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Wetland ecosystems represent about 20% of South America, and are classified according to the flood regime, which also influences on vegetation. Despite the value of ecosystem services provided by this environment, those areas are close to eradication in several parts of Brazil. These environments are extremely fragile. Flooded areas are subject to nitrogen losses (N) by leaching, becoming dependent on the N increases from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, little is known about this process on wetlands. Understanding the adaptative strategies of these microorganisms and plants is essential for the maintenance and preservation of these ecosystems. The objective of this work is to present a literature review discussing aspects of floristic composition, biological nitrogen fixation, and morphophysiological adaptations that occur in the rhizobium-leguminous system in wetlands. For the bibliographic survey, articles and other academic works relevant to the topic were selected, in order to enrich the proposed discussion. Los sistemas inundables representan cerca del 20% del área de América del Sur, clasificándose según el régimen de inundación, que también influye en la vegetación. A pesar de la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por estos ambientes, estas áreas están cerca de la erradicación en varias partes de Brasil. Estos entornos son extremadamente frágiles. Los humedales están sujetos a pérdidas de nitrógeno (N) por lixiviación, por lo que se vuelven dependientes de las adiciones de N proporcionadas por la fijación biológica de nitrógeno (BNF). Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre este proceso en los humedales. Comprender las estrategias adaptativas de estos microorganismos y plantas es esencial para el mantenimiento y preservación de estos ecosistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de literatura discutiendo aspectos de composición florística, fijación biológica de nitrógeno y adaptaciones morfofisiológicas que ocurren en el sistema rizobio-leguminosas en humedales. Para el levantamiento bibliográfico, se seleccionaron artículos y otros trabajos académicos relevantes al tema, con el fin de enriquecer la discusión propuesta. Os sistemas alagados representam cerca de 20% da área da América do sul, sendo classificados de acordo com o regime de inundação, o que também influencia na vegetação. Apesar da importância dos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por esses ambientes, essas áreas encontram-se próximas da erradicação em várias partes do Brasil. Esses ambientes são extremamente frágeis. As áreas alagadas estão sujeitas a perdas de nitrogênio (N) por lixiviação, tornando-se então, dependentes de acréscimos de N proporcionados pela fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre esse processo nas áreas úmidas. Entender as estratégias adaptativas desses microrganismos e das plantas é essencial para a manutenção e preservação desses ecossistemas. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar uma revisão de literatura discutindo os aspectos de composição florística, fixação biológica de nitrogênio e adaptações morfofisiológicas que ocorrem no sistema rizóbios-leguminosas em áreas úmidas. Para o levantamento bibliográfico foram selecionados artigos e demais trabalhos acadêmicos pertinentes ao tema, de forma a enriquecer a discussão proposta.

Uncertainty quantification problems for numerical models require a lot of simulations, often very computationally costly (in time and/or memory). This is why it is essential to build surrogate models that are cheaper to evaluate. In practice, the output of a numerical model is represented by a function, then the objective is to construct an approximation.The aim of this thesis is to construct a controlled approximation of a function while using as few evaluations as possible.In a first time, we propose a new method based on weighted least-squares to construct the approximation of a function onto a linear approximation space. We prove that the projection verifies a numerical stability property almost surely and a quasi-optimality property in expectation. In practice we observe that the sample size is closer to the dimension of the approximation space than with existing weighted least-squares methods.For high-dimensional approximation, and in order to exploit potential low-rank structures of functions, we consider the model class of functions in tree-based tensor formats. These formats admit a multilinear parametrization with parameters forming a tree network of low-order tensors and are therefore also called tree tensor networks. In this thesis we propose an algorithm for approximating functions in tree-based tensor formats. It consists in constructing a hierarchy of nested subspaces associated to the different levels of the tree. The construction of these subspaces relies on principal component analysis extended to multivariate functions and the new weighted least-squares method. To reduce the number of evaluations necessary to build the approximation with a certain precision, we propose adaptive strategies for the control of the discretization error, the tree selection, the control of the ranks and the estimation of the principal components.; Les problèmes de quantification d'incertitudes des modèles numériques nécessitent de nombreuses simulations, souvent très coûteuses (en temps de calcul et/ou en mémoire). C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de construire des modèles approchés qui sont moins coûteux à évaluer. En pratique, si la réponse d'un modèle numérique est représentée par une fonction, on cherche à en construire une approximation.L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire l'approximation d'une fonction qui soit contrôlée tout en utilisant le moins d'évaluations possible de la fonction.Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode basée sur les moindres carrés pondérés pour construire l'approximation d'une fonction dans un espace vectoriel. Nous prouvons que la projection vérifie une propriété de stabilité numérique presque sûrement et une propriété de quasi-optimalité en espérance. En pratique on observe que la taille de l'échantillon est plus proche de la dimension de l'espace d'approximation que pour les autres techniques de moindres carrés pondérées existantes.Pour l'approximation en grande dimension et afin d’exploiter de potentielles structures de faible dimension, nous considérons dans cette thèse des approximations dans des formats de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Ces formats admettent une paramétrisation multilinéaire avec des paramètres formant un réseau de tenseurs de faible ordre et sont ainsi également appelés réseaux de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour construire l'approximation de fonctions dans des formats de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Il consiste à construire une hiérarchie de sous-espaces imbriqués associés aux différents niveaux de l'arbre. La construction de ces espaces s'appuie sur l'analyse en composantes principales étendue aux fonctions multivariées et sur l'utilisation de la nouvelle méthode des moindres carrés pondérés. Afin de réduire le nombre d'évaluations nécessaires pour construire l'approximation avec une certaine précision, nous proposons des stratégies adaptatives pour le contrôle de l'erreur de discrétisation, la sélection de l'arbre, le contrôle des rangs et l'estimation des composantes principales.

