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[Objective]To explore the edibility of Artemisia argyi and provide reference for the formulation of local food safety standards and risk assessment for A. argyi in Hubei Province. [Method]This study explored the edible applicability of A. argyi through the literature search of historical records and practices, the dietary practice survey in the local populations and the acute oral toxicity test of A. argyi in rats. [Result]The consumption of A. argyi could be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. According to the dietary survey, people who live in Qichun and adjacent areas in Hubei Province had been eating A. argyi for an average time of 35. 14 years for adults and daily amount of consumption was 9. 04 g. The main forms of A. argyi consumed by the residents include fresh A. argyi leaves, A. argyi pastries, A. argyi noodles, tea brewing, medicinal use and wine brewing, and no adverse reactions had been observed. The results of oral acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 of the processed fresh and tender A. argyi powder was at least greater than 7. 5 g / kg, which was actually non-toxic. [Conclusion]Fresh and tender A. argyi leaves may be a safe resource for the food and medicine homologous material, indicating potentials of A. argyi as a source of new foods in all forms and multi-ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most Brazilian municipalities, urban solid waste (USW) is disposed of in open dumps, with numerous sites now being closed, monitored, and rehabilitated. One location, the "old dump" area in the Portão municipality (southern Brazil), previously served as an irregular repository for USW and industrial solid waste (ISW). Its use continued until 1993 when it was closed for a natural remediation process. For this reason, this study aimed to assess groundwater quality in the Portão "old dump," employing physicochemical, microbiological, and toxicity quality indicators. The study's scope was extended to encompass the Portão Stream as well. Notably, the second collection campaign revealed elevated dissolved aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+), and nitrate levels in all groundwater samples (from PZi wells, i = 1–6), with the PZ3 monitoring well experiencing the most pronounced impact. Further quality indicators, such as total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, BOD5, as well as Al3+ and copper (Cu2+) levels in the second water collection campaign from Portão Stream, were classified as Class 4, suggesting that the water is suitable only for navigation and aesthetic purposes. Conductivity analysis identified Portão Stream as another impacted area. Moreover, during the second collection campaign, the study uncovered an escalation in micronuclei (MN) frequency and chromosomal alterations in PZ5. Downstream water samples from Portão Stream exhibited similarly heightened MN levels. This study's investigation into water quality is a concrete example of the implications of improper USW management. These findings underscore the pressing need for effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation and protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a special class of polymeric materials that differ significantly from most other types of plastic in many aspects. They can be utilized in a wide range of products, including paints, coatings, elastomers, insulators, elastic fibers, and foams. PU foams are especially important as part of various convenience products. PU products often end up in landfills when they are no longer useful and can release toxic compounds when damaged by humans or microbes. Therefore, the ecotoxicological assessment of PU foams is essential. In this paper, five PU foam samples were prepared with different NCO indices (NCO-0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2) and together with the Control sample (a previously tested non-toxic foam sample) were applied to develop toxicity tests procedure, while intentionally prepared Toxic foam has been used to verify the accuracy of the developed testing procedure. Two test organisms were successfully applied, Sinapis alba (white mustard) seeds and Escherichia coli (non-pathogenic) bacterial model organisms, and toxicity tests were adapted for the examination of PU-derived substances. Regarding Sinapis alba test, the highest NCO index (NCO-1.2) significantly reduced root length by 9.8 % compared to the Control sample. In the bacterial test, it was observed that the samples containing NCO-1.1 and NCO-1.2 had lower colony numbers (5.0 × 108 and 4.9 × 108 CFU/mL respectively) in comparison to the Control plate (9.6 × 108 CFU/mL). All in all, two toxicity tests were successfully adapted for PU foams, and both are applicable in their ecotoxicological assessment.

Aim. The study aims to develop the composition of the oromucosal gel with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted based on the Department of Medicines Technology of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University and the Training Medical and Laboratory Center of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. As an active component, in the recipe of oromucosal gel, used antagonist of the interleukin IL-1B. Excipients: D-panthenol (the plasticizer), carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (the viscosity modifier and mucoadhesive component), Tween-80 (the enhancer absorption), benzalkonium chloride (the preservative), sodium hydrophosphate + citric acid (the phosphate buffer solution), purified water. The experiments used existing and auxiliary ingredients of pharmaceutical purity, which were obtained from Sinbias LLC, Istok-Plus LLC, LLC “Mobile Medical”. For the design of the experiment, the methodology of the response surface (Box-Behnken Design) is used: Na CMC, Tween-80, D-panthenol; and four answers: pH, viscosity test, system type, mucoadhesive properties. Research methods: rheological research (viscosity test, amplitude test, frequency test, mucoadhesive test, thixotropy test) performed in oscillation mode on the modular compact Rheometer Anton Paar MCR 302 (CP50-1 SN71317), which, compared to cylindrical devices, requires a much smaller amount of gel sample and allows the planned tests in the oscillation mode, the temperature in the experiments was provided with a built-in thermostat (Peltier Temperature Control, C-PTD 200). Pharmaco-toxicological studies were conducted on 46 white outbred rats of both sexes, weighing 160–180 grams, which were received from Vivarium by the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The studies were performed on enough animals, all manipulations were carried out by the provisions on the use of animals in biomedical experiments. The results of the study were calculated using the standard statistical package of the Statistica for Windows 13 (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J), as well as SPSS 16.0, Microsoft Office Excel 2003. Results. According to the design of the experiment, it is established that the components of the system do not change the value of pH in experimental oromucosal gels (6.5500 ± 0.0334). The Anova for Quadratic Model statistical analysis data certify the significant impact of Na CMC, and Tween-80 factors on the viscous characteristics of oromucosal gels (F-value > p-value). Comparison of mucoadhesive characteristics of the studied samples of oromucosal gels was made using dynamic mechanical analysis and the results of statistical analysis of ANOVA for Quadratic Model highlight the significant influence of Na CMC, D-panthenol, Tween-80. Optimized oromucosal gel test data is obtained that its structure is restored after the applied effort, namely the restoration of the structure after 10 seconds occurs by 69.5 %, after 30 s by 76.1 %, after 180 s by 85.4 %, after 180 s which allows to predict the stability of the dosage form, both after manufacture and after use. Conclusions. The composition of the oromucosal gel of anti-inflammatory action with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal is developed. The optimized composition of the oromucosal gel obtained has satisfactory performance of kinetic stability and thixotropic properties. The developed gel for dentistry meets all the requirements for harmlessness and safety for dosage forms of this group toxicity, lack of local irritant and allergic action.

