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4. Shallow-water carbonate facies herald the onset of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (Hazara basin, Northern Pakistan)

Author

Ali, M, Coletti, G, Mariani, L, Benedetti, A, Munawar, M, Rehman, S, Sternai, P, Basso, D, Malinverno, E, Shahzad, K, Khan, S, Awais, M, Usman, M, Castelltort, S, Adatte, T, Garzanti, E, Ali, Mubashir, Coletti, Giovanni, Mariani, Luca, Benedetti, Andrea, Munawar, Muhammad-Jawad, Rehman, Saif Ur, Sternai, Pietro, Basso, Daniela, Malinverno, Elisa, Shahzad, Khurram, Khan, Suleman, Awais, Muhammad, Usman, Muhammad, Castelltort, Sébastien, Adatte, Thierry, Garzanti, Eduardo, Ali, M, Coletti, G, Mariani, L, Benedetti, A, Munawar, M, Rehman, S, Sternai, P, Basso, D, Malinverno, E, Shahzad, K, Khan, S, Awais, M, Usman, M, Castelltort, S, Adatte, T, Garzanti, E, Ali, Mubashir, Coletti, Giovanni, Mariani, Luca, Benedetti, Andrea, Munawar, Muhammad-Jawad, Rehman, Saif Ur, Sternai, Pietro, Basso, Daniela, Malinverno, Elisa, Shahzad, Khurram, Khan, Suleman, Awais, Muhammad, Usman, Muhammad, Castelltort, Sébastien, Adatte, Thierry, and Garzanti, Eduardo

Abstract

We investigate the Palaeocene succession of the Hazara Basin (Northern Pakistan) to better understand the impact of climate change on marine carbonate-producing organisms. These shallow-water carbonates, deposited during the Late Palaeocene, before the onset of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, were studied using a quantitative approach to highlight changes in the skeletal assemblage. We recognise a decrease in the abundance of colonial corals and green calcareous algae and an increase in larger benthic foraminifera and red calcareous algae from the early Thanetian to the late Thanetian. Increasing temperatures may represent a plausible cause for the decline of the more sensitive colonial corals in favor of the more tolerant larger benthic foraminifera. A similar pattern is observed in most successions deposited along the margins of the Neotethys Ocean, suggesting a connection with the Late Palaeocene environmental changes that heralded the PETM hyperthermal event. Our stratigraphic analysis of the Hazara Basin strata suggests that the biotic turnovers occurred during the Palaeocene – Eocene transition started already before the onset of the Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum as recorded by the geochemical proxies.

Published
2024

6. Carbon isotope and biostratigraphic evidence for an expanded Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum sedimentary record in the deep Gulf of Mexico

Author

Vimpere, L, Spangenberg, J, Roige, M, Adatte, T, De Kaenel, E, Fildani, A, Clark, J, Sahoo, S, Bowman, A, Sternai, P, Castelltort, S, Vimpere L., Spangenberg J. E., Roige M., Adatte T., De Kaenel E., Fildani A., Clark J., Sahoo S., Bowman A., Sternai P., Castelltort S., Vimpere, L, Spangenberg, J, Roige, M, Adatte, T, De Kaenel, E, Fildani, A, Clark, J, Sahoo, S, Bowman, A, Sternai, P, Castelltort, S, Vimpere L., Spangenberg J. E., Roige M., Adatte T., De Kaenel E., Fildani A., Clark J., Sahoo S., Bowman A., Sternai P., and Castelltort S.

Abstract

In this study, we present evidence of a Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) record within a 543-m-thick (1780 ft) deep-marine section in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) using organic carbon stable isotopes and biostratigraphic constraints. We suggest that climate and tectonic perturbations in the upstream North American catchments can induce a substantial response in the downstream sectors of the Gulf Coastal Plain and ultimately in the GoM. This relationship is illustrated in the deep-water basin by (1) a high accommodation and deposition of a shale interval when coarse-grained terrigenous material was trapped upstream at the onset of the PETM, and (2) a considerable increase in sediment supply during the PETM, which is archived as a particularly thick sedimentary section in the deep-sea fans of the GoM basin. Despite other thick PETM sections being observed elsewhere in the world, the one described in this study links with a continentalscale paleo-drainage, which makes it of particular interest for paleoclimate and source-to-sink reconstructions.