Uncertainty quantification problems for numerical models require a lot of simulations, often very computationally costly (in time and/or memory). This is why it is essential to build surrogate models that are cheaper to evaluate. In practice, the output of a numerical model is represented by a function, then the objective is to construct an approximation.The aim of this thesis is to construct a controlled approximation of a function while using as few evaluations as possible.In a first time, we propose a new method based on weighted least-squares to construct the approximation of a function onto a linear approximation space. We prove that the projection verifies a numerical stability property almost surely and a quasi-optimality property in expectation. In practice we observe that the sample size is closer to the dimension of the approximation space than with existing weighted least-squares methods.For high-dimensional approximation, and in order to exploit potential low-rank structures of functions, we consider the model class of functions in tree-based tensor formats. These formats admit a multilinear parametrization with parameters forming a tree network of low-order tensors and are therefore also called tree tensor networks. In this thesis we propose an algorithm for approximating functions in tree-based tensor formats. It consists in constructing a hierarchy of nested subspaces associated to the different levels of the tree. The construction of these subspaces relies on principal component analysis extended to multivariate functions and the new weighted least-squares method. To reduce the number of evaluations necessary to build the approximation with a certain precision, we propose adaptive strategies for the control of the discretization error, the tree selection, the control of the ranks and the estimation of the principal components.; Les problèmes de quantification d'incertitudes des modèles numériques nécessitent de nombreuses simulations, souvent très coûteuses (en temps de calcul et/ou en mémoire). C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de construire des modèles approchés qui sont moins coûteux à évaluer. En pratique, si la réponse d'un modèle numérique est représentée par une fonction, on cherche à en construire une approximation.L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire l'approximation d'une fonction qui soit contrôlée tout en utilisant le moins d'évaluations possible de la fonction.Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode basée sur les moindres carrés pondérés pour construire l'approximation d'une fonction dans un espace vectoriel. Nous prouvons que la projection vérifie une propriété de stabilité numérique presque sûrement et une propriété de quasi-optimalité en espérance. En pratique on observe que la taille de l'échantillon est plus proche de la dimension de l'espace d'approximation que pour les autres techniques de moindres carrés pondérées existantes.Pour l'approximation en grande dimension et afin d’exploiter de potentielles structures de faible dimension, nous considérons dans cette thèse des approximations dans des formats de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Ces formats admettent une paramétrisation multilinéaire avec des paramètres formant un réseau de tenseurs de faible ordre et sont ainsi également appelés réseaux de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour construire l'approximation de fonctions dans des formats de tenseurs basés sur des arbres. Il consiste à construire une hiérarchie de sous-espaces imbriqués associés aux différents niveaux de l'arbre. La construction de ces espaces s'appuie sur l'analyse en composantes principales étendue aux fonctions multivariées et sur l'utilisation de la nouvelle méthode des moindres carrés pondérés. Afin de réduire le nombre d'évaluations nécessaires pour construire l'approximation avec une certaine précision, nous proposons des stratégies adaptatives pour le contrôle de l'erreur de discrétisation, la sélection de l'arbre, le contrôle des rangs et l'estimation des composantes principales.

Antarctica, one of the harshest environments in the world, has been successfully colonized by extremophilic, psychrophilic, and psychrotolerant microorganisms, facing a range of extreme conditions. Fungi are the most diverse taxon in the Antarctic ecosystems, including soils. Genetic adaptation to this environment results in the synthesis of a range of metabolites, with different functional roles in relation to the biotic and abiotic environmental factors, some of which with new biological properties of potential biotechnological interest. An overview on the production of cold-adapted enzymes and other bioactive secondary metabolites from filamentous fungi and yeasts isolated from Antarctic soils is here provided and considerations on their ecological significance are reported. A great number of researches have been carried out to date, based on cultural approaches. More recently, metagenomics approaches are expected to increase our knowledge on metabolic potential of these organisms, leading to the characterization of unculturable taxa. The search on fungi in Antarctica deserves to be improved, since it may represent a useful strategy for finding new metabolic pathways and, consequently, new bioactive compounds.

In the current context of global changes, is mainly important to study adaptive plant strategies in response to environmental changes. Olive (Olea europaea L.), emblematic Mediterranean species, seems vulnerable to the effect of anthropogenic and climatic changes under its distribution area. The Moroccan range of wild (spontaneous) populations of this species extends along a latitudinal gradient integrated into an aridity gradient. Sampling along this gradient made it possible to study 27 populations (19 populations of sylvestris variety of the europaea subspecies, and 8 population of the endemic subspecies Olea maroccana). This thesis explores, (i) Intraspecific variability of leaf and wood anatomical traits along aridity gradient at different organization levels (interpopulation, intrapopulation and intraindividual level) (ii) the functional strategies deployed by the two wild olive subspecies interpreted as adaptive responses (iii) the relationship of these strategies with the plant communities differentiation and ecology where the studied populations were sampled. The obtained results confirm the climatic aspect of the gradient underlying this work, because they show that the main ecological factors explaining the diversity of wild olive plant communities are of climatic nature. Our results show that functional leaf traits variation of oleaster (O. e. subsp. e. var sylvestris) expresses the ability of the species to use available resources to respond to changing climatic conditions, particularly aridity. Moreover, analysis of the leaf traits intraspecific variability of the two wild olive subspecies highlights the existence of a trade-off between resources acquisition and conservation according to climate and plant community type. For wood anatomical traits, our results show a pattern of variations in response to biogeographic, climatic and vegetation gradients allowing the wild olive to maintain its sap conduction performance and consequently adapt to changes in ecological stressful conditions, in particular to aridity and aridification. The differentiation of wild olive populations along the latitudinal gradient by functional leaf and wood traits corresponds also to a differentiation of plant communities, which these populations are part of. Finally, this study has greatly expands our understanding of adaptive strategies of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in Morocco in response to a latitudinal gradient of aridity.; Dans le contexte actuel des changements globaux, il est important d’étudier les stratégies adaptatives des plantes en réponse aux changements environnementaux. L’olivier (Olea europaea L.), espèce emblématique méditerranéenne, semble vulnérable face à l’effet des changements anthropiques et climatiques que connait son aire de distribution. L’aire de distribution marocaine des populations sauvages (spontanées) de cette espèce s’allonge le long d’un gradient latitudinal assimilé à un gradient d’aridité. L’échantillonnage le long de ce gradient a permis d’étudier 27 populations (19 populations de la variété sylvestris de la sous-espèce europaea et 8 populations de la sous-espèce endémique maroccana). Cette thèse explore, (i) la variabilité intraspécifique des traits foliaires et anatomiques du bois à différents niveaux d’organisation (interpopulations, intrapopulations et intraindividus) le long d’un gradient d’aridité (ii) les stratégies fonctionnelles déployées par les deux sous-espèces d’olivier sauvage interprétées comme des réponses adaptatives (iii) la relation de ces stratégies avec la différentiation et l’écologie des communautés végétales où les populations étudiées ont été échantillonnées. Les résultats obtenus confirment la nature climatique du gradient sous-jacent à ce travail, car ils montrent que les principaux facteurs écologiques expliquant la diversité des communautés végétales à olivier sauvage sont de nature climatique. Nos résultats montrent que la variation des traits fonctionnels foliaires de l’oléastre (O. e. subsp. e. var sylvestris) exprime la capacité de l’espèce à utiliser les ressources disponible pour répondre à la variation de conditions climatiques, particulièrement l’aridité. En outre, l’analyse de la variabilité intraspécifique des traits foliaires chez les deux sous-espèces d’olivier sauvage met en évidence l’existence d’un compromis entre acquisition et conservation des ressources en fonction du climat et du type de communauté végétale. Au niveau des traits anatomiques du bois, nos résultats montrent un patron de variations en réponse aux gradients biogéographiques, climatiques et de végétation permettant à l’olivier sauvage de maintenir sa performance de conduction de la sève brute et par conséquence de s’adapter aux changements des conditions écologiques stressantes, notamment l’aridification du milieu. La différenciation des populations d’olivier sauvage le long du gradient latitudinal par les traits fonctionnels foliaires et du bois correspond également à une différenciation des communautés végétales dont ces populations font partie. Finalement, cette étude a permis d’élargir notre compréhension sur les stratégies adaptatives d’olivier sauvage (Olea europaea L.) au Maroc en réponse à un gradient latitudinal d’aridité.

