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Scrub typhus is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is widely distributed in northern, southern, and eastern Asia. Early diagnosis is essential because the average case fatality rate is usually >10% but can be as high as 45% if antimicrobial treatment is delayed. Although an O. tsutsugamushi 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) is commonly used for serological diagnosis of scrub typhus, the 56-kDa TSA shows variations among O. tsutsugamushi strains, which may lead to poor diagnostic results. Therefore, the discovery of new antigenic proteins may improve diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we identified an O. tsutsugamushi 27 kDa antigen through an immunoinformatic approach and verified its diagnostic potential using patient samples. Compared with the O. tsutsugamushi 56-kDa antigen, the new 27-kDa antigen showed better diagnostic specificity with similar diagnostic sensitivity. Therefore, the O. tsutsugamushi 27-kDa antigen shows potential as a novel serological diagnostic antigen for scrub typhus, providing higher diagnostic accuracy for O. tsutsugamushi than the 56-kDa antigen.

Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute infectious disease of pigs caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which has caused great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Reliable and timely diagnose is crucial for the surveillance, control and eradication of PR. Here, a real-time fluorescent recombinase-aided amplification (real-time RAA) assay was established to detect PRV. Primers and probes were designed based on the conserved regions of the PRV gE gene. The assay was specific for the detection of wild-type PRV, showing no cross-reactivity with other important porcine viruses (including PRV gE-deleted vaccine strains). Analytical sensitivity of the assay was three 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50 ) of PRV DNA per reaction with 95% reliability, which is comparable to that of a PRV-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. In diagnosis of 206 clinical tissue samples, the diagnose accordance rate between the real-time RAA assay and qPCR assay was 97.57% (201/206). Interestingly, the amplified products of real-time RAA could be visualized under a portable blue light instrument, making it possible for the rapid detection of PRV in resource-limited settings and on-site screening. Therefore, our developed real-time RAA assay is a diagnostic method for the rapid detection of PRV in the field.

Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a gram positive bacteria. It has propensity to affect mainly cardiac muscle and nervous system. To study the percentage, spectrum of patients with various neurological complications and the pattern of recovery in followed up confirmed cases of diphtheria. Single centre prospective analysis of neurological complications in diphtheria patients from June 2019 to September 2020 at SMS Medical College and hospital,Jaipur. In this study, 60 cases were included. Immunised cases were 60% (36 out of 60 cases) whereas unimmunised constituted the rest 40% (24 out of 60 cases). Neurological complications were observed in 15% of the cases (9 out of 60). Isolated palatal palsy was the most common complication (4 out of 9 cases, 44.44%), succeeded by lower limb LMN palsies (2 out of 9 cases, 22.22%) with unilateral facial nerve palsy, bilateral abductor palsy and paralytic ileus constituting the rest (1 out of 9 cases each, 11.11% each). Onset of complications ranged from 10 to 36 days whereas recovery was complete and without any residual sequelae between 60 to 240 days. Our study concluded that neurological complications form a sizeable portion of post diptheritic complications and carries good prognosis, hence timely diagnosis and differentiation from other neuropathies is a pre requisite for rational management and contact tracing.

COVID-19 (from Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was first recognized and described in December 2019. Research shows that after COVID-19, patients experience fatigue, shortness of breath, neuropsychological symptoms and neurological symptoms. In the presented article, the study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the orginal training program in improving the patient’s endurance, strength and balance after recovering from COVID-19.

Yellow fever (YF) is an acute infectious disease caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), which is one of the three infectious diseases of international health regulations. We tested people from epidemic areas of Tianjin port in 2014 to investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of yellow fever virus antibody. 192 samples were collected and the positive rate of yellow fever virus antibody was 22.92%. The positive rates among different countries, genders, ages, occupations and entry time were calculated and analyzed. There were significant difference in the detection rate of YFV antibody among people with different age groups and occupations. The positive rate of people 40 age and workers engaged in labor were relatively high and had statistical significance compared to other groups.