Published
2023

10. Extreme Planktic Foraminiferal Dwarfism Across the ETM2 in the Tethys Realm in Response to Warming.

Author

D'Onofrio, R., Barrett, R., Schmidt, D. N., Fornaciari, E., Giusberti, L., Frijia, G., Adatte, T., Sabatino, N., Monsuru, A., Brombin, V., and Luciani, V.

Subjects
DWARFISM, SUBMARINE volcanoes, OCEAN temperature, NANNOFOSSILS, GLOBAL warming, RUBIDIUM
Abstract

Pronounced warming negatively impacts ecosystem resilience in modern oceans. To offer a long‐term geological perspective of the calcareous plankton response to global warming, we present an integrated record, from two Tethyan sections (northeastern Italy), of the planktic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil response to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 hyperthermal (ETM2, ∼54 Ma). Our study reveals pronounced changes in assemblage composition and a striking dwarfing of planktic foraminiferal tests of up to 40% during the event, impacting both surface and deeper dwellers. The increased abundance of small placoliths among calcareous nannofossils is interpreted as community size reduction. Literature and our foraminiferal size data from Sites 1263 and 1209 (Atlantic and Pacific Oceans) highlights that the pronounced dwarfism is restricted to the Tethyan area. The ETM2 is characterized by warm sea surface temperatures as indicated by our δ18O data, but this warming is of global extent and cannot explain the unique dwarfism. Excluding evolutionary modifications, other potential drivers of dwarfism (eutrophication, deoxygenation, metabolic adaptation) cannot explain the exceptional dwarfism by themselves. The smallest sizes are in close temporal association with peaks in volcanic derived Hg/Th‐Hg/Rb recorded just before and at the ETM2 which could not have been brought into our sections through weathering. In contrast, size reductions are absent below and above the ETM2 at Hg peaks where δ18O data do not show warm conditions. We speculate that the local input of toxic metals from submarine volcanic emissions could have acted synergistically to warming, causing the unique dwarfism. Key Points: Calcareous plankton size in the Tethys during the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) reveals marked dwarfismPronounced dwarfism was restricted to the Tethyan area, highlighting the importance of local signals in interpreting hyperthermalsCalcareous plankton were highly unstable across the ETM2 but ultimately resilient [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Latitude-dependant climate changes across the Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a

Author

Blok, C. N., Ineson, J., Anderskouv, K., Fantasia, A., Sheldon, E., Thibault, N., Jelby, M. E., Adatte, T., Bodin, S., Blok, C. N., Ineson, J., Anderskouv, K., Fantasia, A., Sheldon, E., Thibault, N., Jelby, M. E., Adatte, T., and Bodin, S.

Abstract

The understanding of the climatic evolution during the Early Cretaceous in general, and across Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE-1a) in particular, has generally been derived from Tethyan localities, implying large uncertainties about their significance at a global scale. In this study, high-resolution clay-mineral assemblage analyses have been performed on the Hauterivian to lower Aptian cored section of the North Jens-1 well, located in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea, in the Boreal Realm. Large amounts of detrital kaolinite are observed throughout the core, indicating the presence of a local, kaolinite-rich source. A long-term decline in kaolinite content is recorded from the upper Hauterivian to the lowermost pre-OAE-1a Aptian, followed by a sharp rise within the OAE-1a interval. This trend is similar to that observed in the Tethyan Realm, where a supra-regional climatic evolution is observed, including: (i) relatively humid conditions in the late Hauterivian; (ii) a shift towards overall drier conditions in the latest Barremian – earliest Aptian; and (iii) renewed humid conditions during the unfolding of OAE-1a. However, the precise timing of climate change across OAE-1a differs between the Tethyan and Boreal Realms. The shift towards humid conditions coincides with the onset of OAE-1a (segment C3) in the Tethyan Realm, followed by a return to drier conditions in the second half of the event. In the Boreal Realm, however, the onset of OAE-1a was characterised by a relatively dry climate, followed by an increase in humidity within its middle part (segments C4–C5) that persisted through the remainder of the early Aptian. Consequently, there was a non-linear change in precipitation patterns across latitudinal belts during the unfolding of OAE-1a. Similar conclusions have been drawn for other OAEs, suggesting a more complex weathering feedback mechanism during hyperthermal events than generally assumed.

