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2. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Steinmetz, J, Seeher, K, Schiess, N, Nichols, E, Cao, B, Servili, C, Cavallera, V, Cousin, E, Hagins, H, Moberg, M, Mehlman, M, Abate, Y, Abbas, J, Abbasi, M, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abdulah, D, Abdullahi, A, Abedi, A, Abedi, V, Abeldano Zuniga, R, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abrha, W, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Aburuz, S, Adamu, L, Addo, I, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adekiya, T, Adikusuma, W, Adnani, Q, Adra, S, Afework, T, Afolabi, A, Afraz, A, Afzal, S, Aghamiri, S, Agodi, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, S, Ahmadzade, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, J, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Ajumobi, O, Akade, S, Akbari, M, Akbarialiabad, H, Akhlaghi, S, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemi, R, Akonde, M, Al Hasan, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Ahdal, T, Al-Amer, R, Albashtawy, M, Albataineh, M, Aldawsari, K, Alemi, H, Alemi, S, Algammal, A, Al-Gheethi, A, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, A, Ali, E, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, R, Ali, S, Shujait Ali, S, Ali, Z, Alif, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, A, Aljofan, M, Aljunid, S, Alladi, S, Almazan, J, Almustanyir, S, Al-Omari, B, Alqahtani, J, Alqasmi, I, Alqutaibi, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Altaany, Z, Al-Tawfiq, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Worafi, Y, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, K, Amani, R, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Amusa, G, Amzat, J, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Angappan, D, Angesom, T, Anil, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anwer, R, Arafat, M, Aravkin, A, Areda, D, Ariffin, H, Arifin, H, Arkew, M, Arnlov, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, A, Artanti, K, Aruleba, R, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asena, T, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Ashraf, T, Atalell, K, Athari, S, Atinafu, B, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Avan, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayatollahi, H, Ayinde, O, Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, S, Azadnajafabad, S, Azizi, Z, Azizian, K, Azzam, A, Babaei, M, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagherieh, S, Bai, R, Baig, A, Balakrishnan, S, Balalla, S, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banerjee, I, Baran, M, Barboza, M, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrow, A, Bashash, D, Bashiri, H, Bashiru, H, Basiru, A, Basso, J, Basu, S, Batiha, A, Batra, K, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Begde, A, Begum, T, Behnam, B, Behnoush, A, Beiranvand, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bender, R, Benfor, B, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berice, B, Bettencourt, P, Beyene, K, Bhadra, A, Bhagat, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, A, Bhat, V, Bhatti, G, Bhatti, J, Bhatti, R, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilalaga, M, Biswas, A, Bitaraf, S, Bitra, V, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Brayne, C, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Bringas Vega, M, Brown, J, Budke, C, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Cabral, L, dos Santos, F, Calina, D, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, C, Carabin, H, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carvalho, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Casulli, A, Catala-Lopez, F, Catapano, A, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chacon-Uscamaita, P, Chan, J, Chanie, G, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chekol Abebe, E, Chen, H, Chen, J, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chidambaram, S, Chimoriya, R, Ching, P, Chitheer, A, Chong, Y, Chopra, H, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Chung, E, Coberly, K, Columbus, A, Comachio, J, Conde, J, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Criqui, M, Cruz-Martins, N, Dabbagh Ohadi, M, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, D'Amico, E, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwish, A, Das, S, Dascalu, A, Dash, N, Dashti, M, De la Hoz, F, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Dean, F, Dehghan, A, Dejene, H, Demant, D, Demetriades, A, Demissie, S, Deng, X, Desai, H, Devanbu, V, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibas, M, Ding, D, Dinu, M, Dirac, M, Diress, M, Do, T, Doan, K, Dodangeh, M, Doheim, M, Dokova, K, Dongarwar, D, Dsouza, H, Dube, J, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, O, Dutta, S, Dziedzic, A, Edinur, H, Eissazade, N, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, Elahi Najafi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, N, Elgar, F, Elgendy, I, Elhabashy, H, Elhadi, M, Elilo, L, Ellenbogen, R, Elmeligy, O, Elmonem, M, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emamverdi, M, Emeto, T, Endres, M, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Fadaei, A, Fagbamigbe, A, Fahim, A, Faramarzi, A, Fares, J, Farjoud Kouhanjani, M, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fathi, M, Fathi, S, Fatima, S, Feizkhah, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Firouraghi, N, Fischer, F, Fonseca, A, Force, L, Fornari, A, Foroutan, B, Fukumoto, T, Gadanya, M, Gaidhane, A, Galali, Y, Galehdar, N, Gan, Q, Gandhi, A, Ganesan, B, Gardner, W, Garg, N, Gau, S, Gautam, R, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, G, Gebreslassie, H, Getacher, L, Ghaderi Yazdi, B, Ghadirian, F, Ghaffarpasand, F, Ghanbari, R, Ghasemi, M, Ghazy, R, Ghimire, S, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghotbi, E, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Gill, P, Glasstetter, L, Gnedovskaya, E, Golchin, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes-Neto, M, Goulart, A, Goyal, A, Gray, R, Grivna, M, Guadie, H, Guan, B, Guarducci, G, Guicciardi, S, Gunawardane, D, Guo, H, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Habibzadeh, F, Hachinski, V, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, N, Haep, N, Haile, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halwani, R, Hameed, S, Hamiduzzaman, M, Hammoud, A, Han, H, Hanifi, N, Hankey, G, Hannan, M, Hao, J, Harapan, H, Hareru, H, Hargono, A, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hartman, N, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, F, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hassan, A, Hassan, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, M, Haubold, J, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoffman, H, Holla, R, Hopf, K, Horita, N, Hossain, M, Hossain, S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, M, Hussain, J, Hussein, N, Huynh, H, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilaghi, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Iravanpour, F, Islam, S, Ismail, F, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, C, Iyer, M, Jaan, A, Jacob, L, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafari, M, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jamora, R, Jana, S, Javadi, N, Javed, S, Javeed, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jiang, H, Johnson, C, Johnson, W, Jokar, M, Jonas, J, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, C, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kabito, G, Kadashetti, V, Kafi, F, Kalani, R, Kalantar, F, Kaliyadan, F, Kamath, A, Kamath, S, Kanchan, T, Kandel, A, Kandel, H, Kanmodi, K, Karajizadeh, M, Karami, J, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Karimi, H, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, N, Kauppila, J, Kaur, H, Kaur, N, Kayode, G, Kazemi, F, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Keykhaei, M, Khadembashiri, M, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khamesipour, F, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, Y, Suheb, M, Khanmohammadi, S, Khanna, T, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, M, Khateri, S, Khatib, M, Khayat Kashani, H, Khonji, M, Khorashadizadeh, F, Khormali, M, Khubchandani, J, Kian, S, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A, Koly, K, Kompani, F, Koroshetz, W, Kosen, S, Kourosh Arami, M, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Defo, B, Kuddus, M, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumsa, N, Kundu, S, Kurniasari, M, Kusuma, D, Kuttikkattu, A, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, M, Lahariya, C, Laksono, T, Lal, D, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Landires, I, Langguth, B, Lasrado, S, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lau, K, Laurens, M, Lawal, B, Le, L, Le, T, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Leonardi, M, Lerango, T, Li, M, Li, W, Ligade, V, Lim, S, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, J, Liu, W, Lo, C, Lo, W, Lobo, S, Logroscino, G, Lopes, G, Lopukhov, P, Lorenzovici, L, Lorkowski, S, Loureiro, J, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Ma, Z, Mabrok, M, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, El Razek, M, Maghazachi, A, Maghbouli, N, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malagon-Rojas, J, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, A, Malik, I, Mallhi, T, Malta, D, Manilal, A, Mansouri, V, Mansournia, M, Marasini, B, Marateb, H, Maroufi, S, Martinez-Raga, J, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martorell, M, Marz, W, Marzo, R, Massano, J, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathews, E, Maude, R, Maugeri, A, Maulik, P, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Meena, J, Mehndiratta, M, Mendez-Lopez, M, Mendoza, W, Mendoza-Cano, O, Menezes, R, Merati, M, Meretoja, A, Merkin, A, Mersha, A, Mestrovic, T, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mihretie, E, Minh, L, Mirfakhraie, R, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Mizana, B, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, N, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, H, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadshahi, M, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molinaro, S, Moller, H, Monasta, L, Moniruzzaman, M, Montazeri, F, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mossialos, E, Motaghinejad, M, Mousavi, P, Ehsan