Background: High efficiency, low toxicity, and environmentally safe pesticides are increasingly being sought and developed to ensure sustainable development and high-yield agricultural production. Chelerythrine has strong inhibitory effects against the mycelial growth of crop pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Anthrax, and grey mold. Our previous studies have shown that chelerythrine inhibits fungus spore germination by up to 86.7% and induces the apoptosis of Ustilaginoidea virens cells. The application of chelerythrine as a green biological pesticide would not only enhance agricultural production but also enhance ecological protection. Materials and Methods: The formulation of a chelerythrine suspension concentrate was selected. According to the ratio of experimental design requirements to preparation sample, six groups were set up in the field assay; the first spraying was performed approximately 7 days before the rice rupture period, and the second spraying was performed after 10 days. The control effect was investigated at the milk-ripe stage. The present study preliminarily investigates the safety of chelerythrine as a pesticide using the oral acute toxicity test for mice. Results: In the present study, the effect of chelerythrine as the main ingredient in suspension concentrate formulations and its field effect on rice false smut (RFS) was investigated. The pesticide in the suspending agent was sprayed twice and had superior effects with regard to the prevention and control of RFS in the field. The control effect was 95.88% at an application rate of 192 mL/ha, with low residue, environmentally safe, and low resistance characteristics. An acute toxicity test following intragastric administration in mice showed that the LD50 of chelerythrine suspension was 1580 mg·kg−1, which was much lower than those of other low-toxicity commercial pesticides. Conclusion: Chelerythrine suspension was a low-toxicity agent and exhibited the characteristics of an environmentally friendly plant pesticide. The application of chelerythrine suspension could facilitate the achievement of the goal of pesticide reduction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts can be therapeutic alternatives for depression and anxiety. However, some plant-derived preparations can also be toxic. Moringa oleifera leaves are used in human nutrition due to their high nutritional value and antioxidant activity. This study investigated a saline extract from M. oleifera leaves (MoLE) for secondary metabolites, proteins, cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, in vivo acute oral toxicity, and neurobehavioral effects. MoLE contains flavonoids (rutin and vitexin), lectin, and a trypsin inhibitor. It is neither cytotoxic nor hemolytic for human cells and did not present acute oral toxicity (2000 mg/kg) to mice. The elevated plus maze test showed that MoLE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number of entries as well as the time spent by mice in open arms, while it decreased the number of entries and the time spent in closed arms when compared to the control. MoLE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced immobility time of mice in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, compared to the control. The anxiolytic-like effect of MoLE is possibly mediated by a GABA mimetic action once it is prevented by pre-treatment with flumazenil. The present study demonstrated that MoLE has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in mice and is a promising herbal medicine.

Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The study aims to develop the composition of the oromucosal gel with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted based on the Department of Medicines Technology of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University and the Training Medical and Laboratory Center of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. As an active component, in the recipe of oromucosal gel, used antagonist of the interleukin IL-1B. Excipients: D-panthenol (the plasticizer), carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (the viscosity modifier and mucoadhesive component), Tween-80 (the enhancer absorption), benzalkonium chloride (the preservative), sodium hydrophosphate + citric acid (the phosphate buffer solution), purified water. The experiments used existing and auxiliary ingredients of pharmaceutical purity, which were obtained from Sinbias LLC, Istok-Plus LLC, LLC "Mobile Medical". For the design of the experiment, the methodology of the response surface (Box-Behnken Design) is used: Na CMC, Tween-80, D-panthenol; and four answers: pH, viscosity test, system type, mucoadhesive properties. Research methods: rheological research (viscosity test, amplitude test, frequency test, mucoadhesive test, thixotropy test) performed in oscillation mode on the modular compact Rheometer Anton Paar MCR 302 (CP50-1 SN71317), which, compared to cylindrical devices, requires a much smaller amount of gel sample and allows the planned tests in the oscillation mode, the temperature in the experiments was provided with a built-in thermostat (Peltier Temperature Control, C-PTD 200). Pharmaco-toxicological studies were conducted on 46 white outbred rats of both sexes, weighing 160--180 grams, which were received from Vivarium by the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The studies were performed on enough animals, all manipulations were carried out by the provisions on the use of animals in biomedical experiments. The results of the study were calculated using the standard statistical package of the Statistica for Windows 13 (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J), as well as SPSS 16.0, Microsoft Office Excel 2003. Results. According to the design of the experiment, it is established that the components of the system do not change the value of pH in experimental oromucosal gels (6.5500 ± 0.0334). The Anova for Quadratic Model statistical analysis data certify the significant impact of Na CMC, and Tween-80 factors on the viscous characteristics of oromucosal gels (F-value > p-value). Comparison of mucoadhesive characteristics of the studied samples of oromucosal gels was made using dynamic mechanical analysis and the results of statistical analysis of ANOVA for Quadratic Model highlight the significant influence of Na CMC, D-panthenol, Tween-80. Optimized oromucosal gel test data is obtained that its structure is restored after the applied effort, namely the restoration of the structure after 10 seconds occurs by 69.5 %, after 30 s by 76.1 %, after 180 s by 85.4 %, after 180 s which allows to predict the stability of the dosage form, both after manufacture and after use. Conclusions. The composition of the oromucosal gel of anti-inflammatory action with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal is developed. The optimized composition of the oromucosal gel obtained has satisfactory performance of kinetic stability and thixotropic properties. The developed gel for dentistry meets all the requirements for harmlessness and safety for dosage forms of this group toxicity, lack of local irritant and allergic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts can be therapeutic alternatives for depression and anxiety. However, some plant-derived preparations can also be toxic. Moringa oleifera leaves are used in human nutrition due to their high nutritional value and antioxidant activity. This study investigated a saline extract from M. oleifera leaves (MoLE) for secondary metabolites, proteins, cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, in vivo acute oral toxicity, and neurobehavioral effects. MoLE contains flavonoids (rutin and vitexin), lectin, and a trypsin inhibitor. It is neither cytotoxic nor hemolytic for human cells and did not present acute oral toxicity (2000 mg/kg) to mice. The elevated plus maze test showed that MoLE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number of entries as well as the time spent by mice in open arms, while it decreased the number of entries and the time spent in closed arms when compared to the control. MoLE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced immobility time of mice in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, compared