One of the diseases of Extraordinary Events in East Java Province is diphtheria disease. Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in the system caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium Diphtheria. One of the factors that may affect the incidence of diphtheria is an incomplete immunization status. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship status of the completeness of immunization with diphtheria incidence in the region of Surabaya. Design research Analytic approach with Cross-Sectional Correlation. The independent variable complete immunization status of diphtheria and dependent variable is diphtheria occurrence. The population of the research was as many as 29 people who suffered from diphtheria in 2017 and sample as many as 27 people who suffered from diphtheria in 2017in the city of Surabaya . Using a technique Simple Random sampling. The instruments of research using questionnaires , observation secondary data: laboratory results and sheet book KMSfor incomplete immunization status data and diphtheria incidence, tested use the spearman rho correlation. Statistical results with Spearman Rho Correlations test obtained ρ = 0.03 with ρ ≤ 0.05 . It states that H0 is rejected H1 accepted as well as the result of correlation coefficient – 0.411. This shows the existence of the relationship between complete immunization status of diphtheria with diphtheria occurrence in the region of Surabaya . The implications of this research show that the diphtheria immunization incompleteness affects the incidence of diphtheria. Expected health workers can better do health promotion about the importance of immunization and prevention of diphtheria transmission , registration, and grant of immunization in the community. Keywords: Diphtheria, Immunization, Surabaya

Leptospirosis or also commonly called Weil disease is an acute infectious disease that can attack humans and animals and is classified as a zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira found in rodents. This study aims to determine the presence of Leptospira bacteria serovar in blood serum suspected of leptospirosis using the Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) method. This type of research is descriptive observational using accidental sampling technique with a total of 31 samples. Sampling was conducted at the Antang Community Health Center, Batua Health Center and Bangkala Health Center in Manggala District for two weeks. Data analysis in this research is descriptive in which the results are presented through tables and narratives. The results of MAT examination on blood serum yielded eleven positive samples of Leptospira (37%) with serovar Hebdomadis, Djasiman, Mini, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bangkingan and Bataviae. The presence of Leptospira bacteria in the blood serum of suspected individuals using the MAT Method obtained 11 samples of positive blood serum. Need to conduct and improve special counseling activities about leptospirosis and diagnosis enforcement in the community or workers who experience symptoms or suspected leptospirosis.

Studies in adults support the use of a negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares screening (MNS) to help limit empiric anti-MRSA antibiotic therapy. We aimed to evaluate the use of MNS for anti-MRSA antibiotic de-escalation in hospitalized children (n = 38, 40%), toxin-mediated syndromes (n = 17, 17.9%), and osteoarticular infections (n = 14, 14.7%). Nasal MRSA colonization and growth of MRSA in clinical cultures was found in seven patients (7.4%) each. The specificity and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the MNS to predict a clinical MRSA infection were both 95.5%. About half (n = 55, 57.9%) had anti-MRSA antibiotics discontinued in-house. A quarter (n = 14, 25.5%) were de-escalated based on the negative MNS test alone, and another third (n = 21, 38.2%) after negative MNS test and negative culture results became available. A high NPV suggests that MNS may be useful for limiting unnecessary anti-MRSA therapy and thereby a useful antimicrobial stewardship tool for hospitalized children. Prospective studies are needed to further characterize the utility of MNS for specific infectious diagnoses.

It is difficult for a modern doctor who relies on a wide range of laboratory diagnostic capabilities to imagine the path of mistakes, insights and delusions traveled by doctors of the past. How exactly through clinical observation the disease was observed. The archival article Half-tree-day fever published in the journal is an example of a clinical and epidemic description of an outbreak of an acute infectious disease, the etiology of which remains unknown. The more interesting are the distinguishing issues of differential diagnostics.

According to the Grand Chinese Dictionary, plague is defined to be an acute infectious disease. The Chinese term “infectious disease” is not what it is commonly thought originated from Japanese. The medical nomenclature shift from the traditional “plague” to the modern “infectious disease” is completed by the medical missionaries, Chinese scholars, and the national authority, each utilising different strategies. It is a history of acceptance concerning the concept of “infectious disease” from academia to national level. The conscious use of infectious disease-related thought and terminology by Chinese officials and doctors when studying infectious disease is a scientific modernization towards the understanding of epidemics. In a sense, this evolution of medical knowledge embodies the modernization of infectious disease in China.