Mousavi, S, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mughal, F, Mukoro, G, Mulita, A, Mulita, F, Musaigwa, F, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, P, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, T, Najmuldeen, H, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nambi, G, Namdar Areshtanab, H, Nargus, S, Nascimento, B, Naser, A, Nashwan, A, Nasoori, H, Nasreldein, A, Natto, Z, Nauman, J, Nayak, B, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Negaresh, M, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Negru, S, Nejadghaderi, S, Nematollahi, M, Nesbit, O, Newton, C, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, P, Nguyen, V, Niazi, R, Nikolouzakis, T, Niranjan, V, Nnyanzi, L, Noman, E, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nri-Ezedi, C, Ntaios, G, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Oancea, B, Odetokun, I, O'Donnell, M, Ogunsakin, R, Oguta, J, Oh, I, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, S, Okekunle, A, Okonji, O, Okwute, P, Olagunju, A, Olaiya, M, Olana, M, Olatubi, M, Oliveira, G, Olufadewa, I, Olusanya, B, Bali, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Ordak, M, Orji, A, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Osuagwu, U, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, M, Mahesh Padukudru, P, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padubidri, J, Pal, P, Palange, P, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, R, Pan, F, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandian, J, Pangaribuan, H, Pantazopoulos, I, Pardhan, S, Parija, P, Parikh, R, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Patel, J, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pereira, D, Pereira, J, Pereira, M, Peres, M, Perico, N, Perna, S, Petcu, I, Petermann-Rocha, F, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pinilla-Monsalve, G, Piradov, M, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polat, B, Poluru, R, Pond, C, Poudel, G, Pouramini, A, Pourbagher-Shahri, A, Pourfridoni, M, Pourtaheri, N, Prakash, P, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prates, E, Pritchett, N, Purnobasuki, H, Qasim, N, Qattea, I, Qian, G, Radhakrishnan, V, Raee, P, Shahraki, H, Rafique, I, Raggi, A, Raghav, P, Rahati, M, Rahim, F, Rahimi, Z, Rahimifard, M, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmani, S, Youshanlouei, H, Rahmati, M, Raj Moolambally, S, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Ramadan, H, Ramasamy, S, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rancic, N, Rao, I, Rao, S, Rapaka, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, A, Rashidi, M, Rashidi Alavijeh, M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Redwan, E, Bana, A, Remuzzi, G, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, T, Riad, A, Robinson, S, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Rogowski, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roy, P, Pramanik, K, Rubagotti, E, Ruiz, M, Russ, T, Sunnerhagen, K, Saad, A, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saberikamarposhti, M, Sacco, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, S, Saeed, U, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, S, Sahraian, M, Sajedi, S, Sakshaug, J, Saleh, M, Salehi Omran, H, Salem, M, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, Y, Samuel, V, Samy, A, Sanadgol, N, Sanjeev, R, Sanmarchi, F, Santomauro, D, Santri, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saravanan, A, Sarveazad, A, Satpathy, M, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schlaich, M, Schuermans, A, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, D, Selvaraj, S, Sendekie, A, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sergindo, M, Sethi, Y, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Shabani, M, Shabany, M, Shafie, M, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahraki-Sanavi, F, Shahsavari, H, Shahwan, M, Shaikh, M, Shaji, K, Sham, S, Shama, A, Shamim, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shanawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Shashamo, B, Shayan, M, Sheikhi, R, Shekhar, S, Shen, J, Shenoy, S, Shetty, P, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, K, Shokri, F, Shool, S, Shorofi, S, Shrestha, S, Siankam Tankwanchi, A, Siddig, E, Sigfusdottir, I, Silva, J, Silva, L, Sinaei, E, Singh, B, Singh, G, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sirota, S, Sivakumar, S, Sohag, A, Solanki, R, Soleimani, H, Solikhah, S, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Y, Sotoudeh, H, Spartalis, M, Stark, B, Starnes, J, Starodubova, A, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Suleman, M, Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunny, A, Susianti, H, Swain, C, Szeto, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, S, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, Taheri, M, Tahvildari, A, Tajbakhsh, A, Tampa, M, Lukenze Tamuzi, J, Tan, K, Tang, H, Tareke, M, Tarigan, I, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, S, Tavasol, A, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temesgen, W, Temsah, M, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, A, Tesfaye, E, Tesler, R, Thakali, O, Thangaraju, P, Thapa, R, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Thrift, A, Ticoalu, J, Tillawi, T, Toghroli, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, N, Van Tran, P, Tromans, S, Truelsen, T, Truyen, T, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, G, Tsermpini, E, Tualeka, A, Tufa, D, Ubah, C, Udoakang, A, Ulhaq, I, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umapathi, K, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vaithinathan, A, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, S, Vasankari, T, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verras, G, Vervoort, D, Villafane, J, Villani, L, Veloz, A, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Volovat, S, Vu, L, Vujcic, I, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wahood, W, Walde, M, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Waris, A, Weerakoon, K, Weintraub, R, Weldemariam, A, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Wickramasinghe, D, Wickramasinghe, N, Willekens, B, Wilner, L, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yehualashet, S, Yeshaneh, A, Yesiltepe, M, Yi, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, M, Yu, C, Yusuf, H, Zadey, S, Zahedi, M, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zali, A, Zamagni, G, Zand, R, Zandieh, G, Zangiabadian, M, Zarghami, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeariya, M, Zegeye, Z, Zeukeng, F, Zhai, C, Zhang, C, Zhang, H, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, H, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, H, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zikarg, Y, Zoladl, M, Murray, C, Ong, K, Feigin, V, Vos, T, Dua, T, Steinmetz J. D., Seeher K. M., Schiess N., Nichols E., Cao B., Servili C., Cavallera V., Cousin E., Hagins H., Moberg M. E., Mehlman M. L., Abate Y. H., Abbas J., Abbasi M. A., Abbasian M., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abdollahi M., Abdollahifar M. -A., Abd-Rabu R., Abdulah D. M., Abdullahi A., Abedi A., Abedi V., Abeldano Zuniga R. A., Abidi H., Abiodun O., Aboagye R. G., Abolhassani H., Aboyans V., Abrha W. A., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Aburuz S., Adamu L. H., Addo I. Y., Adebayo O. M., Adekanmbi V., Adekiya T. A., Adikusuma W., Adnani Q. E. S., Adra S., Afework T., Afolabi A. A., Afraz A., Afzal S., Aghamiri S., Agodi A., Agyemang-Duah W., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad A., Ahmad D., Ahmad S., Ahmadzade A. M., Ahmed A., Ahmed H., Ahmed J. Q., Ahmed L. A., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S. A., Ajami M., Aji B., Ajumobi O., Akade S., Akbari M., Akbarialiabad H., Akhlaghi S., Akinosoglou K., Akinyemi R. O., Akonde M., Al Hasan S. M., Alahdab F., Al-Ahdal T. M. A., Al-Amer R. M., Albashtawy M., AlBataineh M. 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N., Mirfakhraie R., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei M., Misganaw A., Misra S., Mithra P., Mizana B. A., Mohamadkhani A., Mohamed N. S., Mohammadi E., Mohammadi H., Mohammadi S., Mohammadshahi M., Mohammed M., Mohammed S., Mohan S., Mojiri-Forushani H., Moka N., Mokdad A. H., Molinaro S., Moller H., Monasta L., Moniruzzaman M., Montazeri F., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morovatdar N., Morrison S. D., Mosapour A., Mosser J. F., Mossialos E., Motaghinejad M., Mousavi P., Ehsan Mousavi S., Mubarik S., Muccioli L., Mughal F., Mukoro G. D., Mulita A., Mulita F., Musaigwa F., Mustafa A., Mustafa G., Muthu S., Nagarajan A. J., Naghavi P., Naik G. R., Nainu F., Nair T. S., Najmuldeen H. H. R., Nakhostin Ansari N., Nambi G., Namdar Areshtanab H., Nargus S., Nascimento B. R., Naser A. Y., Nashwan A. J. J., Nasoori H., Nasreldein A., Natto Z. S., Nauman J., Nayak B. P., Nazri-Panjaki A., Negaresh M., Negash H., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Negru S. M., Nejadghaderi S. 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- Abstract
Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous s
- Published
- 2024
3. Repositioning Nigeria University Education for Economic Development through Entrepreneurship Education
- Author
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Adamu, L. E.