to the control. The anxiolytic-like effect of MoLE is possibly mediated by a GABA mimetic action once it is prevented by pre-treatment with flumazenil. The present study demonstrated that MoLE has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in mice and is a promising herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to explore the feeding safety of Trollius chinensis. Acute toxicity test, genotoxicity test (bacterial reversion mutation test, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, mouse spermatocyte chromosome aberration), and subchronic toxicity test were conducted on Trollius chinensis. The results showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of Kunming mice was more than 10.0 g/kg·BW. The results of the genotoxicity test showed no mutagenic effect of Trollius chinensis on experimental animals. The results of the rat teratogenicity test showed that there were no toxic signs, no reproductive toxicity, and no teratogenicity in pregnant rats of each dose group. The subchronic toxicity test showed no toxicity and death in rats. There was no significant difference in body weight, weight gain, food intake, food utilization rate, and viscera-body ratio between rats in each dose group and negative control group (P>0.05). The blood routine, blood biochemistry, urine routine, and other indexes of rats in each group were all in the normal range, and the color, size, morphology, and structure of the main organs such as heart, liver, pancreas, lung, kidney, brain, stomach, testis, and uterus were not obviously abnormal. The study indicates that Trollius chinensis has low toxicity and high feeding safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the feeding safety of Astragalus flower, acute oral toxicity tests, Ames mutagenicity tests, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus tests, mouse spermatogonial chromosomal aberration tests, and a 90-day subacute toxicity test were conducted on Astragalus flower in accordance with national food safety standards. The results showed that there were no obvious signs of toxicity or mortality in rats and mice 14 days after gastric administration of Astragalus flower. The maximum tolerated doses (LD50) for the acute oral toxicity test in rats and mice were greater than 20.00 g/kg BW. Three genetic toxicity tests were carried out using Astragalus flower extract, and the results indicated that the Astragalus flower extract did not induce reverse mutations in the tested bacterial strains. It had no significant impact on the micronucleus cell rate in mouse erythrocytes and showed no significant effects on the rate of chromosomal abnormal cells, autosomal univalent, and sex chromosome univalent. The 90-day oral toxicity test revealed that there were no significant changes in the weight gain, total food intake, and food utilization in the rats fed with different doses of Astragalus flower. Blood indicators and organ weights in rats showed no apparent toxicological changes. Anatomical and histological observations also did not reveal any significant pathological changes, and the no-observable-adverse-effect level was determined to be 1.20 g/kg BW. The study suggests that Astragalus flower has a high safety profile, exhibiting no mutagenicity and subacute toxicity at the tested doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Avocado (Persea americana) fruit has a high oil content, so it is widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Objective: This study aims to determine the toxicity of avocado oil in mice using the lethal dose (LD50) method so that it can be used as a reference for further testing. Methods: This study used a total of 20 DDY strain female mice, which were divided into 5 groups: one control group and four treatment groups that were fed with avocado oil with 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg BW doses orally. The mortalities of experimental mice were observed for 14 days after treatment. Other parameters observed in this study were physiological response, body weight, absolute organ weight, and relative organ weight. Results: There was a change in behavior, and the obtained LD50 value was 25.4 g/kg BW. Observation of physiological responses, body weight, absolute organ weights, and relative organ weights showed no significant differences. Conclusion: It was concluded that avocado oil is considered relatively harmless and safe to use.

[Objectives] To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice, determine its safety range, and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect. [Methods] The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes. Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups; normal control group, model group (ConA-induced liver injury model), Jinchuan formula plum wine high, medium and low dose groups (1.0, 0.5, 0.25 g/kg) and sily-bin group (0.1 g/kg). The levels of ALT, AST, LDH in serum and TG, VLDL in liver were measured. After HE staining, the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed, and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated. [Results] LD50 was 11.18 g/kg, and the 95% confidence limit of LD50 was 10.31 - 12. 05 g/kg. The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice (P < 0.05). [Conclusions] Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe, and also has a protective effect on liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The essential oil of the Ageratum conyzoides (100 mg/kg BW) previously demonstrated anti-neuropathic pain activity with various mechanisms of action. However, the safety data of this essential oil is unknown. Aims: To evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity profile of the A. conyzoides essential oil. Methods: The acute toxicity study was conducted in both genders of Swiss Webster mice and monitored for 14 days of general behavior, LD50, organ-body weight ratio, and histopathology with sequence dose 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 mg/kg BW. To determine the subchronic toxicity, 100 mg/kg BW was administered daily for 28 days in both genders of rats. The parameters that were determined include general behavior, body weight, organ-body weight ratio, biochemical and hematological. Results: The acute oral toxicity test unveiled the respective LD50 values of 1247.88 mg/kg BW and 1674.57 mg/kg in female and male mice, respectively. The subchronic toxicity test did not result in any death in all groups. The only toxic sign observed was retching and disappearing in about five minutes. However, most of the abnormalities were found in male rats. These were lower kidney weight, increased creatinine, lower hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and hematocrit. Conclusions: The essential oil of A. conyzoides at 100 mg/kg is considered unsafe due to concerns about its effects on the kidney and several hematologic parameters, and warrants attention in its future use.

Alkaloids occur naturally in plants but are not established nutrients and are responsible for bioactive functions in the plants. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of alkaloid extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (AMOL) and its effect on reproductive hormones of pregnant wistar rats using standard techniques. Results showed that in both phases of the oral acute toxicity test, no death occurred within 24 h of post-treatment and 14 days after AMOL administration. Rejection of food, increased salivation and decreased mobility were only observed immediately after treatment. Pregnancy was maintained in all groups, with significant (P<0.05) increase in progesterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in animals in Group 3. AMOL had no effect on estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. In conclusion, AMOL may be relatively safe as pregnancy was maintained in AMOL treated groups and had significant effect on some of the reproductive hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-lethal doses of lead compounds such as lead nitrate can negatively impact aquatic life without causing death. The extent of the impact of non-lethal doses of lead nitrate on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) behavior is unknown. A five-day acute toxicity test was executed and repeated five times to determine lead nitrate’s effects on fathead minnow activity and respiration. Fathead minnows were exposed to various environmentally relevant concentrations of lead nitrate and observed for four full days following a 24-hour acclimation period. Preliminary findings found statistically significant evidence that exposure to lead nitrate corresponded to a decrease in activity frequency and a negative linear relationship between lead nitrate concentration and activity engagement. The findings of the present study suggest the need for EPA guideline re-evaluation as non-lethal doses can affect the behavior of aquatic organisms such as fathead minnows and inhibit their ability to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cajanus cajan (Leguminosae) seed is a perennial legume commonly consumed as food in tropical and semi-tropical regions. It also serves as medicine used in the treatment of various ailments. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the acute and 60-day subchronic toxicity effects of C. cajan ethanol seed extract (Cc) in rats. Methods: Adult Sprague rats (of both sexes) were treated with normal saline (NS) and Cc (20, 100, and 500 mg/kg per body weight, orally) for 60 consecutive days. Animals were weighed weekly as well as monitored for behavioral and morphological changes. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected for biochemical, hematological and hormonal analysis. Vital organs were also collected, weighed and assessed for histology. Results: In the acute toxicity study, no mortality was recorded following single oral administration of Cc up to 2000 mg/kg to mice. Similarly, Cc did not produce any significant (p> 0.05) adverse effects on body weights of vital organs (except for significant decrease in lung weight and increase in heart weight in female rats), Also, Cc caused was no significant effect (p> 0.05) in serum hormonal level, hematological, and biochemical parameters of rats. However, we observed a significant decrease (p

Alkaloids occur naturally in plants but are not established nutrients and are responsible for bioactive functions in the plants. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of alkaloid extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (AMOL) and its effect on reproductive hormones of pregnant wistar rats using standard techniques. Results showed that in both phases of the oral acute toxicity test, no death occurred within 24 h of post-treatment and 14 days after AMOL administration. Rejection of food, increased salivation and decreased mobility were only observed immediately after treatment. Pregnancy was maintained in all groups, with significant (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of naupliar mortality and sensitivity of T. fulvus to copper sulphate, (positive control), reared in laboratory by using a series of historical control data (HCD). Historical data were obtained by a dataset of 68 mortality acute tests (negative control) and by about 30 values of LC50 determined at 24–48 and 96 h (positive control with copper sulphate), in over 12 years. Data, arranged in Shewhart-like control charts, displayed a mean mortality of 3.53% in negative controls, well below the reference limit of ≤10%, with a low level of variability over time. Lethal concentration (LC50) for copper sulphate showed a stable mean of 0.67 ± 0.12 at 24 h, 0.30 ± 0.08 at 48 h and 0.12 ± 0.05 mg Cu++/L, over time. These data confirm Tigriopus fulvus as a good bioindicator, even after years of culturing in laboratory conditions, since even over time, its responses to negative and positive controls (copper) have not undergone changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irbesartan belongs to the Sartan family, whose members are used in the treatment of arterial hypertension and kidney disease among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus as part of a treatment based on antihypertensive drugs. This drug has reached surface waters, accumulating to the extent of being considered an emerging pollutant, along with other substances from the same class. Wastewater treatment plants, which constitute the main environmental source of this compound, fail to completely reduce its presence in wastewater and generate additional toxic byproducts through the chlorine-based disinfection process. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the chlorination mechanisms of irbesartan, revealing the identity of twelve new byproducts, which were characterized using NMR and mass spectrometry (MS-TOF). The other six byproducts were published in a previous study, allowing for the confirmation of some aspects of the supposed mechanisms of degradation, along with the identification of those that had only been hypothesized. An ecotoxicological assessment of a mixture and isolated byproducts was performed using Raphidocelis subcapitata for algal growth inhibition, Daphnia magna for immobility, and Aliivibrio fischeri for luminescence inhibition. The results revealed the variable toxicity of irbesartan and its byproducts. Different organisms exhibited varying sensitivities to the byproducts, with Aliivibrio fischeri being the most sensitive. The coexistence of multiple byproducts in the environment, their high toxicity, and their potential interactions highlight the significant environmental risks associated with chlorination and its derivates. Our study highlights the ongoing debate surrounding the generation of disinfection byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disastrous consequences for society—economically, environmentally, and socially—caused by oil spills encouraged us to treat this problem. The target of this work is to synthesize new amphiphilic dicationic ionic liquids (Ia, Ib, and Ic) and evaluate them spectroscopically and gravimetrically as potential oil spill dispersants at different temperatures to cover cold and warm areas. The synthesized ILs were well characterized by different tools for analysis of their surface activity and thermal stability. Ia, Ib, and Ic showed good dispersion effects, which were recorded to be 5.32, 20.45, and 33.61% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 10 °C and 12.28, 52.55, and 66.80% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 30 °C with a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 0.8:10 (wt.%). Acute toxicity tests were elucidated against Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus fish and confirmed their slight toxicity by determining a LC50 value greater than 100 ppm after 96 h, which recorded 13.25, 17.75, and 37.5 mg/L for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively. Overall, the new synthesized ILs can be represented as sustainable materials for toxic chemicals to disperse oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may experience vascular impairment, wounds that emerged from dental practice require special attention in people who suffer from DM. Toman fish has the potential as an alternative medicine to accelerate the healing process in normal and diabetic wound. Erythrocyte and hemoglobin are two components of blood profile which can be used as the parameter to identify the effect of material toxicity. This study aims to test the acute toxicity of Toman fish extract at 16 mL/Kg BW dosage on the number of erythrocyte and the level of hemoglobin in normal and diabetic Wistar rat model after 14 days treatment. This is a true experimental study with post-test only and control group design. Samples were comprised of 21 male Wistar rats allocated to three different groups; normal rats given Toman fish extract (A), diabetic rats given Toman fish extract (B), and diabetic rats given BR2 feed only (C). The results showed that in group A, the number of erythrocytes was 8.67x106/mm3 and the level of hemoglobin was 17.30 g/dL. In group B, the number of erythrocytes was 7.39x106/mm3 and the level of hemoglobin was 16.32 g/dL. In group C, the erythrocyte number was 4.88x106/ mm3 and the hemoglobin level was 11.54 g/dL. It can be concluded that Toman fish extract at the dosage of 16 mL/Kg BW after 14 days administration is not toxic which was indicated by erythrocyte number and hemoglobin level in the blood of normal and diabetic Wistar rats models.