Legionellosis is a sapronous acute infectious disease, with a mortality rate of about 10% in the pulmonary form, caused by various types of microorganisms belonging to the genus Legionella. According to current data, about 90% of legionellosis is associated with the species L. pneumophila. The main habitat of Legionella is abiotic environmental objects. Legionella in the majority of cases is sown from respiratory therapy equipment, air conditioning fluids, home and industrial cooling systems, shower and boiler installations. Observations have shown that the incidence of legionellosis in travelers is slightly higher than in people who do not change their location. The purpose of this work was to study the contamination of L. pneumophila in artificial water systems of four hotels in Almaty. Flushes from various objects of water systems and water samples were selected as the material for analysis. Bacteriological studies of the samples did not yield positive results. A PCR study of 30 samples revealed 4 positive samples in one of the hotels. It was found that the water temperature in the hot water system does not exceed 40-60°C all year round. The optimal temperature in water use systems for bacterial growth is 25-60°C. Key words: Legionellosis, Legionella, PCR, gene sections, bacteriology, molecular genetic method.

Porcine pseudorabies infection is an acute infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus. In this paper, we formulate a mathematical susceptible-incubating-infected-treated (SEIT) model with vertical transmission. The existence and stability of the equilibrium points of the model are characterized by the basic reproduction number $\Re_0$. When $\Re_01$ and $p_{1}\geq\max\{\beta,b\}$, using the Lyapunov function method and the theory of competitive system, we obtain the global asymptotical stability of a unique disease endemic equilibrium.

Rabies is an acute infectious disease in central nervous system which is the effect of a zoonotic virus that spread through direct contact to the wound or mucosa by infected animal saliva or paw. Rabies virus has been transmitted to human through a animal’s rabies transmitters bite like dog, car, and ape. Indonesia is a Country with a high prevalence of rabies. The low level of knowledge and lack of source of informations lead rabies prevention still become a serious problem. Purpose of this research is to knowing factors that influence society level of knowledge about rabies handling in Desa Sekubang, Sintang, West espondent. This research using descriptive quantitative correlation method with cross sectional approaches. There are 146 patriarch respondent in Desa Sekubang that has been comply inclusion criteria. The research result show that 63,7% espondent age 20-40, 49,3% respondent only studied until elementary school, 86,3% got the information from healthcare workers, 91,1% has a risk environment, and 89% have a good knowledge. Kendall’s tau-c and Chi-square correlation test statistically have a relation between age (p=0,114), education (p=0,000), environment (p=0,000), information from healthcare workers and the level of knowledge about rabies handling.Therefore this research shows the source of information from healthcare workers is very important to increase knowledge of rabies handling.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an acute infectious disease caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). SFTS is mainly characterized by severe fever with thrombocytopenia and has a high mortality rate. The virus has been found in China, South Korea, and Japan. Effective antiviral drugs or vaccines still have been unavailable. Now, two vaccine manufacturers in China are actively engaged in the development of the vaccine. To promote the development of SFTS vaccines and ensure their effective quality control, we developed national antigen and antibody references. We collaborative calibrated the standards; evaluated the homogeneity and stability of the national SFTS standards. The national SFTS vaccine antigen and antibody references met the Chinese national standards and can be used to standardize quality control for the manufacture of SFTS vaccines. And also can be used into the study the dose-response relationship of SFTS vaccines, determine clinical doses, and evaluate vaccine immunogenicity.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes an acute infectious disease in pigs, which could lead to huge losses to the farming industry. The Bartha-K61 strain of PRV, commonly used as a gE-deleted vaccine, does not always protect against the wild-type virus infection effectively. Therefore, the prompt detection of viral infection in gE-deleted vaccine vaccinated pigs is crucial for in-time measures to prevent the spread of diseases. In this study, we developed a Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS) based lateral flow assay based on antigen-antibody reaction to meet the demand. Our method was rapid (15 min), sensitive (LOD: 5 ng mL−1), selective for wild-type PRV detection, and quantitatively or semi-quantitatively (DLR: 41–650 ng mL−1) compatible. The detection results from this method were consistent with results from the gE-specific PCR, indicating that this SERS-based lateral flow assay could be used as a new tool to differentially diagnose wild-type PRV and gE-deleted vaccine.

Disease and hospitalization can be the crisis that a child encounters. Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease of the digestive tract caused by Salmonella Typhi. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the impact of hospitalization on children with typhoid fever. Methods: This research usea qualitative research with a case study approach. This research is a case study of nursing care for children with typhoid fever in the Cempaka Room, RSUD dr. Mohammad Zyn of Sampang Regency. Respondents in this case study were 2 children with Typhoid Fever. Results: The results of the study obtained the results from the objective data that the two children felt afraid and strange in the hospital. The subjective data shows that the parents of both children said they were worried about their child's condition. Parents and children experienced anxiety when the child was hospitalized. Conclusion: The impact of hospitalization for children causes fear, anxiety, due to unfamiliar environmental conditions and the treatment process by health workers. Meanwhile, the impact of hospitalization on parents can cause anxiety about the condition and development of their child's disease.