- Abstract
Nigerians have always realized that education is the singular factor that brings about national development. The central goal of university education is to prepare one for productive employment. Such employment can be a paid one or a self-employed one. This paper examines the problem militating against university education, its implications for economic development and its products in terms of suitability for the changing environment. The world is changing as a result of technological and economic advancement and this creates peculiar problems and challenges which most Nigerian graduates cannot cope with and this makes them not suitable for employment. This paper emphasizes the need to get Nigerian graduates trained on entrepreneurship skills and knowledge through well planned and executed entrepreneurship education by re-positioning University education. Once this is done, Nigerian graduates will be happy and be fulfilled. They will be productive and committed as employees or employers of labour as they transit to a meaningful life in the world.
- Published
- 2015
4. The Relationship between Scores of Mathematics Knowledge and Teaching Practice of Diploma Mathematics Students: A Quest for Quality Assurance
- Author
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Adamu, L. E.
- Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between scores in mathematics knowledge and teaching practice of Diploma mathematics students. A sample of 39 students was used. Two research questions and two hypotheses were asked and formulated respectively. An ex-post facto correlation design was used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation and simple regression analyses. The findings revealed that mathematics knowledge scores was not a good predictor of teaching practice scores. Again Mathematics knowledge had no significant relationship with teaching practice scores of students. Recommendations based on the findings of the study are that mathematics knowledge should include ways that specialized mathematics knowledge can be developed and the subject should be taught encouraging active engagement, social interaction, mini teaching and student teachers should be encouraged to attend regular workshops and seminars to acquaint themselves with requisite skills.
- Published
- 2015
5. The Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Methodology of a 34-Country Population-Based Study
- Author
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Lietman, Thomas, Solomon, AW, Pavluck, AL, Courtright, P, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Kello, AB, and Bero, B
- Abstract
© Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.Purpose: To complete the baseline trachoma map worldwide by conducting population-based surveys in an estimated 1238 suspected endemic districts of 34 countries. Methods: A series of national and sub-national projects owned, m
- Published
- 2015
6. GEOLOGY, SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF AJALI POTENTIAL RESERVOIR SANDSTONE EXPOSED AROUND GRA IN IDAH, NORTHERN ANAMBRA BASIN
- Author
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Yusuf, I., primary, Obaje, N. G., additional, Adedosu, T. A., additional, Adeoye, J. A., additional, Adamu, L. M., additional, Tsado, F., additional, and Gana, E. Y., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Boswellia dalzielii H. in Wistar Rats
- Author
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Yusuf, A. H., primary, Paul, L. M., additional, Ibrahim, L., additional, Haruna, S., additional, Habeeb, A. A., additional, John, A. I., additional, and Adamu, L., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Anatomical Studies on the Thyroid Gland of One-Humped Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) found in Nigeria-Niger Boarder Region
- Author
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Mahe U-F A, Oladele S B, and Adamu L H
- Subjects
General Medicine - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A comparative study on anthropometric indices of women of reproductive age in urban and rural settings in Kano, Nigeria
- Author
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Abubakar, S. M., primary, Shehu, A., additional, and Adamu, L. H., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Prevalence of female genital tract disorders of ovaries and fallopian tubes in one - humped camels in Maiduguri, Nigeria using abattoir samples.
- Author
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Mairiga, I. A., Mustapha, M., Ibrahim, A., and Adamu, L.
- Subjects
CAMEL diseases ,FEMALE reproductive organs ,DISEASE prevalence ,VETERINARY medicine - Abstract
The present study examined a total of one hundred and fifty (150) genital tracts of female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Maiduguri abattoir for ovarian and fallopian tube disorders and different pathological lesions recorded were 27 cases, equivalent to 18.0% prevalence. Assessment and measurement of the genital tracts identified obvious gross lesions based on appearances, type of lesion, location and frequency of occurrence. Luteal cysts, catarrhal salphingitis, hemorrhagic cyst, ovarian hydro-bursitis and suspected case of granulosa cell tumour were detected. Follicular tube cysts both as unilateral and bilateral and as singles or multiples were also detected. Four of the cysts were observed on the left ovary, one on the right ovary and a multifocal was observed on both ovaries. The luteal cysts were thick walled. The luteal cysts were mostly seen in the left ovary representing 12 of the 16 cases while the remaining 4 cases were associated with the right ovary. A case of hemorrhagic cyst was recorded. Ovarian hydro-bursitis was recorded as a single case. A suspected granulosa cell tumor was observed in the left ovary. The study affirmed that ovarian and fallopian tube abnormalities are common findings in one - humped female camels although camels can withstand lots of stress associated with infectious and non-infectious diseases. These pathologies are possible causes of reduced fertility in one-humped camel in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of aerobic bacteria isolated from hunting dogs in Maiduguri, Nigeria.
- Author
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Mustapha, M., Lawal, J. R., Mairiga, I. A., Iliyasu, D., Adamu, L., and Bukar-Kolo, Y. M.
- Subjects
DRUG resistance in bacteria ,MICROBIAL sensitivity tests ,EXCIPIENTS ,HUNTING dogs - Abstract
Hunting dogs may be a potential source of transmission of pathogenic, zoonotic, or drug-resistant bacteria to people since they may carry the pathogenic bacteria in their oral cavities. As a result of clinic-based cross-sectional study conducted to evaluate the level of multidrug resistant bacteria, colonization of the bacteria in the oral cavities of hunting dogs that appeared apparently healthy were found in Maiduguri. Oral swab samples were taken from one hundred and ninety-three (193) apparently healthy hunting dogs. Using colony morphology and oxidase, catalase, starch hydrolysis, casein hydrolysis, indole, methyl-red and Voges-Proskauer test (MR-VP) the bacteria were isolated and identified. The isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to ten (10) different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with standard procedure. Escherichia coli (E. coli) accounted for the greater proportion of 100 (51.8%) of the isolates. Others were Staphylococcus spp. 19 (18.8%), Klebsiella spp. 13 (6.7%), and Streptococcus spp. 7 (3.6%). Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin 100 (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) and Tetracycline (80%) while Klebsiella spp. was found resistant to Amikacin (100%), Gentamicin (100%) and Ceftriaxone (100 %). Similarly, Staphylococcus spp. obtained in the current study was found to be resistant to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamicin (100%) and Amikacin (100%) while Streptococcus isolates were resistant to Tetracycline (100%), Penicillin (100%) and Chloramphenicol (100%). Susceptibility of the isolates were E. coli 100 (100%) for Chloramphenicol. Owners of dogs should refrain from using antibiotics indiscriminately. In conclusion, the study revealed the presence of dissimilar bacteria in the oral cavities of hunting dogs using cultural isolation, biochemical and antibiotics sensitivity tests in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of the Daranna Manganese Deposit, Kebbi State, Nigeria
- Author
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Adamu, L. M., Obaje, N.G., Sidi, A.A., Aweda, A.K., and Liman, H.M.
- Abstract
Inorganic and organic geochemical and geostatistical studies of manganese ore deposits exposed at Daranna, near Kaoje have been carried out with the aim of characterizing and delineating the origin of the manganese ore deposits. Data were obtained from field observations and chemical analyses of 12 ore samples. Major and trace elements and organic geochemical analyses were conducted with Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Rock-Eval pyrolysis method at Geo-data GmbH Garbsen, Germany. Results of the Major and trace elements, total organic carbon content abundances and the correlation among them imply that Daranna mineralizations are mainly of hydrothermal origin with little contribution from contemporaneous volcanic materials and this is confirmed by high Fe/Mn (8.274 to 24.066 wt%) and low Co/Zn ratios and trace element patterns. The significant geochemical characteristics such as high Mn content (22.660 to 62.330 wt%; average 45.919 wt%), low concentration of Fe (2.590 to 3.310 wt%; average 3.008 wt%) reveal a primary distal hydrothermal source for mineralization. The position of samples on Ni–Zn–Co and (Co/Zn)–(Co + Ni + Cu) diagrams and evaluation of these data reveals that hydrothermal activity was the main process with sedimentary influence responsible for mineralization in the Daranna manganese deposit.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Retrospective study of cattle fetal wastage at Hadeja abattoir, Jigawa State: Economic implication and seasonal variation
- Author
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Zubair, A.H., Haruna, U., Iliyasu, D., Mustapha, A.R., Lawan, A.F., Mustapha, M., Adamu, L., and Muhammad, S.T.