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peptic ulcer disease has remained a global threat due to several complications such as perforation, gastrointestinal obstruction and organ penetration associated with the disease. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and anti-ulcer activity of crude extract and fractions of Acanthus montanus on an indomethacin-induced ulcer in a mouse model. The plant was extracted using cold maceration in methanol and fractionated using solvents of varying polarities into their corresponding fractions. The phytochemical screening was conducted using a standard procedure. The acute toxicity test employed Lorke's method and the anti-ulcer activity was conducted using the indomethacin-induced method. The phytochemical composition revealed the abundance of tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenoids and flavonoids in the crude extract and fractions. An acute toxicity study showed that the extract is safe even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg. The anti-ulcer study revealed that A. montanus extract and fractions elicited a dose-dependent activity against peptic ulcer with strong curative indices of 79, 93, and 71% for the 400 mg/kg doses of methanol extract aqueous, and n-hexane fractions respectively compared with 42% index of the control. There was a dose-dependent ulcer healing with 400 mg/kg doses eliciting higher curative indices than the 200 mg/kg doses. The 200 mg/kg doses of aqueous fraction and 400 mg/kg doses of methanol extract, aqueous, and n-hexane fractions elicited ulcer indices significantly different (p<0.05) from those of controls. The rich presence of biologically active constituents with antiulcerogenic properties in the methanol extract and fractions of A. montanus supports its use in ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of nano-based products raises concerns regarding potential risks related to their manufacturing, transportation, waste disposal, and management operations. We used the riverine carp, Capoeta capoeta, as an aquatic animal model to demonstrate the acute toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). This study focuses on acute toxicity first, and then integrates the findings through histopathology, hematological, and biochemical testing of lethal and sub-lethal Ag-NPs exposures. Red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hematocrit, and total serum glucose levels were significantly lower in Ag-NPs-exposed fish than in control fish. Total serum protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, and albumin were all significantly greater in exposed fish. This research focused on the impacts of Ag-NPs on gills and liver tissue, and it was found that the level of injury escalated as the concentration of Ag NPs increased. Epithelial lifting of secondary lamellas (ELSL), epithelial hypertrophy (EH) of secondary lamellae (SL), leukocyte infiltration (LI), and bottom hyperplasia (BH) were all detected in Ag-NPs-exposed fish. In Ag-NPs-treated liver cross-sections of Capoeta capoeta, macrophage aggregates (MA), fatty liver (FL), sinusoid dilatation (SD), and necrosis (N) were identified. Ag-NPs dosages, according to biomarker representations, elicit stress-specific biochemical and physiological effects, compromising the general overall health status of aquatic animals. The gradients of toxic responses across exposure concentrations and portrayals of disrupted fish health with increasing silver nanoparticle exposure time indicate a reduced physiological ability for surviving in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the potential toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium affine (A. affine) aerial parts after acute and sub-acute administration in female and male Wistar rats. Methods: For acute toxicity assay, animals orally received the limit test dose of 2 000 mg/kg of A. affine extract and were observed for 2 weeks. For sub-acute toxicity study, rats were orally treated with 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day of the extract over 28 days, and hematological, biochemical, and histological evaluations were then conducted. Results: All rats were alive with normal body weight gain over 14 days, with LD50>2 000 mg/kg. No abnormality in body weight changes but significant increases in the relative weight of spleen and lung were detected after administration of the highest dose of extract for 28 days in sub-acute assay. Hematological analysis showed prominent elevations in total white blood cells in male rats and neutrophils count in female rats after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A. affine extract. In biochemical evaluations, significant increases in serum creatinine level (female rats, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and in aspartate aminotransferase (male and female rate, 500 mg/kg) and alanine aminotransferase (male, 250 and 500 mg/kg and female, 500 mg/kg) activities, however, notable decreases in serum blood glucose (male rats, 125 and 500 mg/kg), triglycerides (male rats, 500 mg/kg and female rates, 250 mg/kg), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (male, 250 mg/kg) were found. Histological examinations presented slight portal inflammation in liver tissue, moderate pneumocyte hyperplasia, congestion and peri-bronchial inflammation in lung tissue, and mild histiocytosis and lymphoid follicular activation in spleen tissue after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A. affine extract in male and female animals. Conclusions: The present investigation reveals the safety of A. affine extract at doses of lower than 250 mg/kg in rats and monitoring of lung, spleen, and liver functions is suggested during excessive and prolonged uses.

EZY‐1 is an antifibrosis peptide purified from Eucheuma. In this study, we explored the acute toxicology of EZY‐1 and the signaling pathways involved in its antifibrotic role. The mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was induced by bleomycin. Pathological changes in lung tissue could be effectively inhibited by EZY‐1. Acute toxicity and cell proliferation tests indicated that EZY‐1 had no apparent toxicity to mice and cells. We identified proteins that could bind directly to EZY‐1 in vitro on the basis of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis. EZY‐1 inhibited pulmonary fibrosis via Wnt/β‐catenin, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β/Smad, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/ mammalian target of rapamycin, and activator of transcription 3 and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer pathways. A transwell micropore experiment showed that EZY‐1 could inhibit cell migration and invasion. Western blotting analysis on transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced A549 pulmonary fibrosis cell model suggested that EZY‐1 could downregulate p‐Smad3 (Ser423/Ser425), Smad4, β‐catenin, vimentin, and N‐cadherin expression. ELISA showed that EZY‐1 could inhibit collagen‐I secretion. EZY‐1 alleviated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) through regulating TGF‐β/Smad pathways, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition processes, and collagen secretion, which provides a potential foundation for theoretical development of EZY‐1 as a potential drug against IPF. Practical applications: We isolated a new 16‐amino‐acid peptide derived from the polypeptide extract of Eucheuma, named EZY‐1. In vitro and in vivo assays show peptide EZY‐1 is safe. The EZY‐1 peptide alleviates IPF at lower doses than pirfenidone. EZY‐1 alleviated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) through regulating TGF‐β/Smad pathways, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes, and collagen secretion, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of EZY‐1 as a potential drug against IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs are at risk of bleaching due to various environmental and anthropogenic stressors such as global warming and chemical pollutants. However, there is little understanding of stressor-specific mechanisms that cause coral bleaching. Therefore, conducting accurate ecotoxicological risk assessments and deciphering modes of action of potentially deleterious ultraviolet (UV) filters (sunscreen compounds) are crucial issues. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and bleaching effect of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), which is widely used in sunscreen products, on the reef-building coral Acropora tenuis. Furthermore, to understand differences in UV filter- and temperature-induced adverse effects, a comparative ecotoxicogenomic approach using RNA-seq was integrated into a toxicity test to clarify differences in gene expression changes induced by BP-3 and heat stress (31 °C). The lethal concentration 50 % (LC50) was calculated as 3.9 mg/L, indicating that the aquatic environmental risk on corals posed by BP-3 was low based on the risk assessment in this study. Differentially expressed genes related to oxidative stress and extracellular matrix organization were involved in coral responses to both BP-3 and heat stress, but their patterns differed. Whereas immune and heat-shock responses were activated in response to heat stress, activation of a drug metabolism pathway and several signal transduction pathways were identified in BP-3 treatment groups. Our study enhances understanding of stress responses in corals induced by UV filters and thermal stress. Using potential gene markers identified in this study for eco-epidemiological surveys of stressed corals, we urgently need to develop effective countermeasures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The disastrous consequences for society—economically, environmentally, and socially—caused by oil spills encouraged us to treat this problem. The target of this work is to synthesize new amphiphilic dicationic ionic liquids (Ia, Ib, and Ic) and evaluate them spectroscopically and gravimetrically as potential oil spill dispersants at different temperatures to cover cold and warm areas. The synthesized ILs were well characterized by different tools for analysis of their surface activity and thermal stability. Ia, Ib, and Ic showed good dispersion effects, which were recorded to be 5.32, 20.45, and 33.61% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 10 °C and 12.28, 52.55, and 66.80% for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively, at 30 °C with a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 0.8:10 (wt.%). Acute toxicity tests were elucidated against Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus fish and confirmed their slight toxicity by determining a LC50 value greater than 100 ppm after 96 h, which recorded 13.25, 17.75, and 37.5 mg/L for Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively. Overall, the new synthesized ILs can be represented as sustainable materials for toxic chemicals to disperse oil spills.

