Search

Your search keyword '"Adam Chambers"' showing total 16 results
Start Over Author "Adam Chambers"
16 results on '"Adam Chambers"'

1. Adapting Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Detect Historical Dengue Virus Infections

Author

Fernando Echegaray, Peter Laing, Samantha Hernandez, Sully Marquez, Amanda Harris, Ian Laing, Adam Chambers, Neil McLennan, Victor A. Sugiharto, Hua-Wei Chen, Sandra Vivero Villagran, Abigail Collingwood, Magelda Montoya, Fausto Bustos Carrillo, Mark P. Simons, Philip J. Cooper, Andrea Lopez, Gabriel Trueba, Joseph Eisenberg, Shuenn-Jue Wu, William Messer, Eva Harris, Josefina Coloma, and Leah C. Katzelnick

Subjects
dengue, rapid diagnostic test, pre-vaccination screening, Zika, dengue vaccine, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

The only licensed dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia®, increases risk of severe dengue when given to individuals without prior dengue virus (DENV) infection but is protective against future disease in those with prior DENV immunity. The World Health Organization has recommended using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) to determine history of prior DENV infection and suitability for vaccination. Dengue experts recommend that these assays be highly specific (≥98%) to avoid erroneously vaccinating individuals without prior DENV infection, as well as be sensitive enough (≥95%) to detect individuals with a single prior DENV infection. We evaluated one existing and two newly developed anti-flavivirus RDTs using samples collected >6 months post-infection from individuals in non-endemic and DENV and ZIKV endemic areas. We first evaluated the IgG component of the SD BIOLINE Dengue IgG/IgM RDT, which was developed to assist in confirming acute/recent DENV infections (n=93 samples). When evaluated following the manufacturer’s instructions, the SD BIOLINE Dengue RDT had 100% specificity for both non-endemic and endemic samples but low sensitivity for detecting DENV seropositivity (0% non-endemic, 41% endemic). Sensitivity increased (53% non-endemic, 98% endemic) when tests were allowed to run beyond manufacturer recommendations (0.5 up to 3 hours), but specificity decreased in endemic samples (36%). When tests were evaluated using a quantitative reader, optimal specificity could be achieved (≥98%) while still retaining sensitivity at earlier timepoints in non-endemic (44-88%) and endemic samples (31-55%). We next evaluated novel dengue and Zika RDTs developed by Excivion to detect prior DENV or ZIKV infections and reduce cross-flavivirus reactivity (n=207 samples). When evaluated visually, the Excivion Dengue RDT had sensitivity and specificity values of 79%, but when evaluated with a quantitative reader, optimal specificity could be achieved (≥98%) while still maintaining moderate sensitivity (48-75%). The Excivion Zika RDT had high specificity (>98%) and sensitivity (>93%) when evaluated quantitatively, suggesting it may be used alongside dengue RDTs to minimize misclassification due to cross-reactivity. Our findings demonstrate the potential of RDTs to be used for dengue pre-vaccination screening to reduce vaccine-induced priming for severe dengue and show how assay design adaptations as well quantitative evaluation can further improve RDTs for this purpose.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

2. Selective Use of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography in the Management of Metastatic Disease from Colorectal Cancer : Results from a regional centre

Author

Sadaf Jafferbhoy, Adam Chambers, James Mander, and Hugh Paterson

Subjects
18f fluorodeoxyglucose, positron emission tomography, colorectal cancer, metastases, cancer staging, recurrence, carcinoembryonic antigen, united kingdom., Medicine
Abstract

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) scans are routinely used for primary staging and disease surveillance in patients with colorectal cancer. However, these scans have limited sensitivity in some organs and can only detect lesions with morphological changes, whereas 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) scans are able to detect areas of metabolic change before morphological changes appear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans over conventional imaging during preoperative work-ups or follow-ups in a selected group of patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study, which took place between July 2009 and May 2011, assessed 1,043 patient records from the South East Scotland Cancer Network colorectal cancer database. A total of 102 patients who underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans in addition to conventional imaging were included in the study. These patients had potentially resectable metastases, equivocal findings on CT scans and elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels with negative conventional imaging. Results: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 22 underwent a preoperative 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan and 80 underwent a follow-up 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan. In the preoperative scan group, the 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan had a major impact on 16 patients (72.75%) and no impact on six patients (27.25%). In the follow-up scan group, the 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan had a major impact on 51 (63.75%), a minor impact on four (5%), no impact on 22 (27.5%) and a negative impact on three (3.75%) patients. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that 18F-FDGPET/ CT scans have a considerable effect on disease management when undertaken among indicated colorectal cancer patients.

