were established for the use of this test. Some differences between the reality of FCoV infection in the field and much of the present wisdom based on the extrapolation of experimental infections were found.

Published
1991

17. Vaccination and antibody testing in cats

Author

Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D., Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lutz, Hans, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasler, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J.

Abstract

Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.

Published
2022

18. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J

Abstract

Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses the current knowledge and rationale for vaccination of immunocompromised cats. So far, there are few data available on vaccination of immunocompromised cats, and sometimes studies produce controversial results. Thus, this guideline summarizes the available scientific studies and fills in the gaps with expert opinion, where scientific studies are missing. Ultimately, this review aims to help veterinarians with their decision-making in how best to vaccinate immunocompromised cats.

Published
2022

19. Calicivirus Infection in Cats

Author

Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne, Radford, Alan D, Möstl, Karin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne, Radford, Alan D, and Möstl, Karin

Abstract

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.

Published
2022

20. Calicivirus Infection in Cats

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne, Radford, Alan D, Möstl, Karin, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hosie, Margaret J, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne, Radford, Alan D, and Möstl, Karin

Published
2022

21. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J

Published
2022

22. Vaccination and Antibody Testing in Cats

Author

Virologie, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J, Virologie, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J

Published
2022

23. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Möstl, Karin, Lloret, Albert, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Truyen, Uwe, and Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023

Abstract

Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses the current knowledge and rationale for vaccination of immunocompromised cats. So far, there are few data available on vaccination of immunocompromised cats, and sometimes studies produce controversial results. Thus, this guideline summarizes the available scientific studies and fills in the gaps with expert opinion, where scientific studies are missing. Ultimately, this review aims to help veterinarians with their decision-making in how best to vaccinate immunocompromised cats.

Published
2022

24. Calicivirus Infection in Cats

Author

Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Radford, Alan D, Möstl, Karin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hartmann, Katrin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-863X, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Lutz, Hans, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Radford, Alan D, and Möstl, Karin

Abstract

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.

Published
2022

25. Calicivirus Infection in Cats

Author

Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, primary, Hosie, Margaret J., additional, Hartmann, Katrin, additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Truyen, Uwe, additional, Tasker, Séverine, additional, Belák, Sándor, additional, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, additional, Frymus, Tadeusz, additional, Lloret, Albert, additional, Marsilio, Fulvio, additional, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, additional, Addie, Diane D., additional, Lutz, Hans, additional, Thiry, Etienne, additional, Radford, Alan D., additional, and Möstl, Karin, additional

Published
2022
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26. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats

Author

Hartmann, Katrin, primary, Möstl, Karin, additional, Lloret, Albert, additional, Thiry, Etienne, additional, Addie, Diane D., additional, Belák, Sándor, additional, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Frymus, Tadeusz, additional, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, additional, Lutz, Hans, additional, Marsilio, Fulvio, additional, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, additional, Tasker, Séverine, additional, Truyen, Uwe, additional, and Hosie, Margaret J., additional

Published
2022
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27. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein reduction differentiates recovery from remission in feline infectious peritonitis treatment

Author

Addie, Diane D., primary, Silveira, Carla, additional, Aston, Charlotte, additional, Brauckmann, Pauline, additional, Covell-Ritchie, Johanna, additional, Felstead, Chris, additional, Fosbery, Mark, additional, Gibbins, Caryn, additional, Macaulay, Kristina, additional, McMurrough, James, additional, Pattison, Ed, additional, and Robertson, Elise, additional

Published
2022
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28. Feline infectious peritonitis: answers to frequently asked questions concerning FIP and coronavirus

Author

Addie, Diane D.

Subjects
FIP, Feline coronavirus, 040301 veterinary sciences, business.industry, viruses, 05 social sciences, Frequently asked questions, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Virology, Feline infectious peritonitis, 0403 veterinary science, Vaccination, Clinical, medicine, Etiology, feline infectious peritonitis, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, business, Disease transmission, feline coronavirus, Infectious virus, Coronavirus
Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV), a highly infectious virus transmitted mostly indirectly, by sharing litter trays with a FCoV excretor, or by fomites. The majority of FCoV-infected cats remain healthy, with up to 12% developing FIP. While any age or breed of cat can develop FIP, FIP disproportionately affects pedigree kittens: most studies found that around 70% of FIP cases occurred in pure-bred cats under 2 years of age. In this paper, some questions about FCoV and FIP that are likely to be asked of, and by, a veterinary nurse will be addressed.