- Subjects
Abattoir, Cattle Fetal Wastage ,Economic Loss ,Seasonal Variation - Abstract
Fetal wastage usually occurs due to indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant cows without proper ante mortem assessment of the pregnancy status prior to slaughter in most of the abattoir in Jigawa state. Therefore, the current retrospective study was aimed to determine the extent of cattle fetal wastage and its economic implications for a period of 6 years (2016-2021) in Hadeja abattoir Jigawa state. The total number of cows slaughtered in Hadeja abattoir and the fetal wastage were evaluated. Variation in the number of fetal wastages during dry season and rainy season were determined. Economic implications of fetal wastage were evaluated. The results revealed the number of fetuses wasted were 3,763 within a six-year period. The highest number of fetal wastages 2777 (73.8 %/) were recorded in the dry season with (P < 0.05), compared to the number of fetal wastages 986 (26.2 %) recorded in the rainy season. The financial losses due to fetal wastages was estimated at ₦2,162,160,000 with an annual loss of ₦ 360,360,000. The yearly average fetal wastage across the study period was 627 (16.7 %). Large number of fetal wastages were recorded during the dry season with significant economic losses. Hence, effective ante mortem inspection and pregnancy diagnosis in cows is necessary in order to avert this problem at the abattoir. Similarly, reinforcement of legislation law against indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant cows should be enforced at the abattoir. 
- Published
- 2022
14. Trypanosoma evansi: prevalence in naturally infected cattle in Borno and Gombe state, Nigeria.
- Author
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Bello, A. M., Abdulsalam, H., Dauda, J., Abdulrahman, H. I., Tukur, S. M., Adamu, L., Bukar, M. M., Mbaya, A. W., and Egwu, G. O.
- Subjects
TRYPANOSOMA ,BLOOD sampling ,DISEASE prevalence ,ECONOMIC development ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi the cause of Surra is an important haemoprotozoan disease of economic importance that affect wide range of host. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of T. evansi in cattle in Borno and Gombe states, Nigeria. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 455 apparently healthy cattle in the study areas and examined for T. evansi using thin stained blood smears and haematocrit centrifuge techniques. Results: An overall prevalence rate of 11.8 % and 9.0%, were detected in Gombe and Borno States, respectively. Yamaltu Deba local government area recorded higher prevalence of 6.9% than 2.0% in Gombe (LGA) of Gombe State, while Konduga LGA recorded higher prevalence of 4.2% than the 1.6% in Jere LGA of Borno State. The White Fulani breed had higher prevalence of 11.1% compared to 0.7% for Bokoloji in Gombe State. While in Borno State, the Red Bororo recorded higher prevalence of 6.1% than 2.9% in Wadara. Based on age, the adult recorded higher prevalence of 8.4% and 7.6% in Borno and Gombe States, respectively, compared to the younger ones. Moreover, the prevalence of T. evansi based on sex of cattle revealed higher prevalence rate in male (15.2%) compared to the female (9.0%) in Gombe State, while higher in female (12.4%) compared to male cattle (6.3%) in Borno State. The association between breed, age, sex and the prevalence of infection was not significant (p > 0.05). Significance: This study will assist in providing reference data on the prevalence of T. evansi in cattle in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Stochastic model for the prediction of short time number of fire accident occurrence in Niger State using Viterbi Algorithm
- Author
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Lateef, I., primary, Adamu, L., additional, Didigwu, N.E., additional, Abubakar, A., additional, and Yakubu, D.S., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Experimental Evaluation of the Physical and Sorption Properties of Gmelina Arborea Timber for Development of Wood-based Materials
- Author
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Yusuf Yau, Amana Ocholi, Jibrin Muhammad Kaura, Adamu Lawan, and Tasiu Ashiru Sulaiman
- Subjects
Absorption ,Desorption ,Dimensional stability ,hygroscopic properties ,Shrinkage ,Swelling ,Technology - Abstract
The physical and sorption properties of wood are critical factors influencing its performance in various applications. These properties affect the strength and durability of wood products. Understanding these properties is essential for developing wood-based materials. This study focuses on the experimental investigation of Gmelina arborea timber to evaluate its sorption properties. The methodology involved a series of tests following ASTM, ISO, and BS standards to measure density, shrinkage and other various sorption properties. Key results showed a mean green moisture content of 141.28%, a basic density of 505.03 kg/m³, a dry density of 540.28 kg/m³, and a density at 12% moisture content of 555.17 kg/m³. The timber exhibits a volumetric shrinkage and swelling of 8.71% and 8.26%, tangential shrinkage and swelling of 5.19 and 4.96%, radial shrinkage and swelling of 3.72% and 2.82%, and longitudinal shrinkage and swelling of 1.19% and 0.48% respectively. The ratio of tangential to radial shrinkage was computed as 1.4, which indicates reliable dimensional stability of the timber. Gmelina arborea absorbs 94.7% water over a soaking period of 1272 hours and loses 83.18% moisture during drying to reach an equilibrium moisture content of approximately 12%. Therefore, Gmelina arborea shows good potential for use in the development of Engineered Wood Products such as Cross-laminated timber.
- Published
- 2024
17. Distribution and sexual dimorphism of palm print variable (palmer triridii angles) among Hausas of Kano and Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria
- Author
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Affan, Usman, primary and Adamu, L. H., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. BOARD INDEPENDENCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY OF LISTED OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA MODERATED BY FIRM SIZE
- Author
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Adamu Lawal Bello, J. Okpanachi, T. Nyor, and Lateef Olumude Mustapha
- Subjects
Board independence ,firm size ,financial reporting quality ,board Size ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of corporate governance, the interplay between board characteristics and financial reporting quality stands as a focal point for scholarly investigation. This study investigates the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between board independence and financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The study employs a quantitative research design and the populations of the study were all the oil and gas companies listed on the floor of Nigerian Exchange Group from 2012 to 2021. The study used ten (10) oil and gas companies as the population and sample size. The study further used panel regression technique as method for data analysis. The result of the direct relationship revealed that board independence and board size negatively and significantly influence the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. In the case of moderated effect, the results indicate that firm size does not significantly moderate the influence of board independence on the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the interaction between firm size and board independence does not have a significant impact on the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended that policymakers such as financial reporting council and Securities and Exchange Commission should enforce the code of corporate governance that will provide for mandatory independent directors with financial expertise. Secondly, the firm size should be properly put into consideration in constituting the number of non-executive directors on the board of directors of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Effect of Moringa oleifera Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers during Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection in Broiler Chickens
- Author
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Balami, A. G, primary, Sule, A. G., additional, Enam, S. J., additional, Gadzama, J. J., additional, Ndahi, J. J., additional, Mustapha, M., additional, Adamu, L., additional, Wakawa, A. M., additional, Aluwong, T., additional, and Abdu, P. A., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Determination of Optimal Number of Servers at Network Queuing Nodes to Reduce Waiting Time in a Tertiary Institution Clinic in Bida, Nigeria
- Author
-
Muhammad, I., primary and Adamu, L., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Effect of varied inclusion levels of Daniella oliveri leaf meals in red Sokoto bucks on intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilisation
- Author
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Adamu, H.Y., Muhammad, F, Abdu, S.B., Hassan, M.R., Musa, A, Abdulrashid, M, Ibrahim, T.A., Adamu, L, and Dogon Kade, B.M.
- Subjects
Cottonseed cake. Daniella oliveri leaf, Red Sokoto bucks ,Sorghum panicles - Abstract
The work was carried out to study the intake nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in Red Sokoto bucks fed varied grade levels of Daniella oliveri leaf meals (DOLM) in a complete diet. Four Red Sokoto bucks of average weight 12.5 ± 0.1kg were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square Designs. Involving four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of inclusions of DOLM. The result of proximate composition showed that the DOLM had 32.04, 16.89 and 40.64% of CF, CP and NFE respectively. The result of the nutrients intake showed that animals fed 30% DOLM had highest (P
- Published
- 2019
22. Petrogenetic Studies of the Basement Rocks in Jimgbe and Environs, Northcentral Nigeria.
- Author
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Adamu, L. M., Umaru, A. O., Ereosun, T. S., Kitha, M., and Aliyu, A. E.