In the current context of global changes, is mainly important to study adaptive plant strategies in response to environmental changes. Olive (Olea europaea L.), emblematic Mediterranean species, seems vulnerable to the effect of anthropogenic and climatic changes under its distribution area. The Moroccan range of wild (spontaneous) populations of this species extends along a latitudinal gradient integrated into an aridity gradient. Sampling along this gradient made it possible to study 27 populations (19 populations of sylvestris variety of the europaea subspecies, and 8 population of the endemic subspecies Olea maroccana). This thesis explores, (i) Intraspecific variability of leaf and wood anatomical traits along aridity gradient at different organization levels (interpopulation, intrapopulation and intraindividual level) (ii) the functional strategies deployed by the two wild olive subspecies interpreted as adaptive responses (iii) the relationship of these strategies with the plant communities differentiation and ecology where the studied populations were sampled. The obtained results confirm the climatic aspect of the gradient underlying this work, because they show that the main ecological factors explaining the diversity of wild olive plant communities are of climatic nature. Our results show that functional leaf traits variation of oleaster (O. e. subsp. e. var sylvestris) expresses the ability of the species to use available resources to respond to changing climatic conditions, particularly aridity. Moreover, analysis of the leaf traits intraspecific variability of the two wild olive subspecies highlights the existence of a trade-off between resources acquisition and conservation according to climate and plant community type. For wood anatomical traits, our results show a pattern of variations in response to biogeographic, climatic and vegetation gradients allowing the wild olive to maintain its sap conduction performance and consequently adapt to changes in ecological stressful conditions, in particular to aridity and aridification. The differentiation of wild olive populations along the latitudinal gradient by functional leaf and wood traits corresponds also to a differentiation of plant communities, which these populations are part of. Finally, this study has greatly expands our understanding of adaptive strategies of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in Morocco in response to a latitudinal gradient of aridity.; Dans le contexte actuel des changements globaux, il est important d’étudier les stratégies adaptatives des plantes en réponse aux changements environnementaux. L’olivier (Olea europaea L.), espèce emblématique méditerranéenne, semble vulnérable face à l’effet des changements anthropiques et climatiques que connait son aire de distribution. L’aire de distribution marocaine des populations sauvages (spontanées) de cette espèce s’allonge le long d’un gradient latitudinal assimilé à un gradient d’aridité. L’échantillonnage le long de ce gradient a permis d’étudier 27 populations (19 populations de la variété sylvestris de la sous-espèce europaea et 8 populations de la sous-espèce endémique maroccana). Cette thèse explore, (i) la variabilité intraspécifique des traits foliaires et anatomiques du bois à différents niveaux d’organisation (interpopulations, intrapopulations et intraindividus) le long d’un gradient d’aridité (ii) les stratégies fonctionnelles déployées par les deux sous-espèces d’olivier sauvage interprétées comme des réponses adaptatives (iii) la relation de ces stratégies avec la différentiation et l’écologie des communautés végétales où les populations étudiées ont été échantillonnées. Les résultats obtenus confirment la nature climatique du gradient sous-jacent à ce travail, car ils montrent que les principaux facteurs écologiques expliquant la diversité des communautés végétales à olivier sauvage sont de nature climatique. Nos résultats montrent que la variation des traits fonctionnels foliaires de l’oléastre (O. e. subsp. e. var sylvestris) exprime la capacité de l’espèce à utiliser les ressources disponible pour répondre à la variation de conditions climatiques, particulièrement l’aridité. En outre, l’analyse de la variabilité intraspécifique des traits foliaires chez les deux sous-espèces d’olivier sauvage met en évidence l’existence d’un compromis entre acquisition et conservation des ressources en fonction du climat et du type de communauté végétale. Au niveau des traits anatomiques du bois, nos résultats montrent un patron de variations en réponse aux gradients biogéographiques, climatiques et de végétation permettant à l’olivier sauvage de maintenir sa performance de conduction de la sève brute et par conséquence de s’adapter aux changements des conditions écologiques stressantes, notamment l’aridification du milieu. La différenciation des populations d’olivier sauvage le long du gradient latitudinal par les traits fonctionnels foliaires et du bois correspond également à une différenciation des communautés végétales dont ces populations font partie. Finalement, cette étude a permis d’élargir notre compréhension sur les stratégies adaptatives d’olivier sauvage (Olea europaea L.) au Maroc en réponse à un gradient latitudinal d’aridité.

Source : ABES [http://www.idref.fr/033702462/id] - theses.fr, 27/01/2022; This thesis focuses on the construction of migratory careers of women from North Korea, South Korea and Japan. The challenge is to understand the objective and subjective structure of these routes from historical and cultural heritage of the societies of origin, from migration policies, from biographical bifurcations and from social and work experiences in “totalitarian spaces”. In the first part, the thesis focuses on international migration of women as well as the methodology established to collect comparative data from suffering women in "mined" fieldwork and to analyze them. The second part tries to reconstruct the objective careers of migrants focusing on starting contexts, on the construction of migration projects and on the arrival contexts. The migrants will face the reiteration of grammar of contempt and injustice - in the sense of L. Roulleau-Berger – and the violence and dominations influenced by colonial or national imaginary of the host population. The “weak” bodies of these women, under individual and collective imaginary of host societies, become sensual bodies, sexual bodies, resistant bodies etc. and will build socially in "totalitarian spaces" erected in view of these imaginary. The third section analyzes the construction of the subjective Career of Women of the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Between the bloated obligations to adapt (imposed on migrants through process of mortifications - in the sense of Goffman –), the imposed roles and the adaptive strategies, they try to survive their disappointed migration imaginary by deploying tactics that define by the refusal of any personal participation, assimilation of the role imposed by the host society or emancipation.; Cette thèse porte sur la constructions des carrières migratoires de femmes issues de la Corée du Nord, de la Corée du Sud et du Japon. L’enjeu est de comprendre la construction objective et subjective de ces parcours à partir d’héritages historiques et culturels des sociétés d'origine, de politiques migratoires, de bifurcations biographiques, d’expériences sociales et de travail au sein d’« espaces totalitaires ». Dans la première partie, la thèse se penche sur les migrations internationales de femmes ainsi que sur la démarche méthodologique mise en place pour collecter des données comparatives auprès de femmes en souffrance au cœur de terrains « minés » et pour les analyser. La deuxième partie s’efforce de reconstituer les carrières objectives des migrantes en se concentrant sur les contextes de départ, la construction des projets migratoires et les contextes d’arrivée. Les migrantes se heurteront à la réitération des grammaires du mépris et de l’injustice – au sens de L. Roulleau-Berger – , aux violences et aux dominations influencées par les imaginaires coloniaux ou nationaux de la population hôte. Les corps « faibles » de ces femmes, au regard des imaginaires individuels et collectifs des sociétés d’accueil, deviennent des corps sensuels, sexuels, résistants etc. et devront se construire socialement au sein « d’espaces totalitaires » érigés au regard de ces imaginaires. La troisième partie analyse la construction des carrières subjectives des femmes issue de la péninsule coréenne et du Japon. Entre les obligations hypertrophiées de s’adapter imposées aux migrantes par le biais de techniques de mortifications – au sens de Goffman – les rôles infligés et les stratégies d’adaptation, elles tentent de survivre à leurs imaginaires migratoires déçus en déployant des tactiques qui se définissent par le refus de toute participation personnelle, l’assimilation du rôle imposé par la société d’accueil ou l’émancipation.