Published
2015

3. Improving the time to ileostomy closure following an anterior resection for rectal cancer in the UK

Author

Irene Vogel, Peter G. Vaughan‐Shaw, Katherine Gash, Kathleen L. Withers, Grace Carolan‐Rees, Michael Thornton, Pawan Kumar Dhruvao Rao, Jared Torkington, Julie A. Cornish, Adam Chambers, Adam Stearns, Adam Walsh, Adeline Rankin, Aftab Khan, Alastair Morton, Alec Engledow, Alex Newman, Alex Shaw, Alex Wilkins, Alexander Curtis, Alexander Jones, Alexei Makhort, Alice Groves, Amarvir Bilkhu, Andrew Alabi, Andrew Miller, Angeliki Kosti, Ann Lyons, Anna Sayers, Anthony Homer, null Soares, Anwen Williams, Arabis Oglesby, Areeg Abdelmabod, Arnaldo Neves Santos Silva, Arslan Pannu, Azam Khan, Ben Stubbs, Bhamini Vadhwana, Carina Cruz, Charlotte El‐Sayed, Chelise Currow, Christopher Bowman, Christopher Liao, Christopher Rao, Constantine Halkias, Damian Glancy, David Anderson, David Bowden, Dimitrios Zosimas, Dominic Waugh, Doug Speake, Duncan Scrimgeour, Eimear Monaghan, Eleanor Crossley, Eman Alkizwini, Emma Barron, Emma Blower, Epameinondas Kastanias, Frances Mosley, Francis Ugwu, Gemma Faulkner, Gemma Gossedge, George Ramsay, Geraint Lloyd, Gethin Williams, Giuseppe Preziosi, Gordon McAdam, Gregory Taylor, Hannah Boyd‐Carson, Hannah Copley, Haritharan Naheswaran, Helen Black, Henry Ferguson, Hoey Koh, Huw Jones, Ian Lord, Ieuan Reece, Jake Foster, James Pitt, Jamshed Shabbir, Janahan Sarveswaran, Jayesh Sagar, Jayne Foot, Joanna Allison, Joanna Hilton, Joanne Deery, John Fallon, Jon Lund, Jonathan Easterbrook, Jordan Fletcher, Joseph Bailey, Joseph Huang, Joseph John, Joyti Roy, Kai Leong, Kapil Sahnan, Katherine Hodson, Katie Cross, Katie Hobson, Katie Siggens, Kenneth Keogh, Khalid Hureibi, Khawar Hashmi, Laura Muirhead, Lauren Kennedy, Lee Sheahlin, Lilian Reza, Lucy Pippard, Luke Dickerson, Lynn Stevenson, Manish Chand, Marcus Chan, Marina Yiasemidou, Matt Wiggans, Matthew Boal, Michael Feretis, Michael Saunders, Michael Shinkwin, Mike Williamson, Mohamed Elshaer, Mohamed Rabie, Mohammed Fakhrul‐Aldeen, Mohan Harilingam, Nader Francis, Nathan Curtis, Neil Smart, Nicola Fearnhead, Nicholas Symons, Nicky Marks, Nicola Eardley, Nikhil Nanjappa, Nikhil Pawa, Nilofer Husnoo, Oliver Warren, Osian James, Paul Mackey, Paul Sutton, Philip Herrod, Philippa Orchard, Phil Tozer, Pia Persson, Prashan Lokanathan, Rachel Falconer, Rachel Thomas, Raj Harshen, Rajeed Kushwaha, Rajin Maahi, Rakesh Bhardwaj, Rami Radwan, Raymond Oliphant, Rebecca Bourdon‐Pierre, Rebecca Fallaize, Robbyn Iddles, Rory Kelleher, Sajal Rai, Sajid Mehmood, Sam Arman, Sam Granger, Samuel Lawday, Santosh Bhandari, Sarah Duff, Sheik Fazal Ur Rehman, Sheik Rehman, Smrthi Mitra, Sonia Lockwood, Sophie Doran, Sophie Pilkington, Sophie Shepherd, Stella Dilke, Steve Lindley, Susan Chandler, Susan Moug, Talisa Ross, Tasadooq Hussain, Thomas Roe, Thusitha Hettiarachchi, Tomas Mcbride, Una Walsh, Vera Kulikova, Vimal Hariharan, Vivek Datta, William Kenworthy, Yousef Ibrahim, Ysabelle Thackray, Shoura Karar, Mahmoud Abdel‐dayem, Keshav Swarnkar, Anton Joseph, Andrew Maw, Jeggy Mathias, Deborah Cairns, and Julie Cornish

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, business.industry, Colorectal cancer, Adjuvant chemotherapy, Ileostomy, Rectal Neoplasms, medicine.medical_treatment, General surgery, Gastroenterology, medicine.disease, Resection, Qualitative analysis, Postoperative Complications, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, Humans, In patient, Closure (psychology), business, Ileostomy closure, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

AIM Delayed closure of ileostomy following an anterior resection for rectal cancer in the UK is common. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the variation in patient pathways between hospitals, (ii) to identify the key learning points from units with the shortest time to closure and (iii) to develop guidance for a pathway to minimize delay in ileostomy closure. METHOD This was a mixed methods study. Thirty-eight colorectal units in the UK completed a short online survey. Nine colorectal units in Wales filled in an additional, expanded version of the survey. Semi-structured interviews were performed with clinicians from the six best performing units in terms of timely ileostomy closure. The optimal pathway suggested is based on the best evidence available and the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland guidelines. RESULTS Qualitative analysis revealed that 5% of units (n = 2) have a local target time for ileostomy closure. Of all units, 90% (n = 34) would consider implementing a pathway if guidelines were developed. In-depth interviews highlighted the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, a dedicated coordinator to facilitate timely booking, and consensus on whether closure should be performed before or after adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION There is a lack of national guidance in timing of contrast studies and ileostomy closure. Key aspects to consider are better information at consent regarding stoma closure timing, a dedicated person to track patients and the planning of contrast studies at discharge from initial surgery. With a dedicated approach closure of ileostomy within 10-12 weeks is feasible for most units.

Published
2021

5. Rejoinder to Comments on Minasny et al., 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille Geoderma 292, 59–86

Author

Manuel Martin, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Brendan P. Malone, Carolyn Hedley, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Vincent Chaplot, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Bhabani S. Das, Yiyi Sulaeman, Chun Chih Tsui, Igor Savin, Bas van Wesemael, Ben P. Marchant, Suk Young Hong, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Dominique Arrouays, Alex B. McBratney, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Genxing Pan, Damien J. Field, Alessandro Gimona, Biswapati Mandal, José Padarian, Laura Poggio, Budiman Minasny, Adam Chambers, Kun Cheng, Denis A. Angers, Keith Paustian, Leigh A. Winowiecki, B. G. McConkey, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, The University of Sydney, InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey (BGS), University of Sydney, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Landcare Research [Lincoln], World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, organic-carbon, Soil Science, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, challenges, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, nitrogen, 12. Responsible consumption, mitigation, 11. Sustainability, Life Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, Food security, sequestration, food security, dynamics, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Nitrogen, losses, Tillage, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, climate-change, tillage, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Per mille
Abstract