Published
2019
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29. Influenza virus infections in cats

Author

Frymus, Tadeusz, Belák, Sándor, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hartmann, Katrin, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, University of Zurich, Frymus, Tadeusz, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, and dI&I I&I-4

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 030106 microbiology, highly pathogenic, 610 Medicine & health, Disease, Review, medicine.disease_cause, Cat Diseases, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Lethargy, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, lowpathogenic, Cats, Highly pathogenic, Influenza A virus, Low pathogenic, Animals, Humans, Influenza, Human, Virology, Pandemic, medicine, low pathogenic, 11434 Center for Clinical Studies, Subclinical infection, business.industry, Mortality rate, cats, Outbreak, 2725 Infectious Diseases, Clinical Science, Influenza, QR1-502, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, 11404 Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, 2406 Virology, business, Human
Abstract

In the past, cats were considered resistant to influenza. Today, we know that they are susceptible to some influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating in other species. Usually, the outcome is only subclinical infection or a mild fever. However, outbreaks of feline disease caused by canine H3N2 IAV with fever, tachypnoea, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and lethargy are occasionally noted in shelters. In one such outbreak, the morbidity rate was 100% and the mortality rate was 40%. Recently, avian H7N2 IAV infection occurred in cats in some shelters in the USA, inducing mostly mild respiratory disease. Furthermore, cats are susceptible to experimental infection with the human H3N2 IAV that caused the pandemic in 1968. Several studies indicated that cats worldwide could be infected by H1N1 IAV during the subsequent human pandemic in 2009. In one shelter, severe cases with fatalities were noted. Finally, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 IAV can induce a severe, fatal disease in cats, and can spread via cat-to-cat contact. In this review, the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, summarises current data regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics, and control of feline IAV infections, as well as the zoonotic risks.

Published
2021
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30. Recombinant canine coronaviruses in dogs, Europe

Author

Decaro, Nicola, Mari, Viviana, Elia, Gabriella, Addie, Diane D., Camero, Michele, Lucente, Maria Stella, Martella, Vito, and Buonavoglia, Canio

Subjects
Genetic aspects, Health aspects, Infection -- Health aspects -- Genetic aspects, Gastroenteritis -- Health aspects -- Genetic aspects, Dogs -- Health aspects -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae) are exceptionally prone to genetic evolution through accumulation of point mutations in genes encoding for structural and nonstructural proteins and homologous recombination among members [...]

Published
2010
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31. Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Hosie, Margaret J, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, University of Zurich, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, and dI&I I&I-4

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Feline coronavirus, Human-to-feline transmission, viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, Review, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, Domestic cats, Zoonoses, Pandemic, Prevalence, 11434 Center for Clinical Studies, Experimental infection, skin and connective tissue diseases, Coronavirus, COVID, One health, CATS, biology, Transmission (medicine), virus diseases, Companion animals, Infectious Diseases, 11404 Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, COVID-19, Minks, SARS-CoV-2, Wild felids, Animals, Cats, Host Specificity, Humans, Mink, 030106 microbiology, 610 Medicine & health, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, medicine, business.industry, fungi, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, Feline infectious peritonitis, body regions, 030104 developmental biology, business, Betacoronavirus
Abstract

COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a new coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, which is closely related to SARS-CoV that jumped the animal–human species barrier and caused a disease outbreak in 2003. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that was first described in 2019, unrelated to the commonly occurring feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is an alphacoronavirus associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and has spread globally within a few months, resulting in the current pandemic. Felids have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly in the Western world, many people live in very close contact with their pet cats, and natural infections of cats in COVID-19-positive households have been described in several countries. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European Countries, discusses the current status of SARS-CoV infections in cats. The review examines the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and human-to-animal transmissions, including infections in domestic and non-domestic felids, as well as mink-to-human/-cat transmission. It summarises current data on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in domestic cats and the results of experimental infections of cats and provides expert opinions on the clinical relevance and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats.

Published
2021

32. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management

Author

Addie, Diane D., Tasker, Séverine, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Belák, Sandor, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Lloret, Albert, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J., Möstl, Karin, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, University of Zurich, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, and dI&I I&I-4

Subjects
040301 veterinary sciences, 610 Medicine & health, Cat Diseases, Cataract, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Microbiology, 0403 veterinary science, Uveitis, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, Diagnosis, Parasite hosting, Animals, Small Animals, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Pathogen, 0303 health sciences, CATS, biology, Obligate, fungi, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Differential, Encephalitozoonosis, Cats, 11404 Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Diagnosis, Differential
Abstract