Irbesartan belongs to the Sartan family, whose members are used in the treatment of arterial hypertension and kidney disease among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus as part of a treatment based on antihypertensive drugs. This drug has reached surface waters, accumulating to the extent of being considered an emerging pollutant, along with other substances from the same class. Wastewater treatment plants, which constitute the main environmental source of this compound, fail to completely reduce its presence in wastewater and generate additional toxic byproducts through the chlorine-based disinfection process. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the chlorination mechanisms of irbesartan, revealing the identity of twelve new byproducts, which were characterized using NMR and mass spectrometry (MS-TOF). The other six byproducts were published in a previous study, allowing for the confirmation of some aspects of the supposed mechanisms of degradation, along with the identification of those that had only been hypothesized. An ecotoxicological assessment of a mixture and isolated byproducts was performed using Raphidocelis subcapitata for algal growth inhibition, Daphnia magna for immobility, and Aliivibrio fischeri for luminescence inhibition. The results revealed the variable toxicity of irbesartan and its byproducts. Different organisms exhibited varying sensitivities to the byproducts, with Aliivibrio fischeri being the most sensitive. The coexistence of multiple byproducts in the environment, their high toxicity, and their potential interactions highlight the significant environmental risks associated with chlorination and its derivates. Our study highlights the ongoing debate surrounding the generation of disinfection byproducts.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pharmacodynamic components and its toxicity of asarum in Danggui Sini decoction. METHODS: (1) The fingerprint spectrum of asarum water decoction and Danggui Sini decoction were established and analyzed by using similarity evaluation system of chromatographic fingerprint spectrum of traditional Chinese medicine. (2) Acute toxicity test. 42 male ICR mice were taken and randomly divided into asarum single decoction group and compound group. The mice in the asarum single decoction group was administered by gavage with a maximum concentration of 0. 978 4 g/ mL and a maximum dose of 0. 5 mL/10 g of the asarum water decoction; while the mice in the compound group were administered by gavage with a maximum concentration of 0. 622 8 g/ mL and a maximum dose of 0. 5 mL/10 g of Danggui Sini decoction, both groups were administrated twice a day and observed for 2 weeks. To record the activity, behavior and death of the mice, to observe the changes of volume, color and texture of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys of the mice, and take photos and weigh. RESULTS: (1) The fingerprint spectrum of 15 batches of asarum water decpctopm and 23 batches of Danggui Sini decoction were established, with the similarity was >0. 90, and seven common components were identified, namely peak 1, peak 4, peak 19, peak 20, peak 23, peak 24 and peak 25, the reference substance was used to identify peak 4 as ferulic acid and peak 23 as asarinin. (2) The results of acute toxicity test showed that mice in both groups did not die within 2 weeks; the organs and tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney showed no abnormal changes in volume, color and texture after gross autopsy; the maximum dose for mice in the compound group was 31. 14 g/ kg, and the maximum dose for mice in the asarum single decoction group was 48. 92 g/ kg. CONCLUSIONS: The fingerprint spectrum has identified seven active ingredients of asarum in Danggui Sini decoction, including ferulic acid and asarinin, which provides reference for further study of the mechanism of asarum in Danggui Sini decoction. The acute toxicity test in mice was carried out for its toxicity, so that the safety of asarum and its compound medication was preliminarily investigated and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of whole-body inhalational chambers for acute toxicity risk assessment of aerosols in rodents is of key importance in clinical and occupational hazard evaluations. The key aim of study is the design, development, optimization, and validation of an inhalational chamber using water aerosol, vehicle, and Aroclor 1232. The second goal has been to apply this chamber in the risk assessment of Aroclor 1232. Broncho-alveolar Lavage fluid cytology and chromatography, and lung histopathology were used to supplement the validation process. PCB concentrations were uniformly distributed across different places inside the chamber and a MMAD generation of 4.3 µm ± 1.7 µm GSD was suggestive of lower airway atomization of PCB particles. The chamber environmental parameters were within acceptable limits for rodents during the experimental procedures. Mouse behavioral alterations were minimal during water aerosolization. Acute exposure to Aroclor 1232 showed reproducibility of behavioral scores. Benchmark dose for further studies using Aroclor 1232 was derived at 4 mg/cu.m. Its toxicities could be verified by correlating the behavioral scores, neurobehavioral functions with concentrations in plasma and BAL fluid samples from Swiss albino mice. The rodent chamber can be utilized for risk assessment of occupational hazards such as complex pollutant mixtures and particulate matter aerosols. The inhalational chamber possesses the versatility to enable assessment of toxicological mixtures across sub-acute toxicity timelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptic ulcer disease is a lesion of the gastric or duodenal mucus membrane that causes abdominal discomfort and even death if not well treated. Most drugs used in handling this disease have side effects and are out of reach for the common man. Hence, there is need to search for a better and affordable ulcer agent from medicinal plants. The study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents and anti-ulcer activity of the methanol extract of aerial parts of Costus afer in ethanol and indomethacin-induced models. The extraction was carried out by cold maceration and extract was screened for phytochemical constituents. Acute toxicity study was carried out by Lorke's method and the anti-ulcer evaluation was done using ethanol and indomethacin ulcer models. The yield was 4.1%w/w. The phytochemical constituents present in the extract were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycoside and carbohydrates. Acute toxicity evaluation indicated no death even at 5000 mg/kg dose. The methanol extract significantly (p 0.05) decreased ulcer index with increase in the ulcer curative property in a dose- dependent manner when compared with control groups. The extract had a better anti-ulcer activity in ethanol- induced model (% Curative = 78% and Ulcer index = 0.8) than indomethacin (NSAID) model (%Curative =64%and ulcer index = 1.2). In conclusion, the methanol extract of aerial parts of Costus afer possesses significant dose- dependent anti-ulcer activity in ethanol induced ulcer model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the integrated electro-coagulation–electro-oxidation (EC–EO) process as an alternative for the treatment of an industrial effluent originating from a soluble coffee production. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale batch cell reactor. Monopolar configuration of electrodes was employed (EC: anode: iron and cathode: stainless steel; EO: anode: boron-doped diamond-Si and cathode: stainless steel), operating in galvanostatic mode. The effect of main operation parameters on decolorization, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) degradation and total operation costs was studied. The experimental design, analysis of variance, response surface methodology and constrained optimization algorithms let to establish the most effective operation conditions as follows: for EC (support electrolyte = 4.32 g of Na2SO4/L; current density (J) = 150 A/m2; gap between electrodes = 3 mm; stirring velocity = 350 RPM; electrolysis time (t) = 60 min; and EC's initial pH (pHi, EC) = 4.71 (the pH of raw wastewater)); and for EO (J = 300 A/m2; t = 100 min; gap between electrodes = 3 mm; stirring velocity = 125 RPM; and pHi, EO = 7.0). The integrated EC–EO process let to accomplish ca. 98% decolorization, ca. 73% of both COD and TOC removal, more oxidized (Average Oxidation State = 0.149), biocompatible (BOD5/COD ratio = 0.404) and less toxic effluent (median lethal concentration of an analyte which causes 50% population death, LC50 lower than 126.43 ppm of raw wastewater), generating 3.782 g/L of sludge, with total operation costs of 8.43 USD/m3. During EC, contaminants with molecular weight (MW) higher than 30 kDa were effectively decomposed. The integrated EO process additionally let to break down pollutants with MW in the range of 5 to 10 kDa. The EC–EO total operation time of 160 min. was required to meet Colombian permissible discharge limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonylphenol (NP), a main byproduct of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEs) degradation, is prevalent across diverse environmental settings. Given its widespread presence, evaluating the ecological risks associated with NP in coastal waters and sediments is essential for the protection of the marine environment. This study evaluates the acute toxicity of NP on ten representative aquatic species from the Bohai Sea, determining the Aquatic Life Criteria (ALC) through two distinct methods. The Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC) for NP in seawater was established at 12.0 μg/L, with a Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) for water at 15.2 μg/L and for sediment at 33.3 μg/kg. Additionally, a tiered ecological risk assessment (ERA) of both surface seawater and sediment in the Bohai Sea revealed significant ecological risks at various sediment sites. These results offer crucial insights for assessing the ecological risks to coastal ecosystem and provide foundational data necessary for informed environmental protection and management strategies. [Display omitted] • Acute toxicity data for ten native species of the Bohai Sea were derived from acute toxicity tests. • PNEC and CMC of nonylphenol in the Bohai Sea were determined. • A comprehensive risk assessment of nonylphenol in the Bohai surrounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshwater pearl mussel (FWPM) Margaritifera margaritifera is a bivalve mollusk critically endangered in Europe. There is a special concern about the conservation of this species, but little is known about its sensitivity to environmental pollution. Here, acute toxicity tests were conducted at 16°C according to a standard guide for conducting toxicity tests on freshwater mussels (ASTM international E2455), in order to assess toxicity thresholds for arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), nitrates (NO3−), and orthophosphates (PO43−) on newly transformed juveniles of M. margaritifera. The comparison with toxicity data for other newly transformed freshwater mussel juveniles from the same family and superfamily, Margaritiferidae and Unionidae, showed that FWPM juveniles were the most sensitive species to NO3−, among the most sensitive species to Ni, the least sensitive species to Cd, and showed an intermediate sensitivity to Cu compared to other freshwater mussels. This study is the first to provide toxicity thresholds for several pollutants on newly transformed juveniles of the FWPM. This brings new knowledge on its sensitivity to environmental pollution that could be helpful data for conservation strategies and these findings represent the first window for further complex studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the anti-nociceptive potential of Schiff bases derivatives of 4-aminoantioyrine, (Z)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2, 3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1, 2dihydropyrazol-5-one 1 and (Z)-4-(2-nitrobenzylideneamino)-2, 3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-2-dihydropyrazol-5-one 2 were tested in various mice pain models and their binding affinities with different drug targets were evaluated through molecular docking studies. The binding scores were calculated through molecular docking techniques for receptor sensitivity. Acute toxicity test suggests the safety of both compounds up 200 mg/kg. In the righting test, compound 1 and 2 had a significant effect in a dose-dependent manner and showed 59.46% and 48.40% blockade of pain at 150 mg/kg, respectively. In the formalin test, dose-dependently compound 1 showed 52.95% and 62.02% of inhibition in the early and late phase at 150 mg/kg. Similarly, Compound 2 showed 45.74% and 55.95% inhibition in the early and late phases at 150 mg/kg, respectively. In the tail immersion test, both compounds caused significant pain inhibition during various assessment times with maximum effects at 74.94% and 66.80% for 1 and 2 respectively at 150 mg/kg after 120 min. In molecular docking studies, compounds 1 and 2 showed a greater affinity for LOX with a docking score of –6.50 and 6.57 respectively. Similarly, for compounds 1 and 2 the docking was –4.94 and –4.83 with COX-1 while –5.10 and –4.85 with COX-2, respectively. Taken together, both the compounds exhibited marked antinociceptive effects in various pain-induced models possibly mediated by inhibition of LOX and COX pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental pain is a common illness suffered by society. One of the plants that are commonly used for dental pain relief is the latex of Jatropha curcas L. Scientific data regarding the analgesic effect of Jatropha curcas L. latex has been widely studied, but there is no scientific data about the safety of its use. This study aimed to evaluate of the safety usage of Jatropha curcas L., by performing an acute toxicity test to obtain a median lethal dose (LD50). Mus musculus Swiss-Webster strain was divided into 6 groups (control group was given PGA 10%, and the first to the fifth group were given latex orally at doses of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 g/kg body weight respectively). The mortality of the animal was measured every day for 14 days. The data were depicted with log-probit graphic method for determined value LD50. LD50 was 50 g/kg body weight. Conclusion: The latex of Jatropha curcas L. was classified as non-toxic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a special class of polymeric materials that differ significantly from most other types of plastic in many aspects. They can be utilized in a wide range of products, including paints, coatings, elastomers, insulators, elastic fibers, and foams. PU foams are especially important as part of various convenience products. PU products often end up in landfills when they are no longer useful and can release toxic compounds when damaged by humans or microbes. Therefore, the ecotoxicological assessment of PU foams is essential. In this paper, five PU foam samples were prepared with different NCO indices (NCO-0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2) and together with the Control sample (a previously tested non-toxic foam sample) were applied to develop toxicity tests procedure, while intentionally prepared Toxic foam has been used to verify the accuracy of the developed testing procedure. Two test organisms were successfully applied, Sinapis alba (white mustard) seeds and Escherichia coli (non-pathogenic) bacterial model organisms, and toxicity tests were adapted for the examination of PU-derived substances. Regarding Sinapis alba test, the highest NCO index (NCO-1.2) significantly reduced root length by 9.8 % compared to the Control sample. In the bacterial test, it was observed that the samples containing NCO-1.1 and NCO-1.2 had lower colony numbers (5.0 × 10 8 and 4.9 × 10 8  CFU/mL