We thank the authors for their thought-provoking comments on our paper. Most of the commentators agree that soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving the quality of soil, however they argue that we have overstated the potential of soil carbon sequestration. We welcome the comments and appreciate that the issue of SOC sequestration has always been somewhat factious (Schlesinger, 2000). We shall address the significance of the quantity “4 per mille”, reported sequestration rates, the limitation of carbon sequestration with time, and nutrient requirements. We clarify that our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) mainly deals with potentials for the 20 countries and regions, where SOC sequestration can also be seen as a way to improving the resilience of the soil to future climate change, that is, improving adaptation rather than mitigation. We believe that in some parts of the world where food security is threatened, the benefit of soil carbon management for adaptation should be stressed more than for mitigation. This is the reason why the 4 per mille initiative explicitly includes food security (Chabbi et al., 2017; Soussana et al., 2015). We need to add that the “4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate” initiative is just one of many national and global initiatives on SOC sequestration for mitigating climate change. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) discussed incorporating the topic of SOC in the IPCC Assessment Report (ARs), from AR6 onwards. The IPCC has also put a focus on soil in their upcoming special report “Climate Change and Land” (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr2/). The recent FAO Global Symposium (GSOC17) assembled experts engaged in FAO, GSP and its ITPS, IPCC, UNCCD-SPI and WMO activities to work together for the common goal of appropriate SOC management as part of overall sustainable soil management within the climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable development, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) and food security agendas (http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/soil-organic-carbon-symposium/en/). The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) focused on opportunities to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration while still helping to meet food security objectives (http://globalresearchalliance.org/about/). The Common Agriculture Policy in the EU is currently being revised to include the potential use of SOC as an indicator. The 4 per mille initiative was launched at COP21, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, and one of the main aims of the Paris Agreement is to stop the planet from warming an additional two Celsius degrees. The two-degree target, although suggested by scientists through modelling work, was chosen more for political and pragmatic reasons whereby countries could agree on a target that they could work towards (Tollefson, 2015). And of course, there are many scientific critiques of this target (Knutti et al., 2016). Similarly, the 4 per mille initiative comes from a politically-driven aspiration, and our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) is a response to such an aspiration, to seek and outline possibilities based on current knowledge. The important concept is that soil and agriculture are part of the solution, and it is an interim and evidence-based solution that we can implement. Now we shall respond to each of the commentaries.

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Doping control study of AICAR in post-race urine and plasma samples from horses

Author

Adam Chambers, Yves Bonnaire, Terence S.M. Wan, Emmie N.M. Ho, Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry, George H.M. Chan, Adam Cawley, Murielle Jaubert, Lydia Brooks, H. Ming Williams, Timmy L.S. Choi, John Keledjian, Jenny K.Y. Wong, Wai Him Kwok, and Yuanyuan Lin

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Quantification methods, Urine screening, Pharmaceutical Science, Urine, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Whole blood, Acadesine, Plasma samples, Post race, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Haemolysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Endocrinology, chemistry, business
Abstract

Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside, commonly known as AICAR, is a naturally occurring adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator in many mammals, including humans and horses. AICAR has attracted considerable attention recently in the field of doping control because of a study showing the enhancement of endurance performance in unexercised or untrained mice, resulting in the term ‘exercise pill’. Its use has been classified as gene doping by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and since it is endogenous, it may only be possible to control deliberate administration of AICAR to racehorses after establishment of an appropriate threshold. Herein we report our studies of AICAR in post-race equine urine and plasma samples including statistical studies of AICAR concentrations determined from 1,470 urine samples collected from thoroughbreds and standardbreds and analyzed in Australia, France, and Hong Kong. Quantification methods in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed by the laboratories in each country. An exchange of spiked urine and plasma samples between the three countries was conducted, confirming no significant differences in the methods. However, the concentration of AICAR in plasma was found to increase upon haemolysis of whole blood samples, impeding the establishment of a suitable threshold in equine plasma. A possible urine screening cut-off at 600 ng/mL for the control of AICAR in racehorses could be considered for adoption. Application of the proposed screening cut-off to urine samples collected after intravenous administration of a small dose (2 g) of AICAR to a mare yielded a short detection time of approximately 4.5 h. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

7. A model for estimating windbreak carbon within COMET-Farm™

Author

Justin P. Ziegler, Grant M. Domke, Adam Chambers, James R. Brandle, Amy Swan, Marlen Eve, Keith Paustian, Mark Easter, and William Ballesteros

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, business.industry, Agroforestry, Land management, Forestry, Context (language use), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Carbon sequestration, Windbreak, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural land, Agriculture, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Greenhouse gas accounting, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Agroforestry as a land management practice presents a method for partially offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land. Of all agroforestry practices in the United States, windbreaks in particular are used throughout the United States providing a useful starting point for deriving a modelling system which could quantify the amount of carbon sequestered on U.S. agricultural land and provide for broad usability. We present our first approximation to this end by presenting a model that estimates current and future stocks within multiple carbon pools of windbreak systems such as live trees, the O horizon, downed woody debris and standing dead trees. In this article, we describe each modelled process driving carbon fluxes within carbon pools including novel windbreak tree growth and mortality models. Our model is generalized by region and species group allowing us to run scenarios for any common tree species in any location within the contiguous United States. Integrated into the agricultural greenhouse gas accounting tool, COMET-Farm™, the windbreak component gives landowners and land managers power to view agroforestry systems in the same context as agricultural operations and provides an alternative to intensive biomass inventories.