O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar anatomicamente raízes de espécies de Orchidaceae ocorrentes em um campo de altitude no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, identificando caracteres de significado ecológico e valor taxonômico. Foram estudados apenas indivíduos terrestres, exceto Pleurothallis teres espécie exclusivamente rupícola. A comparação dos caracteres anatômicos das espécies estudadas mostrou dois grupos com estratégias distintas: Epidendrum secundum, E. xanthinum, Oncidium barbaceniae, O. blancheti, Pleurothallis prolifera, P. teres, Zygopetalum mackayi e Z. brachypetalum são espécies perenes e xeromórfitas, enquanto Cleistes gracilis, Habenaria hydrophila, H. janeirensis, H. macronectar e Prescottia montana são espécies que completam o ciclo de vida antes do período seco com redução das partes aéreas neste período, sendo consideradas plantas mesófitas. Observou-se maior similaridade entre os gêneros Epidendrum, Oncidium e Pleurothallis. No caso do gênero Habenaria observou-se maior similaridade entre as espécies Habenaria hydrophila e H. macronectar, devido às diferenças no cilindro vascular e na região cortical de Habenaria janeirensis. The present study characterized the root of some orchids occurring in an altitudinal field at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, pointing out both ecological and taxonomical relevant characters. Only terrestrial individuals were studied, except for P. teres, a rupestrine species. Anatomical comparative analysis of the studied species reveled clear definitions of two groups: Epidendrum secundum, E. xanthinum, Oncidium barbaceniae, O. blancheti, Pleurothallis prolifera, P. teres, Zygopetalum mackayi, and Z. brachypetalum are perennial species and xerophytes, while Cleistes gracilis, Habenaria hydrophila, H. janeirensis, H. macronectar and Prescottia montana are species that present shoot reduction in order to complete life cycle before dry periods, being considered mesophyte plants. There where great similarities between genera, especially within Epidendrum, Oncidium and Pleurothallis. In the case of Habenaria, greater similarities were found between H. hydrophila and H. macronectar, due to the differences in vascular cylinder and cortex of H. janeirensis.

Currently, it has a consensus about that human activity has direct and indirectly impacts on atmospheric greenhouse gases, plus the natural weather variability, that render in a significant global climatic change on this and past centuries. The raising on greenhouse gas concentrations is responsible of regional and global changes over temperature, precipitation and other climatic variables that alter global patterns of relative soil humidity, glacier thawing, sea level increase and extremely climatic events more often, as droughts, hurricanes and cold fronts. Thus, humanity has in front two big challenges: 1) to revert the negative current trends by mitigation actions, and 2) to change down vulnerability in the face of extremely climatic events (environmental contingencies) associated to global change, by adaptative strategies and preventive actions.

The aviation industry has for many years pursued the objective of an optimum level of safetyin the air transport sector. With regard to military aviation, more precisely tactical, thispriority is coupled with an increasingly high and polymorphic search for performance. Whatcharacterize this type of aviation is the relationship between the performance pursued and theaccepted risks. It depends essentially on the context and the stakes of the missions to becarried out.The human factor approach is a major leverage for achieving this challenge. Thus, within theconstrained domain of aeronautics, the design and development of tools to assist crewcognition remains a prospect for the future, even if pilot training also becomes a majorchallenge for the coming years. In this context, the management of cognitive resources, and inparticular the specific management strategies put in place by the pilots, are central to thedecision-making process under constraints.In a research and engineering approach in cognition, we undertook a study involving pilotsand allowing the understanding of these mechanisms as well as the production ofrecommendations for the design of tools to help manage their cognitive resources. On thebasis of the analysis of feedback, and results of a preliminary experimental approach, we havebuilt a protocol to highlight the strategies implemented by the pilots in the context of anactivity during the descent and the final approach on the Clermont-Ferrand airport with acritical breakdown. The experimental results reconciled with our understanding hypotheseson the management of cognitive resources and management strategies, complete our analysisand recommendations for a tool to help manage the resources of the pilots., L’industrie aéronautique poursuit depuis de nombreuses années l’objectif d’un niveau optimal de sécurité dans le cadre du transport aérien. En ce qui concerne l’aviation militaire, plus exactement tactique, cette priorité se double d’une recherche de performance de plus en plus élevée et polymorphe. Ce qui caractérise ce type d’aviation, c’est le rapport entre la performance poursuivie et les risques acceptés. Il dépend essentiellement du contexte et des enjeux des missions à réaliser.L’approche facteur humain constitue un levier d’action majeur pour permettre la réalisation de cet enjeu. Ainsi, dans le cadre contraint de l’aéronautique, la conception et la mise au point d’outils permettant d’assister la cognition des équipages demeure une perspective d’avenir même si la formation des pilotes devient également un enjeu majeur pour les prochaines années. Dans ce contexte, la gestion des ressources cognitives, et plus particulièrement les stratégies spécifiques de gestion mises en place par les pilotes, sont centrales au processus de prise de décision sous contraintes.Dans une démarche de recherche et d’ingénierie en cognitique, nous avons entrepris une étude impliquant des pilotes et permettant la compréhension de ces mécanismes ainsi que la production de recommandations pour la conception d’outil d’aide à la gestion de leurs ressources cognitives. A partir de l’analyse du retour d’expériences, et sur la base des résultats d’une approche expérimentale préliminaire, nous avons construit un protocole pour mettre en évidence les stratégies mises en place par les pilotes, dans le cadre d’une activité réelle, lors de la descente et de l’approche finale sur l’aéroport de Clermont-Ferrand avec une panne critique. Les résultats expérimentaux conciliés à nos hypothèses de compréhension sur la gestion des ressources cognitives et les stratégies de gestion, achèvent notre analyse et nos recommandations pour un outil d’aide à la gestion des ressources des pilotes.14 équipages d’Airbus A400M de l’armée de l’air ont participés à cette évaluation en simulateur.