- Subjects
PETROGENESIS ,ANALYTICAL geochemistry ,OROGENY ,FELDSPAR ,PLAGIOCLASE - Abstract
Geochemical and petrographic studies of Basement rock outcropped at southeastern Jimgbe have been carried out with the aim of characterizing and delineating the petrogenesis of the basement rocks. Field results with Facies analyses of the basement rocks in the study area revealed four (4) dominant rock units: Porphyritic granite, Migmatitic gneiss, Granite gneiss and Biotite gneiss. The minor rocks include quartzofeldspartic intrusion and quartz vein. The area has different structures such as fold, fracture and foliation which trends NW-SE and NE-SW direction, this is allotted to the Pan-African Orogeny imprints. Fourteen (14) analyzed for petrographic method and twenty-four (24) samples were analyzed for major elements using XRF geochemical method. The petrographic analysis result showed that the four rock types are granitic in origin due to their high quartz and feldspar contents. The major mineral compositions are quartz, plagioclase, microcline and biotite. Results of geochemical studies shows that the average oxide percentages are; SiO
2 (69.25%), Al2 O3 (12.41%), CaO (5.72%), Na2 O (3.25%), K2 O (3.76%), MgO (2.76%), Fe2 O3 (1.79%), TiO2 (0.28%), MnO (0.33%) and P2 O5 (0.47%). These results showed that the rocks are calcic, and are also of high K-Calc alkaline in nature, the rocks majorly plot in the eugeosynclinal field except for sample T4 which plots in the sedimentary field. They are mostly S-type peraluminous rocks except for T11 which is an I-type peraluminous rock and all plot in the Granodioritic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of the Daranna Manganese Deposit, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- Author
-
Adamu, L. M., Obaje, N. G., Sidi, A. A., Aweda, A. K., and Liman, H. M.
- Subjects
GEOLOGICAL statistics ,MANGANESE ores ,ANALYTICAL geochemistry ,MINERALIZATION ,ORE deposits - Abstract
Inorganic and organic geochemical and geostatistical studies of manganese ore deposits exposed at Daranna, near Kaoje have been carried out with the aim of characterizing and delineating the origin of the manganese ore deposits. Data were obtained from field observations and chemical analyses of 12 ore samples. Major and trace elements and organic geochemical analyses were conducted with Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Rock-Eval pyrolysis method at Geo-data GmbH Garbsen, Germany. Results of the Major and trace elements, total organic carbon content abundances and the correlation among them imply that Daranna mineralizations are mainly of hydrothermal origin with little contribution from contemporaneous volcanic materials and this is confirmed by high Fe/Mn (8.274 to 24.066 wt%) and low Co/Zn ratios and trace element patterns. The significant geochemical characteristics such as high Mn content (22.660 to 62.330 wt%; average 45.919 wt%), low concentration of Fe (2.590 to 3.310 wt%; average 3.008 wt%) reveal a primary distal hydrothermal source for mineralization. The position of samples on Ni--Zn--Co and (Co/Zn)--(Co + Ni + Cu) diagrams and evaluation of these data reveals that hydrothermal activity was the main process with sedimentary influence responsible for mineralization in the Daranna manganese deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. An Epidemic Model of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis with Time Delay
- Author
-
Adamu, L., primary and Hussaini, N., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Progress Towards Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem in Eritrea: Results of a Systematic Review and Nine Population-based Prevalence Surveys Conducted in 2014
- Author
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Tesfazion, A, Zecarias, A, Zewengiel, S, Willis, R, Mebrahtu, G, Capa, E, Mpyet, C, Al-Khatib, T, Courtright, P, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bakhtiari, A, Bero, B, Boisson, S, Bovill, S, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Haddad, D, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, Kalua, K, Kello, AB, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massae, PA, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, West, SK, Tesfazion, A, Zecarias, A, Zewengiel, S, Willis, R, Mebrahtu, G, Capa, E, Mpyet, C, Al-Khatib, T, Courtright, P, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bakhtiari, A, Bero, B, Boisson, S, Bovill, S, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Haddad, D, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, Kalua, K, Kello, AB, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massae, PA, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, and West, SK
- Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess Eritrea's progress towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem, we reviewed and compiled current knowledge on the distribution and burden of trachoma in Eritrea, then undertook further population-based surveys where indicated, with support from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP). METHODS: For the systematic review, undertaken in March 2014, we searched (1) PubMed, using the terms ((blind* or trachoma or trichiasis) AND Eritrea); (2) the online database of rapid assessments of avoidable blindness; (3) our own grey literature collections; and (4) the Global Atlas of Trachoma database. In June and July 2014, we conducted nine population-based prevalence surveys, for each of which 30 villages were systematically selected with probability proportional to population size; in each village, 30 households were systematically selected. All consenting residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for signs of trachoma. Data on household-level access to water and sanitation were also collected. RESULTS: One previous rapid assessment of avoidable blindness, three peer-reviewed publications, and two grey literature reports detailing sets of trachoma prevalence surveys conducted in 2006 and 2011, respectively, were located. Post-intervention impact surveys were needed in seven evaluation units (EUs, framed at sub-Zoba-level: population range 40,000-120,000) of Debub and Northern Red Sea, while baseline surveys were needed in two EUs of Anseba. Four of the seven impact survey EUs and both baseline survey EUs returned trachomatous inflammation-follicular prevalences in 1-9-year-olds of ≥5%; six of the seven impact survey EUs and one of the two baseline survey EUs returned trichiasis prevalences in ≥15-year-olds of ≥0.2%. The prevalence of access to water and sanitation varied widely between EUs. CONCLUSION: Interventions are still required in Eritrea to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. Da
- Published
- 2018
26. Prevalence of trachoma in four marakez of Elmenia and Bani Suef Governorates, Egypt
- Author
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Amer, K, Mueller, A, Abdelhafiz, HM, Al-Khatib, T, Bakhtiari, A, Boisson, S, El Arab, GE, Gad, H, Gordon, BA, Madian, A, Mahanna, AT, Mokhtar, S, Safa, OH, Samy, M, Shalaby, M, Taha, ZA, Willis, R, Yacoub, A, Mamdouh, AR, Younis, AK, Zoheir, MBE, Courtright, P, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bero, B, Bovill, S, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Haddad, D, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, Kalua, K, Kello, AB, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, West, SK, Amer, K, Mueller, A, Abdelhafiz, HM, Al-Khatib, T, Bakhtiari, A, Boisson, S, El Arab, GE, Gad, H, Gordon, BA, Madian, A, Mahanna, AT, Mokhtar, S, Safa, OH, Samy, M, Shalaby, M, Taha, ZA, Willis, R, Yacoub, A, Mamdouh, AR, Younis, AK, Zoheir, MBE, Courtright, P, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bero, B, Bovill, S, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Haddad, D, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, Kalua, K, Kello, AB, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, and West, SK
- Abstract
PURPOSE: In 2015, to determine where interventions are needed to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem from Egypt, we initiated population-based prevalence surveys using the Global Trachoma Mapping Project platform in four suspected-endemic marakez (districts; singular: markaz) of the governorates of Elmenia and Bani Suef. METHODS: In each markaz, 30 households were selected in each of 25 villages. Certified graders examined a total of 3682 children aged 1-9 years in 2993 households, noting the presence or absence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) in each eye. A total of 5582 adults aged ≥15 years living in the same households were examined for trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Household-level access to water and sanitation was recorded. RESULTS: Three of four marakez had age-adjusted TF prevalence estimates in 1-9-year olds of >10%; the other markaz had a TF prevalence estimate of 5-9.9%. Estimates of the age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of unmanaged TT in adults ranged from 0.7% to 2.3%. Household-level access to water and sanitation was high. (We did not, however, measure use of water or sanitation facilities.) Conclusions: Each of the four marakez surveyed has trachoma as a public health problem, with a need for implementation of the SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement) strategy. Further mapping is also required to determine the need for interventions in other areas of Egypt.