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Soil carbon sequestration potential of US croplands and grasslands: Implementing the 4 per Thousand Initiative

Author

Keith Paustian, Adam Chambers, and Rattan Lal

Subjects
Land use, Soil Science, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Climate change mitigation, Agronomy, Grazing, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil carbon sequestration, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil fertility, Cover crop, Agronomy and Crop Science, Management practices, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION Scientific interest in managing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the United States dates back more than a century because of its importance to soil fertility (Allison 1973), and the importance of the soil-climate nexus was advanced early on by Jenny through his iconic book Factors of Soil Formation (Jenny 1941, 1980). However, intensive research on SOC and climate change mitigation really started during the 1990s (Barnwell et al. 1992; Lal et al. 1998c; Paustian et al. 1997). Since then, rates of SOC sequestration through adoption of best management practices have been assessed for diverse land uses and eco-regions throughout the country, including for a wide variety of management practices on cropland (Paustian et al. 1997; Lal et al. 2004; Johnson et al. 2005; Franzluebbers 2005; Ogle et al. 2005; Causarano et al. 2006; Balkcom et al. 2013; Lal et al. 1998c; Martens et al. 2005), such as the inclusion of cover crops (Causarano et al. 2006; Olson 2013; Lal 2015a, 2015b, 2015c; Poeplau and Don 2015; Sainju et al. 2006, 2008); for conversions to perennial grass biofuel plantations (Liebig et al. 2008; Follett et al. 2012); and for improved management on grazing lands (Conant et al.

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. Field- and farm-scale assessment of soil greenhouse gas mitigation using COMET-Farm

Author

Ernie Marx, Ben Sutton, Keith Paustian, Amy Swan, Marlen Eve, Adam Chambers, Mark Layer, Adriane Huber, Sobha Verlayudhan, Crystal Toureene, S. Williams, Mark Easter, Matt Stermer, and Kevin Brown

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Scale (ratio), Greenhouse gas, Comet, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Environmental engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

10. Soil carbon 4 per mille

Author

Genxing Pan, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Igor Savin, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Laura Poggio, Vincent Chaplot, Damien J. Field, Alex B. McBratney, Yiyi Sulaeman, Manuel Martin, Carolyn Hedley, Denis A. Angers, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Biswapati Mandal, Ben P. Marchant, Adam Chambers, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, Dominique Arrouays, José Padarian, Keith Paustian, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Budiman Minasny, Bas van Wesemael, Suk Young Hong, Alessandro Gimona, Kun Cheng, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Bhabani S. Das, Chun Chih Tsui, Brendan P. Malone, Brian McConkey, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Resources Conservation Services (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Department of Agricultural Engineering,RDA, Wanju, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey [Keyworth], British Geological Survey (BGS), Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (SSI), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), University of Limerick [IRLANDE] (UL), University of Limerick (UL), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Hawaii Pacific University, Macaulay Institute, Rothamsted Research, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nanjing Agricultural University, and Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Environmental protection, Climate change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Topsoil, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Climate change mitigation, Greenhouse gases, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, Environmental science, Per mille, Soil carbon sequestration
Abstract

International audience; The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha−1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year−1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. Doping control study of AICAR in post-race urine and plasma samples from horses

Author

Jenny K Y, Wong, Wai Him, Kwok, George H M, Chan, Timmy L S, Choi, Emmie N M, Ho, Murielle, Jaubert, Ludovic, Bailly-Chouriberry, Yves, Bonnaire, Adam, Cawley, H, Ming Williams, John, Keledjian, Lydia, Brooks, Adam, Chambers, Yuanyuan, Lin, and Terence S M, Wan

Subjects
Doping in Sports, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Australia, Animals, Humans, Horses, Ribonucleosides, Ribonucleotides, Urinalysis, Aminoimidazole Carboxamide, Chromatography, Liquid
Abstract

Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside, commonly known as AICAR, is a naturally occurring adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator in many mammals, including humans and horses. AICAR has attracted considerable attention recently in the field of doping control because of a study showing the enhancement of endurance performance in unexercised or untrained mice, resulting in the term 'exercise pill'. Its use has been classified as gene doping by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and since it is endogenous, it may only be possible to control deliberate administration of AICAR to racehorses after establishment of an appropriate threshold. Herein we report our studies of AICAR in post-race equine urine and plasma samples including statistical studies of AICAR concentrations determined from 1,470 urine samples collected from thoroughbreds and standardbreds and analyzed in Australia, France, and Hong Kong. Quantification methods in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed by the laboratories in each country. An exchange of spiked urine and plasma samples between the three countries was conducted, confirming no significant differences in the methods. However, the concentration of AICAR in plasma was found to increase upon haemolysis of whole blood samples, impeding the establishment of a suitable threshold in equine plasma. A possible urine screening cut-off at 600 ng/mL for the control of AICAR in racehorses could be considered for adoption. Application of the proposed screening cut-off to urine samples collected after intravenous administration of a small dose (2 g) of AICAR to a mare yielded a short detection time of approximately 4.5 h. Copyright © 2017 John WileySons, Ltd.