Overview: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a common obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite of rabbits that is increasingly recognised as a pathogen of cats and other mammalian species. These guidelines aim to review the literature on feline E cuniculi infection and provide recommendations on prevention and management. Infection in cats: E cuniculi infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of feline uveitis and cataract formation. It is not significantly associated with either chronic kidney disease or meningoencephalitis. E cuniculi infection is more common in stray or feral cats than in pet cats. Diagnosis and treatment: Serological tests for antibody detection in the blood are easy to perform and can be useful for diagnosis, but their specificity is low as antibodies have been found in apparently healthy cats. PCR appears to be more sensitive than histopathology for diagnosis, and is more sensitive when performed on cataractous lenses compared with aqueous humour, although ease of sampling is an obvious limitation. Treatment is with fenbendazole for 3 weeks and phacoemulsification to remove microsporidia from cataractous lenses. Zoonotic risk: E cuniculi is a potential zoonotic agent, and there is a particular risk to immunocompromised humans posed by infected rabbits. Albeit infrequent, spore shedding has been identified in cats, so care should be taken around infected cats.

Published
2020
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33. Influenza Virus Infections in Cats

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Frymus, Tadeusz, Belák, Sándor, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hartmann, Katrin, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Frymus, Tadeusz, Belák, Sándor, Egberink, Herman, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hartmann, Katrin, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine, Möstl, Karin, and Hosie, Margaret J

Published
2021

34. Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hosie, Margaret J, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Hosie, Margaret J, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman, Truyen, Uwe, Addie, Diane D, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Frymus, Tadeusz, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine, Thiry, Etienne, and Möstl, Karin

Published
2021

35. Influenza virus infections in cats

Author

Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Belák, Sándor, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hartmann, Katrin, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Belák, Sándor, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Hartmann, Katrin, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-7933, Truyen, Uwe, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Möstl, Karin, and Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023

Abstract

In the past, cats were considered resistant to influenza. Today, we know that they are susceptible to some influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating in other species. Usually, the outcome is only subclinical infection or a mild fever. However, outbreaks of feline disease caused by canine H3N2 IAV with fever, tachypnoea, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and lethargy are occasionally noted in shelters. In one such outbreak, the morbidity rate was 100% and the mortality rate was 40%. Recently, avian H7N2 IAV infection occurred in cats in some shelters in the USA, inducing mostly mild respiratory disease. Furthermore, cats are susceptible to experimental infection with the human H3N2 IAV that caused the pandemic in 1968. Several studies indicated that cats worldwide could be infected by H1N1 IAV during the subsequent human pandemic in 2009. In one shelter, severe cases with fatalities were noted. Finally, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 IAV can induce a severe, fatal disease in cats, and can spread via cat-to-cat contact. In this review, the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, summarises current data regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics, and control of feline IAV infections, as well as the zoonotic risks.

Published
2021

36. Anthropogenic infection of cats during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Truyen, Uwe, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-450X, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Thiry, Etienne, Möstl, Karin, Hosie, Margaret J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-5023, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-4296, Hartmann, Katrin, Egberink, Herman; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-5936, Truyen, Uwe, Addie, Diane D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-2661, Belák, Sándor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-450X, Frymus, Tadeusz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-1455, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1199, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Tasker, Séverine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1402, Thiry, Etienne, and Möstl, Karin

Abstract

COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a new coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, which is closely related to SARS-CoV that jumped the animal-human species barrier and caused a disease outbreak in 2003. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that was first described in 2019, unrelated to the commonly occurring feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is an alphacoronavirus associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and has spread globally within a few months, resulting in the current pandemic. Felids have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly in the Western world, many people live in very close contact with their pet cats, and natural infections of cats in COVID-19-positive households have been described in several countries. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European Countries, discusses the current status of SARS-CoV infections in cats. The review examines the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and human-to-animal transmissions, including infections in domestic and non-domestic felids, as well as mink-to-human/-cat transmission. It summarises current data on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in domestic cats and the results of experimental infections of cats and provides expert opinions on the clinical relevance and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats.

Published
2021

38. Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein Reduction Differentiated Recovery from Remission in a Small Cohort of Cats Treated for Feline Infectious Peritonitis.