El artículo resume, en la perspectiva experta de tres antropólogos sociales argentinos, el aporte de Leopoldo Bartolomé como factótum y en lo conceptual- metodológico. Se organiza en tres secciones, cada una escrita autónoma y complementariamente por los coautores. Ringuelet refiere a 5 trabajos centrales de Bartolomé en la conformación del campo de los estudios de las áreas no pampeanas con metodología etnográfica, hecho que redunda en la renovación de la antropología social, a partir de la antropología rural de la década de 1970. En este proceso los autores coinciden en señalar la relevancia del Grupo CLACSO de procesos de articulación. Esta visión es complementada por Schiavoni, quien puntualiza la comprensión ‘bartolomeana’ del régimen de familiaridad y diferenciación étnica en la economía campesina de Apóstoles. Por su parte, Jaume analiza la instrumentación del concepto de estrategias adaptativas en los estudios de población rural colona y urbana relocalizada. Concluyen que la perspectiva teórico-metodológica adoptada por Bartolomé aporta a todas luces al desarrollo de nuestra disciplina antropológica: sus investigaciones son más amplias que una descripción etnográfica clásica en los estudios de localidad, permitiendo dar cuenta de procesos de cambio y diversidad dentro de la sociedad nacional., From the expert perspective of three Argentine social anthropologists, the article summarizes, the contribution of Leopoldo Bartolomé as factotum and on the conceptual-methodological. It is organized into three sections, each autonomously and complementary written by co-authors. Ringuelet refers 5 Bartolome’s central works in shaping the field of studies of non-Pampas areas with ethnographic methodology, a fact that leads to the renewal of the social anthropology from the rural anthropology of the 1970s. In this process, the authors agree on the importance of CLACSO Group in investigating the problem of social articulation. This view is complemented by Schiavoni, who points out the ‘bartolomean’ understanding of the regime of familiarity and ethnic differentiation in the rural economy of Apóstoles. Meanwhile, Jaume discusses the instrumentation of the concept of adaptive strategies in studies of rural farmer population and urban relocated settler. They conclude that the theoretical and methodological perspective adopted by Bartolomé clearly contributes to the development of our anthropological discipline: their research are broader than the classic ethnographic descriptions of the studies of localities, allowing to account for processes of change and diversity within the national society., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Fil: Ringuelet, Roberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Fil: Schiavoni, Otilia Margarita Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Fil: Jaume, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Fil: Schiavoni, Otilia Margarita Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. El artículo resume, en la perspectiva experta de tres antropólogos sociales argentinos, el aporte de Leopoldo Bartolomé como factótum y en lo conceptual- metodológico. Se organiza en tres secciones, cada una escrita autónoma y complementariamente por los coautores. Ringuelet refiere a 5 trabajos centrales de Bartolomé en la conformación del campo de los estudios de las áreas no pampeanas con metodología etnográfica, hecho que redunda en la renovación de la antropología social, a partir de la antropología rural de la década de 1970. En este proceso los autores coinciden en señalar la relevancia del Grupo CLACSO de procesos de articulación. Esta visión es complementada por Schiavoni, quien puntualiza la comprensión ‘bartolomeana’ del régimen de familiaridad y diferenciación étnica en la economía campesina de Apóstoles. Por su parte, Jaume analiza la instrumentación del concepto de estrategias adaptativas en los estudios de población rural colona y urbana relocalizada. Concluyen que la perspectiva teórico-metodológica adoptada por Bartolomé aporta a todas luces al desarrollo de nuestra disciplina antropológica: sus investigaciones son más amplias que una descripción etnográfica clásica en los estudios de localidad, permitiendo dar cuenta de procesos de cambio y diversidad dentro de la sociedad nacional. From the expert perspective of three Argentine social anthropologists, the article summarizes, the contribution of Leopoldo Bartolomé as factotum and on the conceptual-methodological. It is organized into three sections, each autonomously and complementary written by co-authors. Ringuelet refers 5 Bartolome’s central works in shaping the field of studies of non-Pampas areas with ethnographic methodology, a fact that leads to the renewal of the social anthropology from the rural anthropology of the 1970s. In this process, the authors agree on the importance of CLACSO Group in investigating the problem of social articulation. This view is complemented by Schiavoni, who points out the ‘bartolomean’ understanding of the regime of familiarity and ethnic differentiation in the rural economy of Apóstoles. Meanwhile, Jaume discusses the instrumentation of the concept of adaptive strategies in studies of rural farmer population and urban relocated settler. They conclude that the theoretical and methodological perspective adopted by Bartolomé clearly contributes to the development of our anthropological discipline: their research are broader than the classic ethnographic descriptions of the studies of localities, allowing to account for processes of change and diversity within the national society.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-07T18:40:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Tania Victor.pdf: 1764871 bytes, checksum: f1c5a5c2e3e6ed1727720b8e134e1763 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-07T18:40:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Tania Victor.pdf: 1764871 bytes, checksum: f1c5a5c2e3e6ed1727720b8e134e1763 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-19 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Young people may take risk behavior according to unpredictability of the environment they live. This behavior may also vary according to individual experience, sex, among other contextual variables. Rio de Janeiro presents one of the lowest life expectancy rate of Brazilian states and the highest violent death rate among youth. However, this experience of violence may vary for young people, mainly in function of social inequality, which is expressive in certain areas of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The present Master thesis aimed to approach this field of investigation on the Evolutionary Psychology s perspective, centering in strategies that orient human behavior and our future expectancies. Following those principles, the proposal of this study was to analyze the behavior of youth living in distinct contexts of Rio de Janeiro: slum ( favela ) dwellers situated in very different regions of the city, Rocinha, located in a wealthy area of the city, the South Zone, and Vigário Geral, in the surroundings of the city, and non-slum dwellers, from different regions of the state. We tried to investigate if this youth perceive the place they live as hostile and violent and how this could affect them in future orientation and, yet, the effect of violent events of the last twelve months and the subjective and objective perceptions of the context in relation to the orientation that young people have towards here and now, as a measure of future discounting. The results indicate that the strategies which orient the choices of this youth, in short or long term, are strongly connected to the violence experience. The worse this youth perceive the context they are inserted either objectively or subjectively, stronger is the orientation towards here and now, being this a measure of future discounting. Searching to comprehend human behavior on a biopsychosocial approach, it is not possible to considerate only risks, but the people who assume those risks and, mainly, the context they live. In this sense, risk strategies and conducts only can be considered adaptive or not in function of the context in which they are manifest. We expected the data obtained in this research can benefit the work of professionals in public policies and health promotion, suggesting important directions that make viable the access of youth to better life conditions. Os jovens podem assumir riscos de acordo com a imprevisibilidade do ambiente em que vivem. Este comportamento pode variar também de acordo com a experiência individual, o sexo, dentre outras variáveis contextuais. O Rio de Janeiro apresenta uma das menores taxas de expectativa de vida dos estados do Brasil e a maior em mortes por violência que atinge os jovens. No entanto, essa experiência de violência pode variar entre os jovens, principalmente em função da desigualdade social, expressiva em determinadas áreas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A presente dissertação de Mestrado teve por objetivo aproximar-se desse campo de investigação através da perspectiva Evolucionista da Psicologia, centrando-se nas estratégias que orientam os comportamentos humanos e nossas expectativas de futuro. Partindo desses presupostos, este estudo se propôs a analisar o comportamento dos jovens residentes em contextos distintos do Rio de Janeiro: moradores de duas comunidades (favelas) situadas em regiões bastante distintas da cidade, Rocinha, localizada em uma área nobre da cidade, zona sul e Vigário Geral, na periferia da cidade, no subúrbio e não-moradores de comunidades, de diferentes regiões do estado. Buscou-se investigar o quanto esses jovens percebem o local onde vivem como hostil e violento e o como isto pode afetá-los na orientação para o futuro e ainda; o efeito dos eventos violentos dos últimos doze meses e a percepção subjetiva e objetiva deste contexto em relação a orientação que os jovens têm para o aqui e agora, como uma medida de se descontar o futuro. Pelos resultados encontrados, pode-se perceber que as estratégias que orientam as escolhas desses jovens, a curto ou a longo prazo, estão fortemente ligadas a experiência de violência. Quanto pior a percepção objetiva ou subjetiva do contexto no qual estão inseridos, maior a orientação para o aqui e agora, sendo esta uma medida de desconto do futuro. Na busca da compreensão do comportamento humano dentro de uma abordagem biopsicossocial, não é possível considerar apenas os riscos, mas as pessoas que assumem os riscos e, principalmente, o contexto em que vivem. Neste sentido, estratégias e condutas arriscadas só podem ser consideradas adaptativas ou não em função do contexto em que são manifestadas. Espera-se que as informações obtidas através da presente dissertação possam beneficiar profissionais voltados para políticas públicas e à promoção de saúde, sugerindo direcionamentos importantes que viabilizem aos jovens o acesso a melhores condições de vida.