A febre aftosa é uma doença infecciosa aguda, causada por vírus do gênero Aphthovirus, da família Picornaviridae. Apresenta grande impacto sobre a sanidade dos animais e, em função da elevada capacidade de difusão, é considerada a doença com maior interferência no comércio internacional de carnes. Em virtude de suas consequências diretas e indiretas, o combate à febre aftosa é uma das maiores preocupações de todos os envolvidos com a pecuária nacional, desde o início do século passado. Em decorrência dos grandes esforços realizados, o Brasil passou a ser reconhecido como país livre de febre aftosa e, atualmente, busca galgar um novo patamar, com a suspensão da vacinação em todo seu território. A participação dos médicos-veterinários foi fundamental neste processo e continuará sendo essencial nos desafios futuros.

The study of free-living animal populations is necessary to understand life history trade-offs associated with immune investment. To investigate the role of life history strategies in shaping proinflammatory cell-mediated immune function, we analyzed age, sex, and reproductive status as predictors of urinary neopterin in 70 sexually mature chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. In the absence of clinical signs of acute infectious disease, neopterin levels significantly increased with age in both male and female chimpanzees, as observed in humans and several other vertebrate species. Furthermore, males exhibited higher neopterin levels than females across adulthood. Finally, females with full sexual swellings, pregnant females, and post-reproductive females, the oldest individuals in our sample, exhibited higher neopterin levels than lactating females and cycling females without full swellings. Variation in females’ neopterin levels by reproductive status is consistent with post-ovulatory and pregnancy-related immune patterns documented in humans. Together, our results provide evidence of ample variation in chimpanzee immune activity corresponding to biodemographic and physiological variation. Future studies comparing immune activity across ecological conditions and social systems are essential for understanding the life histories of primates and other mammals.

In December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified as an acute infectious disease in Wuhan, China, and subsequently led to an ongoing pandemic. At the onset of the pandemic, dental professionals were understood to face the greatest exposure risk to SARS-CoV-2 due to aerosolization of fluids from the oral cavity and respiratory airways. As a result, dental professionals, including academic institutions and their students and residents, halted much of their operations to minimize exposure risks and potentially slow the spread of infection to peers and patients alike. Currently, there is little in the literature that describes the changes that academic institutions have implemented in the face of pandemics. This study will discuss the chronology, modifications, and possible resultant outcomes of COVID-19 related events in respect to graduate endodontic programs in the United States.

Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. In order to encapsulate the biological transmission mechanism more effectively, this article establishes a dynamic between the host and the mosquito for the prediction and prevention of dengue fever. The matrix decomposition method and spectral radius calculation are used to obtain the basic reproduction number of the dynamical system. Through sensitivity analysis, our study suggested effective methods to control dengue fever, including reducing the survival rate of mosquitoes by eradication and enhancing public education and awareness about guard against vectors.

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), referred to as ‘New Coronary Pneumonia’, is a type of acute infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Mpro is one of the main targets for treating COVID-19. The current research on Mpro mainly focuses on the repurposing of old drugs, and there are only a few novel ligands that inhibit Mpro. In this research, we used computational free energy calculation to screen a compound library against Mpro, and discovered four novel compounds with the two best compounds (AG-690/13507628 and AG-690/13507724) having experimental measured IC50 of just under 3 μM and low cell toxicity. Detailed decomposition of the interactions between the inhibitors and Mpro reveals key interacting residues and interactions that determine the activity. The results from this study should provide a basis for further development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an acute infectious disease caused by the Ebola virus. It was first discovered in Africa in 1976. So far, it has mainly occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Gabon, the Republic of Sudan, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa, and other African countries. Imported or laboratory infections have been detected in several countries around the world.