Published
2022

26. Alluvial record of an early Eocene hyperthermal, Castissent Formation, the Pyrenees, Spain

Author

Honegger, L., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, J., Caves Rugenstein, J., https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4123-3305, Poyatos, M., Puigdefabregas, C., Chanvry, E., Clark, J., Fildani, A., Verrechia, E., Harlaux, M., and Castelltort, S.

Abstract

The late Palaeocene to the middle Eocene (57.5 to 46.5 Ma) recorded a total of 39 hyperthermals – periods of rapid global warming documented by prominent negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) as well as peaks in iron content – have been recognized in marine cores. Documenting how the Earth system responded to rapid climatic shifts during hyperthermals provides fundamental information to constrain climatic models. However, while hyperthermals have been well documented in the marine sedimentary record, only a few have been recognized and described in continental deposits, thereby limiting our ability to understand the effect and record of global warming on terrestrial systems. Hyperthermals in the continental record could be a powerful correlation tool to help connect marine and continental deposits, addressing issues of environmental signal propagation from land to sea. In this study, we generate new stable carbon isotope data (δ13C values) across the well-exposed and time-constrained fluvial sedimentary succession of the early Eocene Castissent Formation in the south central Pyrenees (Spain). The δ13C values of pedogenic carbonate reveal – similarly to the global records – stepped CIEs, culminating in a minimum δ13C value that we correlate with the hyperthermal event “U” at ca. 50 Ma. This general trend towards more negative values is most probably linked to higher primary productivity leading to an overall higher respiration of soil organic matter during these climatic events. The relative enrichment in immobile elements (Zr, Ti, Al) and higher estimates of mean annual precipitation together with the occurrence of small iron oxide and iron hydroxide nodules during the CIEs suggest intensification of chemical weathering and/or longer exposure of soils in a highly seasonal climate. The results show that even relatively small-scale hyperthermals compared with their prominent counterparts, such as PETM, ETM2, and ETM3, can leave a recognizable signature in the terrestrial stratigraphic record, providing insights into the dynamics of the carbon cycle in continental environments during these events.

Published
2020

31. Mineralogical characterization and genesis of hydrothermal Mn oxides from the flank of the Juan the Fuca Ridge

Author

Buatier, M.D., Guillaume, D., Wheat, C.G., Herve, L., and Adatte, T.

Subjects
Mineralogy -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

Several sites of active hydrothermal flow have been found on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These sites are typically located along the edge of basaltic outcrops where sediment is thin. We present data on Mn-oxides formed on such outcrops (Zona Bare and Grinin Bare). These oxides are either black-layered crust or soft micro-concretions found in partially altered sediments. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of Mn crusts indicate the presence of well-crystallized todorokite and birnessite encrusting detrital minerals and replacing siliceous fossil. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were used to identify amorphous and poorly crystallized Mn-rich phases in partially altered sediments and crusts. TEM of impregnated samples showed textural evidence suggesting that amorphous Mn oxides are incrusting cellular structures that could be bacteria. The valence state of Mn in these oxides was determined by parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS). Results indicate that todorokite and birnessite have an average valence state of about 3.7 whereas the poorly crystallized Mn-rich phases have a lower valence state. These data suggest that the formation of hydrothermal Mn concretions occurs in several steps. The initial step is the adsorption or precipitation of Mn, Fe, and Si around cell-wall bacteria, extracellular polymers, and siliceous fossil remains. These mineralizations are poorly crystallized phyllomanganates, which progressively increase in size and crystallinity to give the final birnessite and todorokite products. All of these Mn-rich phases are the result of interactions between hydrothermal fluid and sediments and formed in areas where hydrothermal fluids discharge through the sediment.