Published
2016

12. Preoperative risk factors for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: a validated risk score derived from a prospective U.K. database of 8820 patients

Author

Robert P. Sutcliffe, Marianne Hollyman, James Hodson, Glenn Bonney, Ravi S. Vohra, Ewen A. Griffiths, Stephen Fenwick, Mohamed Elmasry, Quentin Nunes, David Kennedy, Raja B. Khan, Muhammad A.S. Khan, Conor J. Magee, Steven M. Jones, Denise Mason, Ciny P. Parappally, Pawan Mathur, Michael Saunders, Sara Jamel, Samer U.l. Haque, Sara Zafar, Muhammad H. Shiwani, Nehemiah Samuel, Farooq Dar, Andrew Jackson, Bryony Lovett, Shiva Dindyal, Hannah Winter, Saquib Rahman, Kevin Wheatley, Tom Nieto, Soofiyah Ayaani, Haney Youssef, Rajwinder S. Nijjar, Helen Watkin, David Naumann, Sophie Emeshi, Piyush B. Sarmah, Kathryn Lee, Nikita Joji, Jonathan Heath, Rebecca L. Teasdale, Chamindri Weerasinghe, Paul J. Needham, Hannah Welbourn, Luke Forster, David Finch, Jane M. Blazeby, William Robb, Angus G.K. McNair, Alex Hrycaiczuk, Alexandros Charalabopoulos, Sritharan Kadirkamanathan, Cheuk-Bong Tang, Naga V.G. Jayanthi, Nigel Noor, Brian Dobbins, Andrew J. Cockbain, April Nilsen-Nunn, Jonathan de Siqueira, Mike Pellen, Jonathan B. Cowley, Wei-Min Ho, Victor Miu, Timothy J. White, Kathryn A. Hodgkins, Alison Kinghorn, Matthew G. Tutton, Yahya A. Al-Abed, Donald Menzies, Anwar Ahmad, Joanna Reed, Shabuddin Khan, David Monk, Louis J. Vitone, Ghulam Murtaza, Abraham Joel, Stephen Brennan, David Shier, Catherine Zhang, Thusidaran Yoganathan, Steven J. Robinson, Iain J.D. McCallum, Michael J. Jones, Mohammed Elsayed, Liz Tuck, John Wayman, Kate Carney, Somaiah Aroori, Kenneth B. Hosie, Adam Kimble, David M. Bunting, Adeshina S. Fawole, Mohammed Basheer, Rajiv V. Dave, Janahan Sarveswaran, Elinor Jones, Chris Kendal, Michael P. Tilston, Martin Gough, Tom Wallace, Shailendra Singh, Justine Downing, Katherine A. Mockford, Eyad Issa, Nayab Shah, Neal Chauhan, Timothy R. Wilson, Amir Forouzanfar, Jonathan R.L. Wild, Emma Nofal, Catherine Bunnell, Khaliel Madbak, Sudhindra T.V. Rao, Laurence Devoto, Najaf Siddiqi, Zechan Khawaja, James C. Hewes, Laura Gould, Alice Chambers, Daniel U. Rodriguez, Gourab Sen, Stuart Robinson, Francis Bartlett, David M. Rae, Thomas E.J. Stevenson, Kas Sarvananthan, Simon J. Dwerryhouse, Simon M. Higgs, Oliver J. Old, Thomas J. Hardy, Reena Shah, Steve T. Hornby, Ken Keogh, Lucinda Frank, Musallam Al-Akash, Emma A. Upchurch, Richard J. Frame, Michael Hughes, Clare Jelley, Simon Weaver, Sudipta Roy, Toritseju O. Sillo, Giorgios Galanopoulos, Tamzin Cuming, Pedro Cunha, Salim Tayeh, Sarantos Kaptanis, Mohamed Heshaishi, Abdalla Eisawi, Michael Abayomi, Wee S. Ngu, Katie Fleming, Dalvir S. Bajwa, Vivek Chitre, Kamal Aryal, Paul Ferris, Michael Silva, Simon Lammy, Sarah Mohamed, Amir Khawaja, Adnan Hussain, Mudassar A. Ghazanfar, Maria I. Bellini, Hamdi Ebdewi, Mohamed Elshaer, Gianpiero Gravante, Benjamin Drake, Arikoge Ogedegbe, Dipankar Mukherjee, Chanpreet Arhi, Lola Giwa, Nusrat Iqbal, Nicholas F. Watson, Smeer K. Aggarwal, Philippa Orchard, Eduardo Villatoro, Peter D. Willson, Kam W.J. Mok, Thomas Woodman, Jean Deguara, Giuseppe Garcea, Benoy I. Babu, Alistair R. Dennison, Deep Malde, David Lloyd, John P. Slavin, Robert P. Jones, Laura Ballance, Stratos Gerakopoulos, Periyathambi Jambulingam, Sami Mansour, Naomi Sakai, Vikas Acharya, Mohammed M. Sadat, Lawen Karim, David Larkin, Khalid Amin, Amarah Khan, Jennifer Law, Saurabh Jamdar, Stella R. Smith, Keerthika Sampat, Kathryn M. O'shea, Mangta Manu, Fotini M. Asprou, Nabeela S. Malik, Jessica Chang, Marianne Johnstone, Michael Lewis, Geoffrey P. Roberts, Babu Karavadra, Evangelos Photi, James Hewes, Dan Rodriguez, Derek A. O'Reilly, Anthony J. Rate, Hema Sekhar, Lucy T. Henderson, Benjamin Z. Starmer, Peter O. Coe, Sotonye Tolofari, Jenifer Barrie, Gareth Bashir, Jake Sloane, Suroosh Madanipour, Constantine Halkias, Alexander E.J. Trevatt, David W. Borowski, Jane Hornsby, Michael J. Courtney, Suvi Virupaksha, Keith Seymour, Sarah Robinson, Helen Hawkins, Sadiq Bawa, Paul V. Gallagher, Alistair Reid, Peter Wood, Jonathan G. Finch, J.Guy Finch, Jitesh Parmar, Euan Stirland, James Gardner-Thorpe, Ahmed Al-Muhktar, Mark Peterson, Ali Majeed, Farrukh M. Bajwa, Jack Martin, Alfred Choy, Andrew Tsang, Naresh Pore, David R. Andrew, Waleed Al-Khyatt, Christopher Taylor Santosh Bhandari, Adam Chambers, Dhivya Subramanium, Simon K.C. Toh, Nicholas C. Carter, Stuart J. Mercer, Benjamin Knight, Vardhini Vijay, Swethan Alagaratnam, Sidhartha Sinha, Shahab Khan, Shamsi S. El-Hasani, Abdulzahra A. Hussain, Vish Bhattacharya, Nisheeth Kansal, Tani Fasih, Claire Jackson, Midhat N. Siddiqui, Imran A. Chishti, Imogen J. Fordham, Zohaib Siddiqui, Harald Bausbacher, Ileana Geogloma, Kabita Gurung, George Tsavellas, Pradeep Basynat, Ashish K. Shrestha, Sanjoy Basu, Alok Chhabra, Mohan Harilingam, Mohamed Rabie, Mansoor Akhtar, Pradeep Kumar, Sadaf F. Jafferbhoy, Najam Hussain, Soulat Raza, Manzarul Haque, Imran