Author

Addie, Diane D., Silveira, Carla, Aston, Charlotte, Brauckmann, Pauline, Covell-Ritchie, Johanna, Felstead, Chris, Fosbery, Mark, Gibbins, Caryn, Macaulay, Kristina, McMurrough, James, Pattison, Ed, and Robertson, Elise

Subjects
*CATS, *ACUTE phase proteins, *ANTIBODY titer, *PERITONITIS, *COVID-19, *SHAPE memory polymers
Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic immune-mediated inflammatory perivasculitis that occurs in a minority of cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Various therapies have been employed to treat this condition, which was previously usually fatal, though no parameters for differentiating FIP recovery from remission have been defined to enable clinicians to decide when it is safe to discontinue treatment. This retrospective observational study shows that a consistent reduction of the acute phase protein alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) to within normal limits (WNL, i.e., 500 μg/mL or below), as opposed to duration of survival, distinguishes recovery from remission. Forty-two cats were diagnosed with FIP: 75% (12/16) of effusive and 54% (14/26) of non-effusive FIP cases recovered. Presenting with the effusive or non-effusive form did not affect whether or not a cat fully recovered (p = 0.2). AGP consistently reduced to WNL in 26 recovered cats but remained elevated in 16 cats in remission, dipping to normal once in two of the latter. Anaemia was present in 77% (23/30) of the cats and resolved more quickly than AGP in six recovered cats. The presence of anaemia did not affect the cat's chances of recovery (p = 0.1). Lymphopenia was observed in 43% (16/37) of the cats and reversed in nine recovered cats but did not reverse in seven lymphopenic cats in the remission group. Fewer recovered cats (9/24: 37%) than remission cats (7/13: 54%) were lymphopenic, but the difference was not statistically different (p = 0.5). Hyperglobulinaemia was slower than AGP to return to WNL in the recovered cats. FCoV antibody titre was high in all 42 cats at the outset. It decreased significantly in 7 recovered cats but too slowly to be a useful parameter to determine discontinuation of antiviral treatments. Conclusion: a sustained return to normal levels of AGP was the most rapid and consistent indicator for differentiating recovery from remission following treatment for FIP. This study provides a useful model for differentiating recovery from chronic coronavirus disease using acute phase protein monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Addie, Diane D., Tasker, Séverine, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Belák, Sandor, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Lloret, Albert, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J., Möstl, Karin, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, Addie, Diane D., Tasker, Séverine, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Belák, Sandor, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Hartmann, Katrin, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Marsilio, Fulvio, Lloret, Albert, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Hosie, Margaret J., and Möstl, Karin

Published
2020

45. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus, Europe

Author

Decaro, Nicola, Desario, Costantina, Addie, Diane D., Martella, Vito, Vieira, Maria Joao, Elia, Gabriella, Zicola, Angelique, Davis, Christopher, Thompson, Gertrude, Thiry, Ethienne, Truyen, Uwe, and Buonavoglia, Canio

Subjects
Distribution, Research, Company distribution practices, Veterinary epidemiology -- Research, Canine parvovirus -- Distribution -- Research
Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV), which causes hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, has 3 antigenic variants: types 2a, 2b, and 2c. Molecular method assessment of the distribution of the CPV variants in Europe [...]

Published
2007

46. Something old, something new

Author

Möstl, Karin, Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Gruffydd-Jones, Tim, Hartmann, Katrin, Hosie, Margaret J, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Radford, Alan D, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Horzinek, Marian C, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, LS Virologie, I&I AVM, dI&I I&I-1, and University of Zurich

Subjects
Veterinary Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, 630 Agriculture, business.industry, Alternative medicine, MEDLINE, Viral Vaccines, Bacterial Infections, Disease, Cat Diseases, Antiviral Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 10187 Department of Farm Animals, Virus Diseases, Family medicine, Bacterial Vaccines, Practice Guidelines as Topic, 3404 Small Animals, Cats, medicine, 570 Life sciences, biology, Animals, Small Animals, business
Abstract

Overview: The ABCD has published 34 guidelines in two Special Issues of the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (JFMS): the first in July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527–620) and the second in July 2013 (Volume 15, Issue 7, pages 528–652). The present article contains updates and new information on 18 of these (17 disease guidelines and one special article ‘Prevention of infectious diseases in cat shelters’). For detailed information, readers are referred to the guidelines published in the above-mentioned JFMS Special Issues.

Published
2015
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47. Haemoplasmosis in cats:European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management

Author

Tasker, Séverine, Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina, Belák, Sándor, Frymus, Tadeusz, Addie, Diane D, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Hartmann, Katrin, Hosie, Margaret J, Lloret, Albert, Marsilio, Fulvio, Radford, Alan D, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, LS Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, LS Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, dI&I I&I-4, University of Zurich, and Tasker, Séverine

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Feline immunodeficiency virus, Blood transfusion, 040301 veterinary sciences, medicine.medical_treatment, animal diseases, 610 Medicine & health, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Cat Diseases, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Mycoplasma Infections, Small Animals, Doxycycline, CATS, Transmission (medicine), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, Virology, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 030104 developmental biology, Practice Guidelines as Topic, 11404 Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, 3404 Small Animals, Candidatus, Cats, bacteria, Female, Cat, Hemoplasma, medicine.drug
Abstract