Published
2004

32. Spherule deposits in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sediments in Belize and Guatemala

Author

Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., Holland B., Stuben, D., Harting, M., De Leon C., and De La Cruz, J.

Subjects
Belize -- Natural history, Guatemala -- Natural history, Sediments (Geology) -- Composition, Cryptoexplosion structures -- Composition, Earth sciences
Abstract

Large spheroid deposits at Albion Island and Armenia in northern and central Belize and the spherule deposits of southern Belize and eastern Guatemala have the same glass origin based on the presence of almost pure Cheto smectite derived from alteration of impact glass from the Chicxulub impact on Yucatan, Mexico. The same origin has also been determined for altered glass spherules in Mexico, Haiti and the Caribbean. However, the spherule layers have variable ages as a result of erosion and redeposition, with an early Danian (Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina) zone Pla(1) age in southern Belize, Guatemala, Haiti, southern Mexico and the Caribbean, and a pre-K-T (Plummerita hantkeninoides) zone CF1 age of 65.27 [+ or -] 0.03 Ma in NE Mexico. A pre-K-T age for the Chicxulub impact has now also been determined from the new Yaxcopoil 1 core drilled in the impact crater. These data show that Chicxulub was not the K-T impact that caused the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, but an earlier impact event. A multiple impact hypothesis, volcanism and climate change appears the likely scenario for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Keywords: Belize, Guatemala, K T boundary, Chicxulub crater, spherules.

Published
2003

33. Multiple impacts across the Cretaceous--Tertiary boundary

Author

Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., and Stuben, D.

Subjects
Geology, Stratigraphic -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

The stratigraphy and age of altered impact glass (microtektites, microkrystites) ejecta layers from the Chicxulub crater are documented in Late Maastrichtian and Early Danian sediments in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Haiti. In northeastern Mexico, two to four ejecta layers are present in zone CF1, which spans the last 300 ky of the Maastrichtian. The oldest ejecta layer is dated at 65.27 [+ or -] 0.03 Ma based on sediment accumulation rates and extrapolated magnetostratigraphy. All younger ejecta layers from the Maastrichtian and Early Danian Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina zone Pla(l) may represent repeated episodes of reworking of the oldest layer at times of sea level changes and tectonic activity. The K/T boundary impact event (65.0 Ma) is not well represented in this area due to widespread erosion. An Early Danian Pla(1) Ir anomaly is present in five localities (Bochil, Actela, Coxquihui, Trinitaria and Haiti) and is tentatively identified as a third impact event at about 64.9 Ma. A multiimpact scenario is most consistent with the impact ejecta evidence. The first impact is associated with major Deccan volcanism and likely contributed to the rapid global warming of 3-4[degrees] C in intermediate waters between 65.4 and 65.2 Ma, decrease in primary productivity and onset of terminal decline in planktic foraminiferal populations. The K/T boundary impact marks a major drop in primary productivity and the extinction of all tropical and subtropical species. The Early Danian impact may have contributed to the delayed recovery in productivity and evolutionary diversity. Keywords: Multiple impacts; Maastrichtian--Danian; Microtektites; Microkrystites; Ir; PGE anomalies

Published
2003

38. Anaerobic mercury methylation in the oxic water column of freshwater systems

Author

Bravo, Andrea G., Gascón Díez, E., Cosio, Claudia, Bouchet, Sylvain, Adatte, T., Amouroux, David, and Loizeau, J.L.