Extensas áreas de campo do sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, no Bioma Pampa, ocorrem sobre solos arenosos suscetíveis ao processo de arenização. Nesses campos predominam condições de déficit hídrico, irradiação intensa, temperaturas extremas, baixa fertilidade do solo e uso pecuário. O estudo teve como objetivos, conhecer a diversidade florística dos campos com arenização; analisar os principais tipos de estratégias adaptativas apresentadas pelas espécies e as proporções em que essas adaptações ocorrem nas proximidades do areal, em um campo pastejado e em um campo excluído de pastejo; avaliar as mudanças nas proporções de área ocupada por solo exposto e por vegetação, considerando os fatores tempo (um ano) e cobertura vegetal (alta, intermediária e baixa). Áreas de campos nativos com arenização dos municípios de Alegrete, Manoel Viana e São Francisco de Assis foram percorridas para o levantamento florístico. O levantamento quantitativo foi realizado em três áreas de campos sob diferentes manejos (pastejo intenso, pastejo moderado e exclusão de pastejo) em novembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. Foram 36 unidades amostrais permanentes no campo excluído e 24 em cada campo pastejado. Para cada espécie amostrada foi registrada a cobertura absoluta, as estratégias adaptativas apresentadas e o respectivo hábito. Foram registradas 343 espécies pertencentes a 52 famílias, com duas novas citações para o Rio Grande do Sul: Eragrostis articulata e Eragrostis leucosticta e uma para o Brasil: Croton lorentzii. 89,5% do total das espécies apresentaram uma ou mais adaptações como resposta aos fatores de estresse. A presença de caracteres adaptativos no campo pastejado e no campo sem pastejo parece caracterizar as espécies dos campos de solos arenosos, cujas condições climáticas e edáficas são comuns. Os três campos diferem em composição e abundância das espécies. O campo com pastejo intermediário apresentou características de ambos os outros, indicando que há influência do pastejo na composição de espécies e na fisionomia dos campos. A dinâmica da vegetação nos campos pastejados foi influenciada tanto pelo tempo quanto pela cobertura vegetal. No campo excluído ocorreu variação na composição e abundância de espécies apenas conforme o gradiente de cobertura. O processo de arenização avança numa escala maior nas áreas pastejadas que no campo excluído, pois neste as áreas de maior cobertura vegetal tiveram menor influência do processo de arenização. Fatores como chuva e vento também contribuem para o aumento das áreas arenizadas ao longo do tempo, especialmente nos locais de menor cobertura vegetal. Para retardar o processo de arenização desses campos são sugeridas medidas como a retirada do gado das áreas atingidas e a utilização de materiais que impessam o deslocamento do solo, associadas à utilização de espécies nativas com potencial de resistência ao processo. Extensive grassland areas in southwestern Rio grande do Sul, belonging to the Pampa Biome, are found in sandy soils that are susceptible to sandy patch process. In these grasslands, the prevailing conditions are water shortage, excessive irradiation, extreme temperatures, low fertility and cattle grazing. The objectives of this study were: to know the floristic diversity at grassland undergoing sandy patch process; to evaluate changes in exposed and plant-covered soil, considering time (one year) and vegetal cover (high, intermediary and low) as determining factors. Native grassland areas, located at Alegrete, Manoel Viana and São Francisco de Assis municipalities, were surveyed for the construction of a floristic list. The quantitative survey was carried out at three grassland areas under different managements (heavy-grazing, moderately-grazing and grazing-excluded) in November 2007 and December 2008, using 36 permanent sampling units at the excluded grassland area and 24 at each grazed grassland area. For each sampled species we registered absolute cover, adaptative strategies and habit. We registered 343 species, pertaining to 52 families, with two new citations for Rio Grande do Sul (Eragrostis articulata and Eragrostis leucosticte) and one for Brazil (Croton lorentzii). Among these species, 89.5% showed one or more adaptations as response to the stress-driving factors. The presence of adaptative characters at grazed grasslands and grazing-excluded grasslands seems to characterize sandy-soil grasslands species, since they share common climatic and edaphic conditions. The three grassland areas differ in species composition and abundance. The moderately-grazed area showed characteristics common to both other areas, indicating the influence of grazing on grassland formation physiognomy and species composition. Vegetation dynamics in grazed grasslands was influenced by time and vegetal cover. At the excluded grassland, variation in species composition and abundance occurred only according to the cover gradient. The sandy patch process advances faster in grazed areas than in grazing-excluded areas, due to higher soil cover values in the latter. Elements such as rain and wind also contribute to the enlargement of sandy patches over time, especially at sites presenting low soil cover values. In order to hamper the sandy patch process at these grasslands, we suggest measures such as cattle removal and use of soil-fixing equipments, associated to the use of native plant species that potentially resist the process.

American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis that occurs throughout Latin America. The etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is able to infect almost all tissues of its mammalian hosts and spreads in the environment in multifarious transmission cycles that may or not be connected. This biological plasticity, which is probably the result of the considerable heterogeneity of the taxon, exemplifies a successful adaptation of a parasite resulting in distinct outcomes of infection and a complex epidemiological pattern. In the 1990s, most endemic countries strengthened national control programs to interrupt the transmission of this parasite to humans. However, many obstacles remain to the effective control of the disease. Current knowledge of the different components involved in elaborate system that is American trypanosomiasis (the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, vectors Triatominae and the many reservoirs of infection), as well as the interactions existing within the system, is still incomplete. The Triatominae probably evolve from predatory reduvids in response to the availability of vertebrate food source. However, the basic mechanisms of adaptation of some of them to artificial ecotopes remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these adaptations seem to be associated with a behavioral plasticity, a reduction in the genetic repertoire and increasing developmental instability. Fil: Noireau, François. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia. Unidad Mayor San Simón; Bolivia Fil: Diosque, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentina Fil: Jansen, Ana María. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil

Au Toarcien, dans le Moyen Atlas, l'analyse quantitative et qualitative des associations de foraminifères benthiques montre une adaptation aux conditions du milieu qui influent sur la diversité, la fréquence et les modifications morphologiques (forme et taille). Plusieurs taxons appartenant essentiellement aux Nodosariidés, aux Cératobuliminidés et aux Agglutinés adoptent des formes et des tailles particulières qui leur permettent de subsister et parfois de proliférer dans des niches où les conditions écologiques sont difficiles (déficit en oxygène, fonds vaseux, etc.). Quantitative and qualitative analysis show that, as a whole, associations of Foraminifera adapt with the conditions of the envi-ronment which influence diversity, frequency fluctuations and morphological modifications (form and size). Several species belonging primarily to Nodosariidea, Ceratobuliminidea and Agglutinea adopt particular forms and sizes which enable them to remain and sometimes to proliferate in niches where the ecological conditions are difficult (e.g. oxygen deficit, muddy funds, ...).