respectively) in comparison to the Control plate (9.6 × 10 8  CFU/mL). All in all, two toxicity tests were successfully adapted for PU foams, and both are applicable in their ecotoxicological assessment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective To investigate the natural active compound Usenamine [C18H17NO6, 6-acetyl-2- (1-amino-ethylene)-7, 9-dihydroxy-8, 9b-dimethyl-9bH- diphenylfuran -1, 3-dione] is safe to use. Methods SPF mice were selected for oral toxicity test, in vivo and in vitro chromosomal aberration test, bone marrow micronucleus test, sperm abnormality test and 30-day feeding test. Results　Under the research conditions, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the test substance for acute oral toxicity was more than 15 000 mg/kg; both in vivo and in vitro chromosomal aberration tests were negative (P > 0.05); bone marrow micronucleus test results were negative (P > 0.05) The result of sperm deformity test was negative (P > 0.05); no obvious signs of poisoning were found in the 30-day feeding test, and all the indicators were normal. Conclusion Usenamine is safe and has no acute or subacute toxic effects, and genetic toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) in various industrial and commercial products can lead to various negative effects in human and environmental health due to their possible discharge into the environment. Nerveless, information about their ecotoxicological effects on marine organisms are lacking. Copepods are good ecotoxicological models because of their high sensitivity to environmental stress and their key role in the marine food webs. In this study, 48 h acute tests were conducted on the marine planktonic copepod Centropages ponticus to assess lethal and sublethal toxicities of NiO NPs. The results revealed LC50 (48 h) of 4 mg/L for adult females. Aggregation and settling of NiO NPs were observed at concentrations ≥ 2 mg/L. Exposure to sublethal concentrations (≥ 0.02 mg/L for 48 h) had significant negative effects on reproductive success in C. ponticus. Egg production after 24 h and 48 h decreased by 32% and 46%, respectively at 0.02 mg/L and 70% and 82%, respectively, at 2 mg/L. Hatching success was reduced by 70% and 79% at 2 mg/L for eggs produced after 24 h and 48 h respectively. Antioxidant enzymatic activity increased significantly with NiO NP concentration and time, indicating that NiO NPs can cause oxidative stress in C. ponticus even under short-term exposure, while significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity at 2 mg/L after 48 h suggests neurotoxic effects of NiO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of duloxetine in adult male mice.METHODS: Acute toxicity test in mice was used to observe the fatality rate and the lethal dose 50 (LD50. According to bone marrow micronucleus test,sperm malformation test and reproductive and lymphatic organ mass index test,all mice were divided into 6 groups,including negative control group,positive control group,duloxetine group 1,2,3 and 4 (duloxetine 5,10,20 and 40 mg/kg were given respectively. The effects of different doses of duloxetine on sperm malformation rate,bone marrow micronucleus rate and reproductive and lymphatic organ mass index of mice.RESULTS: The results of acute toxicity test of duloxetine showed that the LD50 of duloxetine administered intragastrically was 188. 3 mg/kg.The results of micronucleus test and sperm malformation test showed that 5,10 and20 mg/kg of duloxetine administered intragastrically (duloxetine group 1,2 and 3 did not induce the change of sperm malformation rate and bone marrow micronucleus rate,and there was no statistical significance compared with the negative control group (P＞0. 05.The sperm malformation rate and bone marrow micronucleus rate in duloxetine group4 were higher than those in negative control group,with statistically significant difference (P ＜0. 05. Compared with the negative control group,there was no significant difference in reproductive and lymphatic organ mass indexes of duloxetine group 1,2,3 and 4 (P＞0. 05.CONCLUSIONS: The LD50 of duloxetine was 188. 3 mg/kg by intragastric administration,which is highly safe.Duloxetine showed no reproductive and genotoxicity in mice administered at 5,10 and 20 mg/kg,but had slight potential genetic toxicity in male mice when administered at 40 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of amoxicillin in waters destined for wastewater treatment plants, in addition to superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the amoxicillin degradation pathway was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants at three different pH values. The structures of 16 isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), one of which was isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column via a gradient HPLC method. Combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we then compared commercial standards and justified a proposed formation mechanism beginning from the parent drug. Microbial growth inhibition bioassays with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were performed to determine the potential loss of antibacterial activity in isolated degradation byproducts. An increase of antibacterial activity in the DPs was observed compared to the parent compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term performance of a scaled-up air–cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) and toxicity removal were studied with dairy wastewater (DW) used as the substrate. The MFC in a semi-continuous flow was strategically inoculated with consortium of Shewanella oneidensis and Clostridium butyricum. The scaled-up approach delivered a maximum power density of 0.48 W/m3 (internal resistance of 73 Ω) removing 93% of total chemical oxygen demand and 95% of total biochemical oxygen demand at organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.9 kg COD/m3/d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 21 days. It also achieved high removal efficiency of nitrate (100%), organic nitrogen (57%), sulfate (90%) and organic phosphorus (90%). The power generation and DW degradation performance decreased with OLR of 1.8 kg COD/m3/d and HRT of 10.5 days. Furthermore, testing of acute toxicity with the microcrustacean, Daphnia similis, revealed high toxic effect of the raw DW, but no toxic effects of the MFC effluent during 95 days of operation. These outcomes demonstrated that scaled-up MFC fed with high-strength DW should be an effective system for pollutants removal and simultaneously energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute toxicity test contribute to develope herbal material to be used as a drug. Stichopus hermanii contains bioactive compound and because of their small size less than 10 nm, their way easily to enter the human body may disrupt the cell normal biochemical environment. The use of Stichopus hermanii for therapy in dentistry is still unknown as it is safe and doesn't cause side effect. The aim of this research was to prove that Stichopus hermanii solution for therapy in dentistry didn't cause acute toxicity in a short term use. 18 Cavia cobaya male was divided into 3 groups. K(1) was negative group. K(2) was positive groups for 1 days by provision of Stichopus hermanii solution 3,5% with a dosage of 0,09ml/kg BB. K(3) was positive group for 1 days by provision of Stichopus hermanii 3,5% with a dosage of 0,36ml/kg BB. The results of biochemical blood serum that has been observed was SGPT, SGOT, BUN and kreatinin. With kit Biocon Diagnostic method quantitatively. Then analyzed the hipotesis test can be done by comparing with one way ANOVA test. Anova test showed that there is no significance difference between 3 groups in all parameters. Stichopus hermanii solution 3,5% didn't cause increase levels SGOT, SGPT and decrease levels BUN, kreatinin. Stichopus hermanii solution for therapy in dentistry didn't cause acute toxicity in a short term use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]