Abstract

1st Iberian Ecological Society Meeting (2019); XIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre (AEET), Ecology: an integrative science in the Anthropocene, 4-7 February 2019, Barcelona, Spain, The formation of methylmercury (MeHg) is carried out by specific groups of anaerobic bacteria as iron-reducing bacteria, sulphate-reducing bacteria, methanogens, Firmicutes and Methanomicrobia. The finding of Hg(II) methylation processes in oxic water columnof marine ecosystems was a breakthrough in the conceptual model of Hg biogeochemical cycling. By combining field and laboratorybased experiments, we evaluated the role of sinking particles on Hg(II) methylation in the oxic water column of the largest Lake inWestern Europe (Lake Geneva). Differences in THg concentrations between sediments and sinking particles were not statisticallysignificant (p > 0.05). In contrast, MeHg concentrations were up to ten-fold greater in sinking particles than in sediments. Hg(II)methylation rates were one order of magnitude greater in sinking particles. Furthermore, the amendement of molybdate (an inhibitorof sulphate-reducing bacteria) to sinking particles significantly decreased Hg methylation (~80 % inhibition). In this study we demon-strate that MeHg is biologically formed in sinking particles of oxic water column of lake systems and we highlight that sulfate re-duction is an important metabolic pathway involved in the process. We conclude that MeHg formed in water column has beenunderestimated but might represent a significant pool of MeHg for aquatic food webs

Published
2019

41. Age, stratigraphy, and deposition of near-K/T siliciclastic deposits in Mexico: relation to bolide impact?

Author

Keller, G., Lopez-Oliva, J.G., Stinnesbeck, W., and Adatte, T.

Subjects
Mexico -- Natural history, Paleontology, Stratigraphic -- Research, Foraminifera, Fossil -- Research, Physical geology -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

Examination of 10 K/T boundary sections in northeastern and east-central Mexico, and new data presented from 7 sections, permit the following conclusions. (1) The globally recognized K/T boundary and mass extinction in planktic foraminifera is stratigraphically above, and separated by a thin marl layer of Maastrichtian age, from the siliciclastic deposit that is commonly interpreted as a short-term (hours to days) K/T-impact-generated tsunami deposit. A similar relationship between the K/T boundary and siliciclastic or breccia deposits is observed at Brazos River in Texas, Beloc in Haiti, and Poty Quarry in Brazil. (2) Stratigraphic control indicates that deposition of the siliciclastic member occurred sometime during the last 150 k.y. of the Maastrichtian, and ended at least several thousand years prior to the K/T boundary. (3) At least four discrete horizons of bioturbation have been observed within the siliciclastic deposit that indicate episodic colonization by invertebrates over an extended time period. (4) The glass- and spherule-rich unit, which has been linked to the Haiti spherule layer and the Chicxulub structure, is at the base of the siliciclastic deposit and thus significantly predates the K/T boundary event. The stratigraphic separation of the K/T boundary and siliciclastic deposits and the evidence of long-term deposition between them, suggests the presence of two events: (1) a globally recognized K/T boundary (impact) event (impact or volcanic and probably linked to the Chicxulub structure) that predates the K/T boundary and is marked by glass and siliciclastic or breccia deposits.

Published
1997

44. Deposition of channel deposits near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico: catastrophic or 'normal' sedimentary deposits?

Author

Stinnesbeck, W., Barbarin, J.M., Keller, G., Lopez-Oliva, J.G., Pivnik, D.A., Lyons, J.B., Officer, C.B., Adatte, T., Graup, G., Rocchia, R., and Robin, E.

Subjects
Mexico -- Natural history, Sedimentation and deposition -- Research, Geology, Stratigraphic -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

Investigation of Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary channel deposits in three sections in northeastern Mexico reveal three lithologically and mineralogically distinct units separated by three or more disconformities. The units include a spherule-rich layer (unit 1), laminated sandstone (unit 2), and rippled sand and shale layers (unit 3). On the basis of paleontological, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence, the K-T boundary is just above the top of unit 3. Although the deposits have previously been interpreted as a tsunami deposit related to a presumed K-T impact at Chicxulub on Yucatan, we have found no evidence of a nearby impact. We suggest that deposition occurred in an incised valley setting and over an extended period of time.