Alam, Rabiya Aseem, Shakira Patel, Mehek Asad, Michael I. Booth, William R. Ball, Christopher P.J. Wood, Ana C. Pinho-Gomes, Ambareen Kausar, Mohammed Obeidallah, Joseph Varghase, Joshil Lodhia, Donal Bradley, Carla Rengifo, David Lindsay, Sivakumar Gopalswamy, Ian Finlay, Stacy Wardle, Naomi Bullen, Syed Y. Iftikhar, Altaf Awan, Javed Ahmed, Paul Leeder, Guiseppe Fusai, Giles Bond-Smith, Alicja Psica, Yogesh Puri, David Hou, Fergus Noble, Karoly Szentpali, Jack Broadhurst, Ravindra Date, Martin R. Hossack, Yan L. Goh, Paul Turner, Vinutha Shetty, Manel Riera, Christina A.W. Macano, Anisha Sukha, Shaun R. Preston, Jennifer R. Hoban, Daniel J. Puntis, Sophie V. Williams, Richard Krysztopik, James Kynaston, Jeremy Batt, Matthew Doe, Andrzej Goscimski, Gareth H. Jones, Claire Hall, Nick Carty, Jamil Ahmed, Sofoklis Panteleimonitis, Rohan T. Gunasekera, Andrea R.G. Sheel, Hannah Lennon, Caroline Hindley, Marcus Reddy, Ross Kenny, Natalie Elkheir, Emma R. McGlone, Rajasundaram Rajaganeshan, Kate Hancorn, Anita Hargreaves, Raj Prasad, David A. Longbotham, Dhakshinamoorthy Vijayanand, Imeshi Wijetunga, Paul Ziprin, Christopher R. Nicolay, Geoffrey Yeldham, Edward Read, James A. Gossage, Rachel C. Rolph, Husam Ebied, Manraj Phull, Mohammad A. Khan, Matthew Popplewell, Dimitrios Kyriakidis, Anwar Hussain, Natasha Henley, Jessica R. Packer, Laura Derbyshire, Jonathan Porter, Shaun Appleton, Marwan Farouk, Melvinder Basra, Neil A. Jennings, Shahda Ali, Venkatesh Kanakala, Haythem Ali, Risha Lane, Richard Dickson-Lowe, Prizzi Zarsadias, Darius Mirza, Sonia Puig, Khalid Al Amari, Deepak Vijayan, Robert Sutcliffe, Ravi Marudanayagam, Zayed Hamady, Abheesh R. Prasad, Abhilasha Patel, Damien Durkin, Parminder Kaur, Laura Bowen, James P. Byrne, Katherine L. Pearson, Theo G. Delisle, James Davies, Mark A. Tomlinson, Michelle A. Johnpulle, Corinna Slawinski, Andrew Macdonald, James Nicholson, Katy Newton, James Mbuvi, Ansar Farooq, Bhavani S. Mothe, Zakhi Zafrani, Daniel Brett, James Francombe, Philip Spreadborough, James Barnes, Melanie Cheung, Ahmed Z. Al-Bahrani, Giuseppe Preziosi, Tomas Urbonas, Justin Alberts, Mekhlola Mallik, Krashna Patel, Ashvina Segaran, Triantafyllos Doulias, Pratik A. Sufi, Caroline Yao, Sarah Pollock, Antonio Manzelli, Saj Wajed, Michail Kourkulos, Roberto Pezzuto, Martin Wadley, Emma Hamilton, Shameen Jaunoo, Robert Padwick, Mazin Sayegh, Richard C. Newton, Madhusoodhana Hebbar, Sameh F. Farag, Madhu Hebbar, John Spearman, Mohammed F. Hamdan, Conrad D'Costa, Christine Blane, Mathew Giles, Mark B. Peter, Natalie A. Hirst, Tanvir Hossain, Arslan Pannu, Yesar El-Dhuwaib, Tamsin E.M. Morrison, Greg W. Taylor, Ronald L.E. Thompson, Ken McCune, Paula Loughlin, Roger Lawther, Colman K. Byrnes, Duncan J. Simpson, Abi Mawhinney, Conor Warren, Damian McKay, Colin McIlmunn, Serena Martin, Matthew MacArtney, Tom Diamond, Phil Davey, Claire Jones, Joshua M. Clements, Ruairi Digney, Wei M. Chan, Stephen McCain, Sadaf Gull, Adam Janeczko, Emmet Dorrian, Andrew Harris, Suzanne Dawson, Dorothy Johnston, Barry McAree, Essam Ghareeb, George Thomas, Martin Connelly, Stephen McKenzie, Krzysztos Cieplucha, Gary Spence, William Campbell, Gareth Hooks, Neil Bradley, Arnold D.K. Hill, John T. Cassidy, Michael Boland, Paul Burke, Deirdre M. Nally, Elmoataz Khogali, Wael Shabo, Edrin Iskandar, Gerry P. McEntee, Maeve A. O'Neill, Colin Peirce, Emma M. Lyons, Adrian W. O'Sullivan, Rohan Thakkar, Paul Carroll, Ivan Ivanovski, Paul Balfe, Matthew Lee, Des C. Winter, Michael E. Kelly, Emir Hoti, Donal Maguire, Priyadarssini Karunakaran, Justin G. Geoghegan, Sean T. Martin, Keith S. Cross, Fiachra Cooke, Saquib Zeeshan, James O. Murphy, Ken Mealy, Helen M. Mohan, Yuwaraja Nedujchelyn, Muhammad F. Ullah, Irfan Ahmed, Francesco Giovinazzo, James Milburn, Sarah Prince, Eleanor Brooke, Joanna Buchan, Ahmed M. Khalil, Elizabeth M. Vaughan, Michael I. Ramage, Roland C. Aldridge, Simon Gibson, Gary A. Nicholson, David G. Vass, Alan J. Grant, David J. Holroyd, Angharad Jones, Cherith M.L.R. Sutton, Patrick O'Dwyer, Frida Nilsson, Beatrix Weber, Tracey K. Williamson, Kushik Lalla, Alice Bryant, Ross Carter, Craig R. Forrest, David I. Hunter, Ahmad H. Nassar, Mavis N. Orizu, Katrina Knight, Haitham Qandeel, Stuart Suttie, Rowena Belding, Andrew McClarey, Alan T. Boyd, Graeme J.K. Guthrie, Pei J. Lim, Andreas Luhmann, Angus J.M. Watson, Colin H. Richards, Laura Nicol, Marta Madurska, Ewen Harrison, Kathryn M. Boyce, Amanda Roebuck, Graeme Ferguson, Pradeep Pati, Michael S.J. Wilson, Faith Dalgaty, Laura Fothergill, Peter J. Driscoll, Kirsty L. Mozolowski, Victoria Banwell, Stephen P. Bennett, Paul N. Rogers, Brendan L. Skelly, Claire L. Rutherford, Ahmed K. Mirza, Taha Lazim, Henry C.C. Lim, Diana Duke, Talat Ahmed, William D. Beasley, Marc D. Wilkinson, Geta Maharaj, Cathy Malcolm, Timothy H. Brown, Guy M. Shingler, Nicholas Mowbray, Rami Radwan, Paul Morcous, Simon Wood, Abbas Kadhim, Duncan J. Stewart, Andrew L. Baker, Nicola Tanner, and Hrishikesh Shenoy