- Published
- 2018
27. Epidemiology of trachoma and its implications for implementing the 'SAFE' strategy in Somali Region, Ethiopia: results of 14 population-based prevalence surveys
- Author
-
Duale, AB, Ayele, NN, Macleod, CK, Kello, AB, Gezachew, ZE, Binegdie, A, Dejene, M, Alemayehu, W, Flueckiger, RM, Massae, PA, Willis, R, Negash, BK, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bero, B, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Courtright, P, Emerson, PM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Kalua, DH, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, West, SK, Duale, AB, Ayele, NN, Macleod, CK, Kello, AB, Gezachew, ZE, Binegdie, A, Dejene, M, Alemayehu, W, Flueckiger, RM, Massae, PA, Willis, R, Negash, BK, Solomon, AW, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Bero, B, Brooker, SJ, Bush, S, Chu, BK, Courtright, P, Emerson, PM, Foster, A, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Kalua, DH, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Macleod, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, McCullagh, S, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, B, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pavluck, A, Pearce, J, Resnikoff, S, Sarah, V, Sarr, B, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Thomson, J, and West, SK
- Abstract
PURPOSE: Ethiopia is highly trachoma endemic. Baseline mapping was needed in Ethiopia's Somali Region to guide elimination efforts. METHODS: Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in 34 suspected trachoma-endemic woredas, grouped as 14 evaluation units (EUs), using a standardised mapping methodology developed for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. RESULTS: In total, 53,467 individuals were enumerated. A total of 48,058 (89.9%) were present at the time of survey teams' visits and consented to examination. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children aged 1-9 years ranged from 4.1% in the EU covering Danot, Boh, and Geladin woredas in Doolo Subzone to 38.1% in the EU covering Kebribeyah and Hareshen woredas in Fafan Subzone (East). The trichiasis prevalence among adults aged over 15 years varied from 0.1% in the EU covering Afder, Bare, and Dolobay woredas in Afder Subzone (West) to 1.2% in the EU covering Awbere in Fafan Subzone (West). CONCLUSION: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is needed in 13 EUs (population 2,845,818). Two EUs (population 667,599) had TF prevalences in 1-9-year-olds of ≥30% and will require at least 5 years of MDA; 5 EUs (population 1,1193,032) had TF prevalences of 10-29.9% and need at least three years of MDA; 6 EUs (population 985,187) had TF prevalences of 5-9.9% and need at least one round of azithromycin distribution before re-survey. In all 13 of these EUs, implementation of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement measures is also needed. Surveys are still needed in the remaining 34 unmapped woredas of Somali Region.
- Published
- 2018
28. Sex prediction using ridge density and thickness among the Hausa ethnic group of Kano state, Nigeria
- Author
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Adamu, L. H., primary, Ojo, S. A., additional, Danborno, B., additional, Adebisi, S. S., additional, and Taura, M. G., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Utilization of Prosopis africana pulp for rabbit feeding: 2. Effects on nutrient digestibility, blood components and carcass characteristics
- Author
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Igwebuike, JU, Adamu, L, Kwari, ID, and Aliyu, J
- Subjects
Prosopis africana pulp, rabbit feeding, digestibility, blood, carcass - Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding Prosopis africana pulp (PAP) on nutrient digestibility, haematological indices and carcass components of growing rabbits. The experiment which lasted 10 weeks consisted of thirty (30) rabbits of five to six weeks of age. They were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in groups of six but caged individually. The PAP replaced maize weight for weight at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in diets I (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The formulated diets contained similar crude protein content of 18%. The apparent digestibility of nutrients, carcass parameters as well as haematological indices were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the treatments. These results indicate that Prosopis africana pulp can completely replace maize in the diets of growing rabbits without adverse effects on nutrient digestibility, carcass components and blood parameters.KEYWORDS: Prosopis africana pulp, rabbit feeding, digestibility, blood, carcass.
- Published
- 2013
30. Utilization of Prosopis africana pulp for rabbit feeding: 1.Effects on growth and economic performance
- Author
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Adamu, L, Igwebuike, JU, Kwari, ID, and Aliyu, J
- Subjects
Prosopis africana pulp, rabbit feeding, performance - Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Prosopis africana pulp (PAP) and the effects of PAP on the performance of growing rabbits. The study also highlighted the economic benefits arising from the substitution of maize with PAP in rabbit diets. Thirty (30) rabbits (Dutch X New Zealand white), 5-6 weeks of age and of mixed sexes were used for the study. The rabbits were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in groups of six, but caged individually. The PAP replaced maize weight for weight at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in diets 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The formulated diets contained similar crude protein content of 18%. The parameters considered were feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and the economic performance. The chemical analysis revealed that PAP and maize were similar in nutrient composition and amino acid profile. Highest feed intake (47.36 g/rabbit/day) and total weight gain (1211.67 g/rabbit) were recorded in treatment 3 (20% PAP) which were significantly different (P< 0.05) from treatments 4 (30% PAP) and 5 (40% PAP), but similar (P>0.05) to treatments I (control) and 2 (10% PAP). The slightly higher daily weight gain (10.3 6 g/rabbit/day), feed conversion ratio (6.83) and protein efficiency ratio (1.14) recorded in treatment 3 (20% PAP) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of the other treatments. Although feed cost per kg and feed cost per kg gain were better in treatments 4 and 5, better feed intake and daily gain were obtained in the other treatments. Therefore, diets containing 20% PAP (i.e. 50% maize replacement) could be fed to growing rabbits without compromising the growth performance of the rabbits.KEYWORDS: Prosopis africana pulp, rabbit feeding, performance.
- Published
- 2013
31. Sex prediction using ridge density and thickness among the Hausa ethnic group of Kano state, Nigeria.
- Author
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Adamu, L. H., Ojo, S. A., Danborno, B., Adebisi, S. S., and Taura, M. G.
- Subjects
- *
SEXUAL dimorphism , *ETHNIC groups , *HAUSA (African people) , *SEX preselection , *LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine sexual dimorphism and to predict sex using thumbprint ridge density and thickness among the Hausa ethnic group of Nigeria. A total of 283 subjects comprising 147 males and 136 females participated in the study. The density was determined from the count of ridges found diagonally within 25 mm2 using an indirect method of ridge thickness measurement. The results showed that the ulnar ridge density of males (10.01 ± 1.31) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of females (10.91 ± 1.69) in the right thumb. The ridge thickness was observed to have an inverse relation with ridge density. It was also noted that the right ulnar ridge count was the single best variable to predict sex (63.4% accuracy). For the left thumbprints, the proximal ridge thickness predicted the sex (62.8% accuracy). The predicted probabilities of binary logistic regression showed that ulnar ridge count and proximal ridge thickness were the best predictors with a higher area under the curve (>0.5) in the right and left thumbprints respectively. In conclusion, different regions of thumbprints have different potentials in term of sex prediction. Ridge density and thickness hold potential as tools for sex inference among the Hausa population of Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Histological and histochemical studies of parathyroid gland in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarus).
- Author
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Abubakar, U. M., Oladele, S. B., and Adamu, L. H.