Published
1993

49. Magnetostratigraphy and stable isotopes stratigraphy of the middle-upper Eocene deposits of the Ainsa basin (Spain): new age constraints and implications for Pyrenean mountain building

Author

Läuchli, Charlotte, Garcés, Miguel, Beamud, Elisabet, Valero, L., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, Jorge E., Honegger, Louis, Clark, Julian, Puigdefàbregas, Cai, Fildani, Andrea, Hunger, T., Nowak, Andres, and Castelltort, S.

Abstract

Understanding the origin of stratigraphic cycles preserved in sedimentary successions is one of the main goals of sequence stratigraphy. Cyclicities in sediments are controlled by local and regional tectonics, global sea level and eustatic variations themselves linked to climate and global tectonics, as well as sediment supply also related to tectonics and climate. The Ainsa foreland basin (southern central Pyrenees, Spain), is composed of very well preserved syn-tectonic deep marine deposits in which stratigraphic cycles are characterized by an alternance of hemipelagic intervals and sediment gravity flow (SGF) deposits. The origin of stratigraphic cyclicity in the Ainsa basin has been largely discussed, however the absence of accurate chronostratigraphic constraints on the sandy systems of the basin remains one of the main issues to tie these pulses of coarse sediments with external factors. In this work, two age models were developed based both on new magnetostratigraphic data and stable isotope stratigraphy. New carbone and oxygen isotope data for the upper Hecho group were compiled with existing isotope profile of the lower Hecho group to provide a complete record for the entire deepwater succession of the Ainsa basin. The first age model considers continuous depositions in the basin and places our magnetostratigraphic results in the light of existing paleomagnetic studies previously performed in the Ainsa basin (Bentham and Burbank, 1996 ; Mochales et al., 2012a). It provides new time lines for the basin in agreement with the age model currently accepted for the South Pyrenean foreland basin. In the second age model, we used stable isotope signal combined with published large foraminifer biostratigraphic constraints (Scotchman et al., 2014). The obtained stable isotope curves show significant similarities with global isotopic records, with in particular a negative oxygen excursion towards the top of the succession that could be attributed to the Mid-Eocene Climatic Optimum. This age model is thus controversial as it is in significant disagreement with previous age models developed in the area and implies several important hiatuses in the slope depositional environments of Ainsa turbiditic series. In this presentation, we will discuss the two ages models and their implications for mountain building processes in the Pyrenees. Finally, we will use them to compare the stratigraphic record of the basin with sea-level fluctuations and discuss the possible primary drivers of stratigraphic signals.

Published
2018

50. Environmental changes during the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Implications for the Anthropocene

Author

KELLER, G, MATEO, P, PUNEKAR, J, KHOZYEM, H, GERTSCH, B, SPANGENBERG, J, BITCHONG, AM, and ADATTE, T

Subjects
KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN, TERTIARY BOUNDARY, OCEAN ACIDIFICATION, K-T BOUNDARY, PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERA, DABABIYA QUARRY SECTION, DANIAN STAGE PALEOCENE, DECCAN VOLCANISM, END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION, GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE
Abstract

The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction (similar to 66.02 Ma) and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (similar to 55.8 Ma) are two remarkable climatic and faunal events in Earth's history that have implications for the current Anthropocene global warming and rapid diversity loss. Here we evaluate these two events at the stratotype localities in Tunisia and Egypt based on climate warming and environmental responses recorded in faunal and geochemical proxies. The KPB mass extinction is commonly attributed to the Chicxulub impact, but Deccan vol-canism appears as a major culprit. New mercury analysis reveals that major Deccan eruptions accelerated during the last 10 ky and reached the tipping point leading up to the mass extinction. During the PETM, climate warmed rapidly by similar to 5 degrees C, which is mainly attributed to methane degassing from seafloor sediments during global warming linked to the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). Biological effects were transient, marked by temporary absence of most planktic foraminifera due to ocean acidification followed by the return of the pre-PETM fauna and diversification. In contrast, the current rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 and climate warming are magnitudes faster than at the KPB or PETM events leading to predictions of a PETM-like response as best case scenario and rapidly approaching sixth mass extinction as worst-case scenario. (C) 2017 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2018
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