Subjects
Male, Databases, Factual, medicine.medical_treatment, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Odds Ratio, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Framingham Risk Score, Gastroenterology, Age Factors, Gallbladder, Middle Aged, Conversion to Open Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Predictive value of tests, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, Original Article, Risk assessment, Dilatation, Pathologic, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Digestive System Diseases, MEDLINE, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, Predictive Value of Tests, medicine, Humans, Aged, Common Bile Duct, Chi-Square Distribution, Hepatology, Laparoscopyc cholecystectomy, business.industry, General surgery, Reproducibility of Results, Odds ratio, United Kingdom, Surgery, preoperative assessment, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, Cholecystectomy, business, Chi-squared distribution, risk factors
Abstract

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is commonly performed, and several factors increase the risk of open conversion, prolonging operating time and hospital stay. Preoperative stratification would improve consent, scheduling and identify appropriate training cases. The aim of this study was to develop a validated risk score for conversion for use in clinical practice.Preoperative patient and disease-related variables were identified from a prospective cholecystectomy database (CholeS) of 8820 patients, divided into main and validation sets. Preoperative predictors of conversion were identified by multivariable binary logistic regression. A risk score was developed and validated using a forward stepwise approach.Some 297 procedures (3.4%) were converted. The risk score was derived from six significant predictors: age (p = 0.005), sex (p 0.001), indication for surgery (p 0.001), ASA (p 0.001), thick-walled gallbladder (p = 0.040) and CBD diameter (p = 0.004). Testing the score on the validation set yielded an AUROC = 0.766 (p 0.001), and a score6 identified patients at high risk of conversion (7.1% vs. 1.2%).This validated risk score allows preoperative identification of patients at six-fold increased risk of conversion to open cholecystectomy.

Published
2016

13. Effect of Osmolality and Selected Ions on Retraction of the Distome Body into the Cercaria Tail Chamber of Proterometra macrostoma (Trematoda: Azygiidae)

Author

Alisha Holmberg, Adam Chambers, Cecilia Albers, Alaina Faust, Kelly Njine Mouapi, Ronald Rosen, Lee Ware, Adam L. Meador, Krystina Sandefur, and Elizabeth A. Fleming

Subjects
biology, Osmolar Concentration, Snails, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Magnesium Chloride, Intermediate host, Fresh Water, macromolecular substances, Anatomy, Sodium Chloride, biology.organism_classification, humanities, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Fresh water, parasitic diseases, Animals, Parasitology, Trematoda, Proterometra macrostoma, Lithium Chloride, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The furcocystocercous cercariae of the digenetic trematode, Proterometra macrostoma , possess a tail chamber into which their distome body withdraws prior to emergence from their snail intermediate host. The process of distome retraction and the conditions that trigger it in this species are not clear. The objectives of the present study were (1) to describe the retraction process in P. macrostoma; (2) to assess whether osmolality affects cercarial retraction; (3) to evaluate the effect of selected ions on retraction; and (4) to compare the swimming effectiveness of naturally ( = in vivo) retracted versus in vitro retracted cercariae. Retraction of the cercaria body into its tail chamber required only 2 min or less once initiated. The process began with the development of a chamber within the anterior end of the worm's tail. The chamber's lip advanced in a pulsating motion over the stationary distome. Retraction was completed with the constriction and fusion of the chamber lip once it passed over the anterior end of the distome, sealing the latter within the tail chamber. There was a significant difference in the proportions of cercariae with bodies retracted into tails, bodies not retracted, and bodies separated from tails in artificial pond water (APW) versus artificial snail water (ASW). A greater number of cercariae withdrew into their tail chambers in ASW (59/124; 47.6%) than in APW (21/124; 16.9%). In APW, more bodies separated from their tails (24/124; 19.4%) than in ASW (3/124; 2.4%). In both solutions (APW: 63.7% = 79/124; ASW: 50% = 62/124), a majority of cercariae never retracted. In APW, 76.2% of distomes retracting into their tails did so within the first 5 min compared to only 30.5% in ASW. There was no significant difference in the proportions of cercariae with bodies retracted into tails, bodies not retracted, and bodies separated from tails based on isosmotic replacement of individual ions, i.e., Na(+), K(+), Ca(++), or Mg(++), in ASW with Li(+). There was also no significant difference in the vertical swimming burst distance in cercariae whose bodies were initially retracted into their tails in vitro versus in vivo.