Este artículo propone una revisión crítica de la documentación sobre la formación de la frontera Calchaquí donde los pulares desarrollaron adaptaciones y resistencias particulares que los habilitaron para integrarse al orden colonial en condiciones ventajosas. Durante el siglo XVIII, el acceso de los pulares a la justicia colonial como estrategia les permitió mantener el control de sus tierras y la reproducción social de algunos de sus pueblos dentro del orden colonial. This article proposes a critical revision of the documentation about the formation process of the Calchaquí frontier where the Pulares developed strategies of adaptation and resistance that allowed them to accommodate to the colonial regime in advantageous conditions. In the 18th century the Pulares appealed to colonial justice as a strategy to control their lands. This strategy allowed some of their villages to survive within the colonial system.

O estudo objetivou caracterizar, anatomicamente, as folhas de Orchidaceae ocorrentes em um campo de altitude (PESB), identificando caracteres anatômicos úteis na interpretação das estratégias adaptativas. As treze espécies estudadas vivem em condições ambientais extremas tendo sido estudados apenas indivíduos terrestres, exceto Pleurothallis teres Lindl. espécie exclusivamente rupícola. Avaliando os caracteres anatômicos adaptativos, dois grupos podem ser distinguidos, os das espécies perenes (Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl., Oncidium barbaceniae Lindl., Oncidium blancheti Rchb. F., Pleurothallis prolifera Lindl., Pleurothallis teres Lindl., Zygopetalum brackypetalum Lindl. e Zygopetalum mackaii Hook.) e os das espécies com redução das partes aéreas no período seco (Cleistes gracilis Schdl., Habenaria hydrophila Barb. Rodr., Habenaria janeirensis Kraenzl, Habenaria macronectar Hoehne e Prescottia montana Barb. Rodr.). As espécies perenes apresentam caracteres xeromórficos: folhas coriáceas ou coriáceas suculentas, cutícula espessa e estriada, hipoderme, grupos de fibras esparsas no mesofilo homogêneo, parênquima aqüífero com espessamento em barras ou espiralados nas paredes, idioblastos de ráfides e feixes vasculares colaterais circundados e com calotas de fibras. Nas espécies com redução das partes aéreas ocorrem investimentos diferenciados e os caracteres xeromórficos não são acentuados. As folhas são delgadas, com células epidérmicas adaxiais altas sendo a cutícula delgada geralmente desprovida de estriamentos e a presença de idioblastos de ráfides freqüentes no mesofilo. Não ocorre hipoderme e os feixes vasculares são reduzidos e sem associações com fibras. The purpose of this work was to characterize the leaf anatomy of thirteen Orchidaceae species in a "high altitude grasslands", located at State Park of Serra do Brigadeiro, and identify anatomical characteristics helpful to the interpretation of adaptative strategies of these species. The species studied were all terrestrial plants except Pleurothallis teres Lindl. that occurring on granitic rock living in extremely conditions. Observations made in adaptative anatomic features showed that two different groups can be easily distinguished: perennial species (Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl., Oncidium barbaceniae Lindl., Oncidium blancheti Rchb. F., Pleurothallis prolifera Lindl., Pleurothallis teres Lindl., Zygopetalum brackypetalum Lindl. and Zygopetalum mackaii Hook.), and species with reduced aerial parts during drought periods (Cleistes gracilis Schdl., Habenaria hydrophila Barb. Rodr., Habenaria janeirensis Kraenzl, Habenaria macronectar Hoehne and Prescottia montana Barb. Rodr.). The perennial species showed xeromorphic features such as coriaceous or coriaceous-succulent leaves, thick striated cuticle, hypodermis, groups of fibers dispersed into a homogenous mesophyll, aquiferous parenchyma with bars or helical thichenings in the walls, rafid idioblasts and colateral vascular bundles surrounded by groups of fibers. In the species with reduced aerial parts different investments were observed and the xeromorphic features were not stressed. These leaves were thin and showed high adaxial epidermal cells having smooth cuticle and rafid idioblasts present in the mesophyll. No hypodermis was identified and the vascular bundles were reduced without rafid idioblasts with them.

O estudo objetivou caracterizar, anatomicamente, as folhas de Orchidaceae ocorrentes em um campo de altitude (PESB), identificando caracteres anatômicos úteis na interpretação das estratégias adaptativas. As treze espécies estudadas vivem em condições ambientais extremas tendo sido estudados apenas indivíduos terrestres, exceto Pleurothallis teres Lindl. espécie exclusivamente rupícola. Avaliando os caracteres anatômicos adaptativos, dois grupos podem ser distinguidos, os das espécies perenes (Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl., Oncidium barbaceniae Lindl., Oncidium blancheti Rchb. F., Pleurothallis prolifera Lindl., Pleurothallis teres Lindl., Zygopetalum brackypetalum Lindl. e Zygopetalum mackaii Hook.) e os das espécies com redução das partes aéreas no período seco (Cleistes gracilis Schdl., Habenaria hydrophila Barb. Rodr., Habenaria janeirensis Kraenzl, Habenaria macronectar Hoehne e Prescottia montana Barb. Rodr.). As espécies perenes apresentam caracteres xeromórficos: folhas coriáceas ou coriáceas suculentas, cutícula espessa e estriada, hipoderme, grupos de fibras esparsas no mesofilo homogêneo, parênquima aqüífero com espessamento em barras ou espiralados nas paredes, idioblastos de ráfides e feixes vasculares colaterais circundados e com calotas de fibras. Nas espécies com redução das partes aéreas ocorrem investimentos diferenciados e os caracteres xeromórficos não são acentuados. As folhas são delgadas, com células epidérmicas adaxiais altas sendo a cutícula delgada geralmente desprovida de estriamentos e a presença de idioblastos de ráfides freqüentes no mesofilo. Não ocorre hipoderme e os feixes vasculares são reduzidos e sem associações com fibras. The purpose of this work was to characterize the leaf anatomy of thirteen Orchidaceae species in a "high altitude grasslands", located at State Park of Serra do Brigadeiro, and identify anatomical characteristics helpful to the interpretation of adaptative strategies of these species. The species studied were all terrestrial plants except Pleurothallis teres Lindl. that occurring on granitic rock living in extremely conditions. Observations made in adaptative anatomic features showed that two different groups can be easily distinguished: perennial species (Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl., Oncidium barbaceniae Lindl., Oncidium blancheti Rchb. F., Pleurothallis prolifera Lindl., Pleurothallis teres Lindl., Zygopetalum brackypetalum Lindl. and Zygopetalum mackaii Hook.), and species with reduced aerial parts during drought periods (Cleistes gracilis Schdl., Habenaria hydrophila Barb. Rodr., Habenaria janeirensis Kraenzl, Habenaria macronectar Hoehne and Prescottia montana Barb. Rodr.). The perennial species showed xeromorphic features such as coriaceous or coriaceous-succulent leaves, thick striated cuticle, hypodermis, groups of fibers dispersed into a homogenous mesophyll, aquiferous parenchyma with bars or helical thichenings in the walls, rafid idioblasts and colateral vascular bundles surrounded by groups of fibers. In the species with reduced aerial parts different investments were observed and the xeromorphic features were not stressed. These leaves were thin and showed high adaxial epidermal cells having smooth cuticle and rafid idioblasts present in the mesophyll. No hypodermis was identified and the vascular bundles were reduced without rafid idioblasts with them.