Overview: Haemoplasmas are haemotropic bacteria that can induce anaemia in a wide range of mammalian species. Infection in cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis is the most pathogenic of the three main feline haemoplasma species known to infect cats. ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ are less pathogenic but can result in disease in immunocompromised cats. Male, non-pedigree cats with outdoor access are more likely to be haemoplasma infected, and ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ is more common in older cats. All three haemoplasma species can be carried asymptomatically. Transmission: The natural mode of transmission of haemoplasma infection is not known, but aggressive interactions and vectors are possibilities. Transmission by blood transfusion can occur and all blood donors should be screened for haemoplasma infection. Diagnosis and treatment: PCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method for haemoplasma infections. Treatment with doxycycline for 2–4 weeks is usually effective for M haemofelis-associated clinical disease (but this may not clear infection). Little information is currently available on the antibiotic responsiveness of ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ and ‘ Candidatus M turicensis’.

Published
2018
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48. Supplementary Material 2

Author

Dunbar, Dawn, Kwok, Wendy, Graham, Elizabeth, Armitage, Andy, Irvine, Richard, Johnston, Pamela, McDonald, Michael, Montgomery, Dorothy, Nicolson, Lesley, Robertson, Elise, Weir, William, and Addie, Diane D

Subjects
body regions, surgical procedures, operative, 70706 Veterinary Medicine, FOS: Veterinary sciences, parasitic diseases, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, digestive system
Abstract

RNA quantification and RT-qPCR results for MLN FNA and MLN biopsy RNA preparations.

Published
2018
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49. Supplementary Material 1

Author

Dunbar, Dawn, Kwok, Wendy, Graham, Elizabeth, Armitage, Andy, Irvine, Richard, Johnston, Pamela, McDonald, Michael, Montgomery, Dorothy, Nicolson, Lesley, Robertson, Elise, Weir, William, and Addie, Diane D

Subjects
body regions, surgical procedures, operative, 70706 Veterinary Medicine, FOS: Veterinary sciences, parasitic diseases, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, digestive system
Abstract

RNA quantification and RT-qPCR results for matched MLN FNA and MLN biopsy RNA preparations in a pilot study.

Published
2018
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50. Disinfectant choices in veterinary practices, shelters and households: ABCD guidelines on safe and effective disinfection for feline environments

Author

Addie, Diane D, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, Gruffydd-Jones, Tim, Hartmann, Katrin, Horzinek, Marian C, Hosie, Margaret J, Lloret, Albert, Lutz, Hans, Marsilio, Fulvio, Pennisi, Maria Grazia, Radford, Alan D, Thiry, Etienne, Truyen, Uwe, Möstl, Karin, dI&I I&I-1, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, LS Virologie, dI&I I&I-4, University of Zurich, and Addie, Diane D

Subjects
Veterinary Medicine, Laundry, media_common.quotation_subject, Disinfectant, Animal Welfare, Cat Diseases, Microbiology, Hygiene, Animals, Small Animals, media_common, biology, 630 Agriculture, Parvovirus, Pets, biology.organism_classification, Housing, Animal, Disinfection, 10187 Department of Farm Animals, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Communicable Disease Control, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Cats, 3404 Small Animals, 570 Life sciences, Food preparation, Disinfectants
Abstract

Overview: Regardless of whether a pathogen is viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal or an emerging unknown, the mainstay of infectious disease control is hygiene, and the cornerstone of good hygiene is effective disinfection. Challenges and current choices: Certain pathogens present a challenge to kill effectively: parvovirus, protozoal oocysts, mycobacteria, bacterial spores and prions resist most disinfectants but can be eliminated through heat, especially steam, which will kill protozoal oocysts. Heat is the safest and most effective disinfectant, but cannot be universally applied. Temperatures in washing machines and dishwashers should be at least 60°C to eliminate pathogenic spores and resistant viruses. Enveloped viruses are susceptible to most disinfectants; of the non-enveloped viruses, parvovirus is recognised as being the most difficult to eradicate. Sodium hypochlorite is recommended for many applications: cleaning of floors, laundry, food preparation surfaces and utensils. Skin scrubs and rubs containing alcohols are more effective than those containing chlorhexidine, and less subject to contamination. Disinfectants to avoid: Deficiency of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase renders the cat susceptible to the toxic effects of phenol-based disinfectants (including many essential oils), so these should be avoided in feline environments. Quaternary ammonium compounds (eg, benzalkonium chloride) are also probably best avoided. The future: Veterinary disinfection approaches in the future may include use of ultraviolet radiation and, increasingly, silver.

Published
2015
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