Published
2011
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. Baculovirus expression vectors for optimal recombinant protein and virus-like particle production

Author

Adam Chambers, Ben De Glanville, Linda King, and Robert Possee

Subjects
OET, viruses, flashBAC, Baculovirus, protein production, virus like particles
Abstract

There is increasing demand for high quality, biologically active recombinant proteins in awide range of applications, from simple positive controls for immunoassays to complex virus like particles (VLPs) as sub unit vaccines. Baculoviruses have been employed for over 30 years to make recombinant proteins. One of the most popular systems currently used to make recombinant baculoviruses is flashBAC. This utilizes a one step process whereby a plasmid transfer vector with a foreign gene is mixed with flashBAC and used to cotransfect insect cells. Five days later, a virus containing the gene is available for making recombinant protein to very high levels in virus-infected cell cultures. This system has also been tailored to optimise the production of particular types of protein. flashBACGOLD maximises production of membrane-bound (e.g. receptors) or secreted proteins (e.g. urokinase) owing to deletion of chitinase and cathepsin genes, whose products limit transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and promote protease activity. Another variant, flashBACULTRA lacks the virus p10 gene as well as chitinase and cathepsin, which decreases virus-infected cell lysis in the later stages of infection and contamination of recombinant protein preparations with cellular debris. Both of these flashBAC variants are ideal for producing VLPs (e.g. influenza virus) that bud from the plasma membrane. Conversely, for VLPs that remain intracellular and are protease resistant, it can be advantageous to use flashBACPRIME, which retains chitinase, cathepsin and p10. This ensures that the virus-infected cells lyse in the terminal stages of replication and release VLPs that are easy to purify.

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

15. COMET2.0—Decision Support System for Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Accounting

Author

Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, Roel Vining, Keith Paustian, Miles Merwin, Mark Easter, Jill Schuler, Carolyn Olson, Greg Johnson, K. Killian, Ram Gurung, S. Williams, Stephen M. Ogle, Amy Swan, Steven Del Grosso, and Adam Chambers

Subjects
Decision support system, Agriculture, business.industry, Process (engineering), Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Greenhouse gas accounting, Environmental economics, business, Environmental planning
Abstract

Improved agricultural practices have a significant potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A key issue for implementing mitigation options is quantifying emissions practically and cost effectively. Web-based systems using process-based models provide a promising approach.

Published
2012
Full Text
View/download PDF

16. Contributors

Author

Paul R. Adler, Joseph G. Alfieri, Ralph Alig, Leon Hartwell Allen, Jorge Alvaro-Fuentes, David W. Archer, John M. Baker, Peter C. Beeson, Kevin F. Bronson, Tabitha T. Brown, Francisco Calderon, Cynthia A. Cambardella, Michel A. Cavigelli, Adam Chambers, Al S.K. Chan, Mingshi Chen, Harold P. Collins, Craig S.T. Daughtry, Sarah C. Davis, Stephen J. Del Grosso, Curtis J. Dell, Justin D. Derner, Feike A. Dijkstra, Xuejun Dong, Mark Easter, Dale Enerson, Stephen Faulkner, Ronald F. Follett, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Tom W. Goddard, Hero T. Gollany, Ram Gurung, Ardell D. Halvorson, Richard L. Haney, Jerry L. Hatfield, W. Dean Hively, Shengli Huang, David Huggins, E. Raymond Hunt, Daniel Inman, R. César Izaurralde, Michael D. Jawson, Robin E. Jenkins, Virginia L. Jin, Robert Johansson, Greg Johnson, Jane M.F. Johnson, Cindy Keough, Kendrick Killian, Lyubov A. Kurkalova, Megan W. Lang, Greg Latta, Jan Lewandrowski, Zhengpeng Li, Yi Liang, Mark A. Liebig, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Gregory W. McCarty, William B. McGill, Jean E.T. McLain, Ernest Marx, Miles Merwin, Maysoon M. Mikha, Sushil Milak, Jack A. Morgan, Jeffrey M. Novak, Jennifer Oeding, Stephen Ogle, Carolyn Olson, Lloyd B. Owens, Timothy B. Parkin, William J. Parton, Keith Paustian, John H. Prueger, James B. Reeves, Don C. Reicosky, Ali M. Sadeghi, Upendra M. Sainju, Thomas J. Sauer, Jill Schuler, Guy Serbin, Steven R. Shafer, Gilbert C. Sigua, R. Howard Skinner, Jeffrey L. Smith, Sabrina Spatari, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Emma C. Suddick, Andrew E. Suyker, Amy Swan, Zhengxi Tan, Gary E. Varvel, Rodney T. Venterea, Shashi B. Verma, Roel Vining, Claudia Wagner-Riddle, Charles L. Walthall, Anne Wein, Eric White, Jimmy R. Williams, Steve Williams, Claudia Young, and Yimin Zhang

Published
2012
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results