COVID-19 or Coronavirus disease-19 is an acute infectious disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2). This review article highlights the most important extra-pulmonary possible consequences of a new viral infection, with the main focus on liver damage. Evaluation criteria are described - at the stages of treatment and in the early rehabilitation period in patients with COVID-19 according to the recent scientific articles. © 2021 Stavropol State Medical University. All rights reserved.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a distinct coronavirus, is an acute infectious disease that spreads mainly via the respiratory route. During the COVID-19 outbreak, many healthcare systems faced a severe burden when a large number of healthcare workers (HCWs) became infected due to the lack of adequate protection. Consequently, it was apparent that it is important to ensure the health and safety of HCWs in order to control the outbreak throughout society. In this article, we share our successful protocol for protecting the safety of HCWs in the course of their daily work in an orthopedics department with the aim of eventually reducing the risk of nosocomial infection. None of our HCWs or their families contracted the infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease leading to a global pandemic. Dental professionals (dental staff, academics) and students are one part of the healthcare workers that face the greatest severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) risk. Consequently, several measures were imposed to limit the spread of the virus, the overload of the health system, and to protect the dental professionals and students. This brief communication focuses on chronology of COVID-19 related events, the temporary modifications, and the potential impacts on dental education in France

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is rare in most developed countries due to routine childhood vaccination. Although Universal Immunization Programme is fully functional in India, several hospital-based surveillance studies over the recent years indicate that cases of this infection do occur among school-going children and adolescents. Poor immunization coverage, failure to take booster doses, and absence of data regarding coverage of booster doses of Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus vaccine are some of the factors responsible for persistence or possible reemergence of this infection in our country. There are no published reports of diphtheria from the state of Uttarakhand, India, in the recent years. We hereby report a confirmed case of diphtheria from this region.

Background Rabies is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the rabies virus. The mortality rate of rabies is almost 100%. For some countries with poor sanitation, the spread of rabies among dogs is very serious. Objective The objective of this paper was to study the ecological transmission mode of rabies to make theoretical contributions to the suppression of rabies in China. Methods A mathematical model of the transmission mode of rabies was constructed using relevant data from the literature and officially published figures in China. Using this model, we fitted the data of the number of patients with rabies and predicted the future number of patients with rabies. In addition, we studied the effectiveness of different rabies suppression measures. Results The results of the study indicated that the number of people infected with rabies will rise in the first stage, and then decrease. The model forecasted that in about 10 years, the number of rabies cases will be controlled within a relatively stable range. According to the prediction results of the model reported in this paper, the number of rabies cases will eventually plateau at approximately 500 people every year. Relatively effective rabies suppression measures include controlling the birth rate of domestic and wild dogs as well as increasing the level of rabies immunity in domestic dogs. Conclusions The basic reproductive number of rabies in China is still greater than 1. That is, China currently has insufficient measures to control rabies. The research on the transmission mode of rabies and control measures in this paper can provide theoretical support for rabies control in China.

Metabolomics is a rapidly growing area of research. Metabolomic markers can provide information about the interaction of different organ systems, and thereby improve the understanding of physio-pathological processes, disease risk, prognosis and therapy responsiveness in a variety of diseases. Areas covered: In this narrative review of recent clinical studies investigating metabolomic markers in adult patients presenting with acute infectious disease, we mainly focused on patients with sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. Currently, there is a growing body of literature showing that single metabolites from distinct metabolic pathways, as well as more complex metabolomic signatures are associated with disease severity and outcome in patients with systemic infections. These pathways include, among others, metabolomic markers of oxidative stress, steroid hormone and amino acid pathways, and nutritional markers. Expert commentary: Metabolic profiling has great potential to optimize patient management, to provide new targets for individual therapy and thereby improve survival of patients. At this stage, research mainly focused on the identification of new predictive signatures and less on metabolic determinants to predict treatment response. The transition from observational studies to implementation of novel markers into clinical practice is the next crucial step to prove the usefulness of metabolomic markers in patient care.

Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an acute infectious disease that is mediated by the mosquito-transmitted chikungunya virus (CHIKV). People infected with CHIKV may experience high fever, severe joint pain, skin rash, and headache. In recent years, this disease has become a global public health problem. However, there is no licensed vaccine available for CHIKV. Accumulating research data have provided novel approaches and new directions for the development of CHIKV vaccines. Our review focuses on recent progress in CHIKV vaccine studies. The potential vaccine candidates are classified into seven types: inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, recombinant virus-vectored vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, chimeric vaccine, and nucleic acid vaccine. These studies will provide important insights into the future development of CHIKV vaccines.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is an acute infectious disease that threatens both human and pig populations throughout Asia. JE is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), of which genotype III (GIII) had been the most prevalent strain throughout Asia, but recent studies have shown that genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the predominant version. Pigs and mosquitoes play a primary role in JEV transmission. However, a method for the rapid differentiation between JEV G I and G III remains unavailable. This study aimed to establish a rapid JEV genotyping method using novel duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay.specific primer and probes located in the PrM/M gene that were able to specifically differentiate GI and GIII JEV, was selected as the duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR target.The specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility test of this assay were validated. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 genomic RNA copies for both GI and GIII JEV in field mosquito and pig samples,and more sensitive than the current methods. In addition, the novel assay can be completed in less than 1 h. Therefore, This duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay is a promising tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiology of GI and GIII JEV strains in China. The results showed that co-circulation of GI and GIII infections with GI infection being more prevalent in pigs or mosquitoes in eastern China.

Pneumonia was an acute infectious disease that was still a problem in toddlers. Tegalratu Village was the highest region with Toddlers’ pneumonia in Cilegon City. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between house physical conditions and indoor air pollution with pneumonia in toddlers in Tegalratu Ciwandan Village Cilegon City. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design. The sample of this studi were 90 mothers who had toddlers. Interviews and observation needed to data collection. The physical condition of the house were condition of the walls, floors, and ceiling, while the sources of indoor air pollutions were cigarette smoke, cooking fuel smoke, and mosquito repellant smoke. Data analyzed with chi-square test. The result showed that there were 10 toddlers (11,1%) with pneumonia, and the variable that were significantly related to the incidents of pneumonia in toddlers was the condition of ceiling (p=0,016

Objective One of the main objectives of these studies was to improve Anthrax laboratory diagnostics in order to properly monitor the prevalence and distribution of the disease in Georgia. For this geographic information system (GIS) was implemented and used as the additional tool to the laboratory tests for better visualization, summary results and risk assessment. Introduction Anthrax is an acute infectious disease of historical importance caused by Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), a spore-forming, soil-borne bacterium with a remarkable ability to persist in the environment. Anthrax is endemic in many countries, including Georgia. Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (LMA) has been actively working on the disease science 1907 and constantly improving diagnostics. In 2009-2017 the laboratory participated in cooperative biological studies. One of the main objectives of these studies was to improve Anthrax laboratory diagnostics in order to properly monitor the prevalence and distribution of the disease in Georgia. Methods In 2009 -2011, within GG18, LMA tested 130(animal and environmental) anthrax suspected samples collected from different regions of Georgia. Later, in 2014 – 2017, studies (TAP7; GG27) were focused on soil sample collection and 2825 specimens were collected from the entire country. Samples were tested according to Treat Agent Detection and Response (TADR) algorithm following standard operation procedures (SOPs). Cultures were isolated through Bacteriology tests - Gram strain, Lysis by gamma phage, Motility test, DFA and confirmed by Molecular Biology ( PCR). In 2009, within the studies , geographic information system (GIS) was implemented and used as the additional tool to the laboratory tests for better visualization, summary results and risk assessment. Results Totally, 2955 collected samples were tested. 86 cultures were isolated and confirmed. The results - anthrax cases were mapped by regions, rayons and villages, also positive cases were mapped by sample type and course, Majority of positive cases were in Kvemo Kartli (53%), 19% were from Kakheti, 19% - from Imereti and less distributed in other regions. Applying modern GIS the final map of anthrax foci in Georgia was created including both - old (historical data) and new (recent data) foci. Conclusions The studies aimed to improve Anthrax laboratory diagnostic in Georgia. Better Laboratory diagnostic with modern GIS analysis supports the monitoring of the disease prevalence in Georgia and significantly improves public health system in the country.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), an acute infectious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the global swine industry. In order to establish a multiplex real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of the classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV) strain, the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain and NADC30-like PRRSV (NL-PRRSV) strain, we designed specific primers and TaqMan fluorescent probes based on the Nsp2 target gene sequence of these three different PRRSV strains, and designed American-type PRRSV (PRRSV-U) special primers and probes based on the relatively conserved target gene sequence of ORF7. The method established in this study can quickly and accurately detect and differentiate three types of strains of clinical tissue samples, respectively. This method plays a key role in the rapid diagnosis and determination of PRRSV.