- Subjects
PARATHYROID gland physiology ,CAMELS ,VETERINARY histology ,PERIODIC acid-Schiff reaction ,CONNECTIVE tissue cells - Abstract
Thirty one-humped camels were grouped into three: juvenile (Group A), adult (Group B) and old ages (Group C), were used for the study. The camel parathyroid gland tissues were obtained from camels slaughtered at the Kano Metropolitan abattoir. The glands were prepared for standard histological study using haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stains for light microscopy. For histochemical studies, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) special stain was used to demonstrate glycogen and glycoprotein. The results showed that the parathyroid glands are surrounded by a thin capsule of connective tissue. They have abundant stroma of connective tissue, with large smooth muscles all over. The tissue of the parathyroid gland consists of clusters of principal or chief cells. There are two different functional stages of the principal cell. The light principal cell has a large, pale nucleus and pale cytoplasm (described as inactive). The dark principal cell is a smaller cell, with a small, dark nucleus and a dark cytoplasm (active cell). The presence of oxyphil cells was observed. Histochemical studies showed that the tissue of the parathyroid gland in one-humped camel reacted negatively to the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain. The parathyroid gland consisted of densely packed chief cells (light and dark cells), oxyphil cells and abundance of adipose cells in the adult male and female. These cells were absent in the younger group, which is generally identical to what is found, specifically, in cows, goats and in humans, which signifies that one-humped camel can be introduced as an experimental research animal model for human parathyroid gland, in understanding the etiology and possible solution to human parathyroid diseases and osteoporosis. The study of parthyroid gland will enhance the provision of basic and clinical information on endocrinology and related research fields, such as animal breeding and biotechnology in one humped camel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. An Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of Nanosilicate Hollow Crete Blocks
- Author
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Juliana N. Tyoden, Adamu Lawan, and Sp Ejeh
- Subjects
nanosilica ,nanosilica-crete ,cement ,rice husk ash ,compressive strength ,Engineering machinery, tools, and implements ,TA213-215 - Abstract
The need for significant infrastructure development in Nigeria; the high demand for cement; the challenges associated with the disposal of agricultural waste; and—most significantly—the emission of CO2 associated with cement production and use, which has a negative impact on the environment, have created opportunities for research in the construction sector. The urgent need for researchers to explore substitute materials that may sustainably replace cement in the construction sector has also been prompted by the necessity to manage Nigeria’s natural resources. This paper investigates the properties of hollow blocks produced by replacing cement with nanosilica produced from rice husk waste at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% in order to assess the impact on the hollow block’s strength. The hollow blocks have four mixes: cement-to-sand ratios of 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 for different curing durations (1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days by spraying water). The results from the findings showed that the nanosilica produced from rice husk ash and used in this study are a good reactive pozzolana with particle sizes in the range of 1–49 nm, with majority of the particles within 1–7 nm. Hollow blocks produced at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% replacement by weight of cement (nanosilica-crete) proved stronger than hollow blocks produced at 0% cement replacement (conventional sandcrete), with an optimal nanosilica percentage replacement of 3% by weight of cement.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Methodology of a 34-Country Population-Based Study
- Author
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Solomon, AW, Pavluck, AL, Courtright, P, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Kello, AB, Bero, B, Brooker, SJ, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, BE, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pearce, J, Sarah, V, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Taylor, HR, Thomson, J, West, SK, Willis, R, Bush, S, Haddad, D, Foster, A, Solomon, AW, Pavluck, AL, Courtright, P, Aboe, A, Adamu, L, Alemayehu, W, Alemu, M, Alexander, NDE, Kello, AB, Bero, B, Brooker, SJ, Chu, BK, Dejene, M, Emerson, PM, Flueckiger, RM, Gadisa, S, Gass, K, Gebre, T, Habtamu, Z, Harvey, E, Haslam, D, King, JD, Le Mesurier, R, Lewallen, S, Lietman, TM, MacArthur, C, Mariotti, SP, Massey, A, Mathieu, E, Mekasha, A, Millar, T, Mpyet, C, Munoz, BE, Ngondi, J, Ogden, S, Pearce, J, Sarah, V, Sisay, A, Smith, JL, Taylor, HR, Thomson, J, West, SK, Willis, R, Bush, S, Haddad, D, and Foster, A
- Abstract
PURPOSE: To complete the baseline trachoma map worldwide by conducting population-based surveys in an estimated 1238 suspected endemic districts of 34 countries. METHODS: A series of national and sub-national projects owned, managed and staffed by ministries of health, conduct house-to-house cluster random sample surveys in evaluation units, which generally correspond to "health district" size: populations of 100,000-250,000 people. In each evaluation unit, we invite all residents aged 1 year and older from h households in each of c clusters to be examined for clinical signs of trachoma, where h is the number of households that can be seen by 1 team in 1 day, and the product h × c is calculated to facilitate recruitment of 1019 children aged 1-9 years. In addition to individual-level demographic and clinical data, household-level water, sanitation and hygiene data are entered into the purpose-built LINKS application on Android smartphones, transmitted to the Cloud, and cleaned, analyzed and ministry-of-health-approved via a secure web-based portal. The main outcome measures are the evaluation unit-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in children aged 1-9 years, prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in adults aged 15 + years, percentage of households using safe methods for disposal of human feces, and percentage of households with proximate access to water for personal hygiene purposes. RESULTS: In the first year of fieldwork, 347 field teams commenced work in 21 projects in 7 countries. CONCLUSION: With an approach that is innovative in design and scale, we aim to complete baseline mapping of trachoma throughout the world in 2015.
- Published
- 2015
35. The epidemiology of trachoma in Eastern Equatoria and Upper Nile States, southern Sudan
- Author
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Ngondi, J., Onsarigo, A., Adamu, L., Matende, I., Baba, S., Reacher, M., Paul Emerson, and Zingeser, J.
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Trachoma ,Adolescent ,Infant ,Environmental Exposure ,Middle Aged ,Blindness ,Health Services Accessibility ,Sudan ,Child, Preschool ,Eyelid Diseases ,Prevalence ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,Egypt ,Female ,Public Health ,Child ,Developing Countries ,Research Article ,Aged - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Limited surveys and anecdotal data indicate that trachoma is endemic in the states of Eastern Equatoria and Upper Nile in southern Sudan. However, its magnitude and geographical distribution are largely unknown. We conducted surveys to ascertain the prevalence and geographical distribution of trachoma, and to identify targets for control interventions. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in nine sites in southern Sudan between September 2001 and June 2004. Two-stage random cluster sampling with probability proportional to size was used to select the sample. Trachoma grading was done using the WHO simplified grading system. FINDINGS: A total of 17 016 persons were examined, a response rate of 86.1% of the enumerated population. Prevalence of signs of active trachoma in children aged 1-9 years was: TF=53.7% (95% confidence interval (CI)=52.1-55.3); TI=42.7% (95% CI=41.2-44.2); TF and/or TI=64.1% (95% CI=62.5-65.5). Prevalence of trichiasis (TT) in children aged less than 15 years was 1.2% (95% CI=0.9-1.4), while TT prevalence in persons aged 15 years and above was 9.2% (95% CI=8.6-9.9). Women were more likely to have trichiasis compared to men (odds ratio (OR)=1.57; 95% CI=1.34-1.84). Tentative extrapolation to the states of Eastern Equatoria and Upper Nile estimates that there is a backlog of 178,250 (lower and upper bounds=156,027-205,995) persons requiring surgery and the entire population, estimated to be over 3.9 million, is in need of the SAFE strategy to control blinding trachoma. CONCLUSION: Trachoma is a public health problem in all nine of the study sites surveyed. The unusually high prevalence of active trachoma and TT in children points to the severity of the problem. There is urgent need to implement trachoma control interventions in trachoma endemic regions of southern Sudan.
- Published
- 2005
36. AGE SPECIFIC SEX DIFFERENCES IN BMI AND SKIN FOLD THICKNESS AMONG CHILDREN OF KAZAURE EMIRATE, NIGERIA.
- Author
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Gudaji, A., Adamu, L. H., Taura, M. G., Danborno, B., Asuku, A. Y., Datti, S., and Mika'il, U. I.
- Subjects
CHILDREN ,SEXUAL dimorphism ,BODY mass index ,STATURE ,TRICEPS ,ANTHROPOMETRY - Abstract
An important phenomenon occurring in human population is the variation in their physical morphology. The physical dimensions of human body are influenced by geographical, racial, age and gender factors. Physical anthropometry provides the technique by which human body dimensions can be evaluated and measured. The ai m ofthe study was to determine age specifie sex differences in height, weight, BMI and skin fold thickness among children aged 5-12 years from Kazaure emirate, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to investigate sexual dimorphism in the measured variables. A total of 1212 primary school pupils aged 5-12 years (659 maies and 553 females) were involved. AH the anthropometrie variables were taken using standard protocols. Anindependent t-test was used to determine gender differences using SPSS version 20.0and P < 0.05 considered a level of significance. The results showed a significant gender difference in height and weight at age of 8 years (P = 0.009) and (P< 0.001), respectively. For bicep skin fold thickness (BSF), the gender difference was observed at 7 to 12years ofage with (P< 0.001). Similar pattern in triceps (TSF) and suprailiac (SISF), showed significant difference at age six (P< 0.001) and (P =0.01), respectively. AH ages showed differences in subscapular skin fold thickness (SSF)(P< 0.001). In the SSF, female had higher mean value while for height and weight the reverse trend was the case. In conclusion, the gender differences in SSF ma y be linked with higher adipose tissue in female than in the maie counterparts in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN VISCERAL ADIPOSITY MEASURES, PARAMETERS AND BIOMARKERS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AMONG HAUSA ETHNIC GROUP IN KANO, NIGERIA.
- Author
-
Asuku, A. Y., Danborno, B., Akuyam, A. S., Timbuak, J. A., and Adamu, L. H.