Throughout the arid environment, vegetation is submitted to many stresses (edaphic and climatic) and to human disturbances (overgrazing, cultivation, wood cutting, etc.). In order to minimize the effect of these constraints, plant species have developped several adaptative strategies. We study the effects of seasonal drought and overgrazing around watering points on these strategies. For this purpose we employ the point intercept method on four transects around three wells in southern Tunisia. The main results are : (1) The covers of chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes and therophytes increase in spring ; (2) hemicryptophyte and chamaephyte covers increase with increasing distance from wells while the cover of therophytes do not ; (3) in spring, arido-passive and aridoactive species covers are more important ; (4) arido-active species cover increases with increasing distance from wells while the arido-passive species cover is not influenced by this grazing gradient ; (5) The covers of CRS and RS plants increase in spring and (6) CS, CRS and S covers increase with increasing distance from wells while the RS cover is not influenced by this gradient., Au sein des zones arides, la végétation naturelle est soumise à l’action de plusieurs stress (édaphique et climatique) ainsi que des perturbations anthropiques (surpâturage, mise en culture, éradication des ligneux…). Dans le but de minimiser l’effet de ces contraintes, les espèces végétales développent plusieurs stratégies adaptatives. Nous étudions les effets de la sécheresse saisonnière et du surpâturage autour des points d’eau sur les espèces végétales et leurs stratégies adaptatives. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous employons la méthode des points quadrats au sein de quatre transects rayonnant autour de trois points d’eau situés au sud tunisien. Les principaux résultats sont : (1) les recouvrements des chaméphytes, des hémicryptophytes et des thérophytes augmentent au cours du printemps ; (2) les recouvrements des chaméphytes et des hémicryptophytes augmentent en fonction des distances par rapport aux puits alors que celui des thérophytes ne varie pas ; (3) au cours du printemps, les recouvrements des arido-passives et des arido-actives sont plus importants ; (4) le recouvrement des aridoactives augmente avec la distance par rapport aux puits mais celui des arido-passive ne varie pas ; (5) le recouvrement des CRS et celui des RS sont plus importants au cours du printemps et (6) les recouvrements des CS, des CRS et des S augmentent avec la distance par rapport aux puits à l’exception de celui des RS., Tarhouni Mohamed, Ouled Belgacem Azaiez, Henchi Belgacem, Neffati Mohamed. A preliminary overview of the effects of seasonal drought and animal pressure around watering points on plant species using adaptative strategy analyses in the Tunisian arid zone. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 32,2006. pp. 39-48.

El espectacular aumento del número de Inmigrantes en España ha suscitado múlti¬ples y variadas problemáticas, que afectan desde la configuración demográfica de la población española hasta la estructuración de la trama sociolaboral. Una de las cues¬tiones menos tenida en cuenta, pero igualmente impulsada por la Inmigración, ha sido la expansión e ¡nstitucionalización de confesiones religiosas distintas en un estado que, aunque es constituclonalmente aconfesional, mantiene una tradición y población de mayoría católica. Esta nueva situación de un país cada vez más plural en su organiza¬ción e ideas religiosas, está provocando reacciones distintas y estrategias adaptatlvas similares, tanto por parte de los inmigrantes como de los autóctonos. Conscientes de la Importancia que supone este reajuste en nuestra sociedad, un grupo de investiga-dores estamos desarrollando un estudio sobre pluralismo religioso en contextos de inmigración en Andalucía. En este texto aportamos un avance de algunos resultados de nuestro trabajo., The spectacular increase in the number of immigrants in Spain has led to many and varied problems which affect everything from the demographic structure of the Spanish po¬pulation to work relationships. One of these issues, not often taken into account, has been the expansion and Institutionalisation of different religious faiths in a state which, although nominally aconfessional, maintains a predominantly Catholic population and traditions. This new situation of an increasingly pluralistic country in its organisation and its religious ideas, is provoking different reactions and adaptatlve strategies in both immigrants and in the native population. Being aware of the importance that this readjustment implies ¡n our society, a group of researchers are developing a study of religious pluralism within the context of ¡mmigration ¡n Andalusia. This text provides the first results of our work.

The psychologie characteristics of a patient treated of acute leukemia in the ward of bone-marrow transplantation at the Haematology Clinic of CM UJ in Cracow, have been presented. During chemotherapy, proceeding the bone marrow transplant, the patient deve- lopped an acute depressive episode with psychotic symptoms. Following the transplantation and discharge from the Haematology Clinic, due to the insufficiency of out-patient treatment and a marked increase of psychotic depression symptoms, the patient was hospitalised at the Depression-Treatment Ward of the Psychiatric Clinic of CM UJ in Cracow. Changes of intensity and character of the psychiatric disorder in the following stages of haematologic and psychiatric intervention are presented. Adaptive strategies considering the important theoretical models according to the authors in connection to the general problem of depressive disorders accompanying neoplasmatic disorders have been described.

A structural analysis was carried out on Falunia ? rugosa (Costa), chosen for its presence and abundance within Early Tortonian and Messinian beds of the Nador basin (Morocco). This species is characterized by a polymorphism expressed through three different morphs which are discribed and figured. The mode of distribution of the morphs within the cross-section reveals different adaptative strategies depending on the paleoenvironnement fluctuations, which change from confinement to an environment where marine influences are more marked. The thickening of ornamentation does not seem to be related to the morphs, but appears linked with the physico-chemical conditions of water., Une analyse structurale est opérée sur Falunia ? rugosa (Costa), choisie pour son abondance et sa présence à partir du Tortonien inférieur au Messinien, du bassin de Nador (Maroc). Cette espèce est caractérisée par un polymorphisme exprimé par 3 morphes différentes qui sont décrites et figurées. Le mode de distribution des morphes au sein de la coupe met en évidence une stratégie adaptive différente selon les fluctuations paléoenvironnementales passant d'un milieu confiné à un milieu plus ouvert aux influences marines. Le phénomène de célation ne semble pas lié aux morphes mais plutôt aux conditions physicochimiques de l'eau., Bouab B. Étude de populations de Falunia ? rugosa (Costa), Ostracode du Néogène de la coupe de Moulay Rechid, bassin de Nador (Maroc), Méditerranée occidentale. In: Géologie Méditerranéenne. Tome 14, numéro 1, 1987. Xe colloque africain de micropaléontologie. A – Le Cenozoique. Rabat – Université Mohamed V – Maroc. 29 septembre-1er octobre 1987. pp. 45-51.