- Subjects
SEXUAL dimorphism ,ADIPOSE tissues ,BIOMARKERS ,METABOLIC syndrome ,HAUSA (African people) - Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue is considered the most important anatomic site of adipose tissue aggregation and is considered the hall mark of metabolic syndrome (MetS) phenotype. The aim of the study was to determine sexual dimorphism in visceral adiposity measures, parameters and biomarkers of metabolic syndrome among Hausa ethnic group in Kano, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional study including 465 participants of Kano, with a mean age of 34.4 years and 32.0 years for males and females respectively. Systematic random sampling technique was employed for subject recruitment. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index BMI were obtained using standard protocol. Overnight fasting blood sample was obtained for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), uric acid and adiponectin estimation using standard laboratory protocols. Visceral adipose tissue was estimated using visceral adiposity index (VAI) and WC. It was observed that VAI, FBG, HDL and TC were significantly higher in females. There was no significant sex difference in WC, TG, and LDL, Serum adiponectin, uric acid, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, the serum uric acid and adiponectin levels did not show sexual dimorphism. Only some of the MetS parameters are sexually dimorphic. While VAI was higher in females, WC did not show sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Antinociceptive effects of avocado leaf extracts (Persea americana) on rats
- Author
-
Abubakar, M.G., primary and Adamu, L., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. EVALUATION OF ASYMMETRY USING THUMBPRINT MINUTIAE AMONG HAUSA POPULATION OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA.
- Author
-
Adamu, L. H., Ojo, S. A., Danborno, B., Adebisi, S. S., and Taura, M. G.
- Subjects
HAUSA (African people) ,BIFURCATION theory ,HUMAN fingerprints ,CELL nuclei ,SEXUAL dimorphism - Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining the existence of FA in Hausa populations using thumbprint minutiae. The participants included 112 males and 105 females of Hausa Ethnic descent, aged between 18-25 years. The minutiae of the plain thumbprints were determined from a circle with radius that cut across the nucleus of the fingerprints. The result showed that in signed asymmetry bifurcation, crossbar, break, point/dot into ridges and point/dot between ridges exhibited sexual dimorphism. The left ward asymmetry in male was exhibited in bifurcation, cross bar, trifurcation bifurcation, break, bridge, opposite bifurcation, in "M" convergence, in "M" bifurcation and Point/Dot into ridges. Similarly, in female bifurcation, trifurcation bifurcation, enclosure big, opposite bifurcation, convergence, in "M" bifurcation and return exhibit left ward asymmetry. For absolute and composite asymmetry the significant differences was observed in end, enclosure (small), bridge and return. In the entire minutiae types only ridge bifurcation exhibited directional asymmetry in males and six other minutiae types in females. In conclusion, the presence of sexual dimorphism in thumbprint ridge minutiae was demonstrated in the present study. The leftward asymmetry was observed in both sexes in different types minutiae. Females were observed to exhibit directional type of asymmetry more than the males in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL PARITY ON NEONATAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AMONG HAUSAS IN KANO STATE.
- Author
-
Datti, S., Taura, M. G., Modibbo, M. H., Adamu, L. H., Tela, I. A., Gudaji, A., and Asuku, A. Y.
- Subjects
FETAL development ,FETAL death ,PREGNANCY complications ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,PARITY (Obstetrics) - Abstract
Maternal Parity has been shown to increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), prematurity, and mortality. The study was designed to evaluate the influence of maternal parity on neonatal anthropometric parameters among Hausas in Kano. Five hundred and twenty one subjects (mothers and babies) participated in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect the biodata, parity and other anthropometric variables (birth weight, birth length, head circumference, chest circumference, thigh circumference, mid upper arm circumference, hand length, hand breadth, foot length, foot breadth). The anthropometric variables were measured using standard procedures. One way ANOVA was used to determine the differences in neonatal variables across different categories of parity. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 20 statistical software was used for data analyses. The result shows that the mothers within the 1st category of parity give birth to babies with lower birth weight and smaller thigh circumference when compared with 2
nd , 3rd and 4th. However, in birth length, head circumference and chest circumference of the neonate the differences (p < 0.001) were observed only between 1st and 2nd category of parity. Moreover, the mid upper arm circumference has similar pattern with addition to 3rd categories. In conclusion, the parity of the mother was found to influence the neonatal anthropometric variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Metabolic responses of acute phase protein, antioxidant and cytokine in Arabian Endurance horses
- Author
-
Adamu, L., primary, Noraniza, M.A., additional, Rasedee, A., additional, and Bashir, A., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Effect of long term administration of halofantrine hydrochloride (halfan) on the morphology and histology of the testes of adult wistar rat
- Author
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Adamu, L. H., primary
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Metabolic responses in endurance horses during racing in relation to uric acid profile, leucocytes, heart rate and plasma biochemical parameters
- Author
-
Adamu, L., primary, Noraniza, M.A., additional, Rasedee, A., additional, and Bashir, A., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Equine colic referred to University Veterinary hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia from 2005-2011
- Author
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Adamu, L., primary
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Estimation of effects of community intervention with Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (A,F,E) in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma
- Author
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Ngondi, J., primary, Gebre, T., additional, Shargie, E. B, additional, Adamu, L., additional, Teferi, T., additional, Zerihun, M., additional, Ayele, B., additional, King, J. D, additional, Cromwell, E. A, additional, and Emerson, P. M, additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. National Survey on Blindness, Low Vision and Trachoma in Ethiopia: Methods and Study Clusters Profile
- Author
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Berhane, Y, primary, Worku, A, additional, Bejiga, A, additional, Adamu, L, additional, Alemayehu, W, additional, Bedri, A, additional, Haile, Z, additional, Ayalew, A, additional, Adamu, W, additional, Gebre, T, additional, Kebede, T D, additional, West, E, additional, and West, S, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Prevalence and causes of blindness and Low Vision in Ethiopia
- Author
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Berhane, Y, primary, Worku, A, additional, Bejiga, A, additional, Adamu, L, additional, Alemayehu, W, additional, Bedri, A, additional, Haile, Z, additional, Ayalew, A, additional, Adamu, Y, additional, Gebre, T, additional, Kebede, T D, additional, West, E, additional, and West, S, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Prevalence of Trachoma in Ethiopia
- Author
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Berhane, Y, primary, Worku, A, additional, Bejiga, A, additional, Adamu, L, additional, Alemayehu, W, additional, Bedri, A, additional, Haile, Z, additional, Ayalew, A, additional, Adamu, Y, additional, Gebre, T, additional, Kebede, TD, additional, West, E, additional, and West, S, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Effect of sugar dosage on setting time, microstructure and strength of Type I and Type V Portland cements
- Author
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Shamsad Ahmad, Adamu Lawan, and Mohammed Al-Osta
- Subjects
Cement ,Sugar ,Retarder ,Setting time ,Compressive strength ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,TA401-492 - Abstract
The work presented in this paper was aimed to study the influence of sugar dosage on the setting time and strength of two types of Portland cements (Type I and Type V) widely used in Saudi Arabia, leading towards selection of an optimal dosage of sugar as an alternative set retarder. Paste and mortar specimens were prepared with different dosages of sugar and tested for initial and final setting times, compressive strength and microstructural examination of set cements. The morphology of sugar-admixed mortar specimens was studied by utilizing a scanning electron microscope. It was noted that the addition of up to 0.05% sugar by weight of cement increased the setting time sharply, however, a further addition of sugar decreased the setting time of both types of cements. Strength of the mortar specimens, particularly at an early age, decreased with an increase in sugar content. Overall results of this study indicate that, for avoiding adverse effects on setting time and strength, dosage of sugar should be in the range of 0.05–0.1% by weight of both types of cements considered in the present case study.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. THE INFLUENCE OF SEASON OF BIRTH ON THE PATTERN OF LIP PRINTS IN NIGERIA.
- Author
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Adamu, L. H., Taura., M. G., Sadeeq,, A. A., Asuku,, A. Y., Datti, S., and Abdu, I. T.
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,DERMATOGLYPHICS ,CARBON-black ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,SCIENTIFIC observation - Abstract
Dermatoglyphs and their components can both environmentally and genetically be determined, even though the arrangement of ridges remains constant throughout life. The aim of this study was to determine the predominant lip print types in different seasons and the influences of the season of birth on the pattern of lip print among Nigerians. Five hundred and six students (256 males and 250 females) were recruited. The lip print was collected using glass slide and developed with carbon black powder. Each print was divided into ten compartments for final analyses of lip prints. Chi-square test was used to test for association between the season of birth and lip prints. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. The result shows the percentage distribution of lip print in upper lip in wet season with type III (31.02%) as predominant and type I' (0.29%) the least, and for dry season the same trend was observed. In lower lip in wet season type V (29.50%) was predominant and type I' (0.68%) the least, and the same trend was observed for dry season. In both lower and upper lips the season of birth shows no statistically significant association (P > 0.05) with lip prints in all compartments. In conclusion, the environmental factor considered in this study (season of birth) has no influence in the determination of the lip prints patterns. Hence, recommending the use of lip print as a forensic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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