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OBJECTIVE Alcohol cue salience is considered core to the broader understanding of drinking behaviors. In the present research, we sought to build the knowledge of alcohol cue salience by exploring P3 responses to alcohol images among social drinkers within a large-scale alcohol-administration study. METHOD Participants (N = 246) were randomly assigned to receive either a moderate dose of alcohol (target BAC = .08%) or a nonalcoholic control beverage. Following beverage administration, participants engaged in image-viewing tasks while EEG was recorded. We examined the impact of alcohol on the amplitude of P3 responses to pictures of alcoholic versus nonalcoholic beverages, exploring both beverage-manipulation and individual-difference moderators of these effects. RESULTS Results revealed a significant effect of acute alcohol intoxication on P3 responses across stimulus types, with the overall amplitude of P3 being significantly smaller among participants consuming alcohol versus a nonalcoholic beverage. In addition, results revealed a significant main effect of image type, such that P3 amplitude was larger for alcohol images compared to nonalcohol images. No interactions emerged between stimulus type and beverage condition or stimulus type and AUD risk level. CONCLUSIONS With the aim of better understanding the potential influence of the broader context on responses to individual cues, the present study examined the perceived salience of alcohol cues within a drinking setting. Findings provide evidence for alcohol cue salience that is both robust and also widespread across drinkers. More generally, the present study's findings may offer new directions for understanding neurocognitive processes of alcohol cue salience across contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Acute alcohol intoxication is a common condition observed in the emergency department (ED). Intravenous fluid therapy (IVF) is often administered to treat this condition, but its effectiveness remains unclear. We therefore conducted a study to evaluate the effect of IVF on length of time from arrival at the ED until awakening, which is a novel and more appropriate variable. Methods This single-center, prospective observational study was conducted in the ED of Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, a secondary emergency hospital in Tokyo from October 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019. Patients were assigned to groups to receive either a 1,000-mL bolus of lactated Ringer’s solution or only cannulation. The primary outcome was length of until awakening. Secondary outcomes were length of stay in the ED and the occurrence of conditions requiring extra care. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Predictors of the occurrence of any event that required extra care were identified using a statistical model. Results The final sample included 201 patients: 109 received IVF and 92 did not. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the groups. Median length of time until awakening was 211 min (interquartile range [IQR], 119 min) in the IVF group and 208 min (IQR, 149 min) in the non-IVF group (p = 0.77). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the regression coefficient of IVF for length of time until awakening was − 9.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], \(-\)36.2 to 17.2). However, hemoglobin (regression coefficient, \(10.1\); 95% CI, \(0.38\)-19.9) and initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) in the ED (regression coefficient, \(-\)7.51; 95% CI, \(-\)10.8 to \(-\)4.21) were significantly associated with length of time. Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate the effect of IVF therapy on the length of time until awakening. IVF therapy is not effective in shortening the length of time in patients with acute alcohol intoxication in the ED. Routine administration of IVF is unnecessary in these patients. Further research is warranted to investigate who benefit from IVF therapy. A significance difference in Hb and GCS in this study also would give useful tips for the next study.

Older adults continue to drink as they age. Aging changes alcohol kinetics just as with any other drug. Older adults have increased sensitivity to acute alcohol intake that accounts for the increased risk of falls, traffic accidents, and other injury. The Annual Medicare Wellness Exam is an excellent opportunity to introduce screening for unsafe drinking along with accumulated risks and deficits of aging. Older adults have responded well to brief interventions for unhealthy drinking. In the presence of alcohol use disorder or serious comorbidity including psychiatric illness, referral to specialized multidisciplinary care can be lifesaving.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol-involved sexual assault remains a pervasive problem, with extensive individual- and societal-level costs. Emotion regulation (ER), the process through which an individual modulates emotional states, remains an understudied predictor of sexual assault perpetration, with past research focusing on general ER tendencies (e.g., trait ER) as predictors of sexual assault perpetration. This study sought to examine the associations between state ER on sexual assault perpetration in the context of state anger and acute alcohol intoxication. METHOD: Single, male social drinkers aged 21–30 with a history of sexual risk-taking (N = 92) participated in an alcohol administration paradigm and were randomly assigned to an alcohol condition [sober control vs. intoxicated (BrAC = .10%)]. Intoxicated and sober participants completed a sexual assault analogue that assessed state anger, state ER, and sexual assault perpetration intentions against a hypothetical female partner. RESULTS: Path analysis demonstrated interactive effects of state ER and state anger on sexual assault perpetration intentions. Relative to men with low and moderate levels of anger, state ER was associated with lower intentions to perpetrate sexual assault for men with high levels of anger. Alcohol intoxication did not directly predict state ER, state anger, or sexual assault perpetration intentions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that state ER may be protective against sexual assault perpetration for men who experience anger in response to a partner’s expression of non-consent. Because replication is necessary, the results carry tentative implications for state ER as an intervention target for sexual assault prevention programming.

Introduction. On March 11, 2020, WHO announced the global COVID-19 pandemic. According to literature data, the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 affected the structure of acute chemical poisoning. The aim. Assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures on the peculiarities of seeking advice and the structure of acute chemical poisoning in Moscow. Material and methods. The data of the registration forms “Card of recording of a consultation of a patient with acute poisoning of chemical etiology” in the period from March 30 to June 30, 2020 and 2019 were studied. The analysis indicators of a hospitalization of patients in the department of acute poisoning and somatopsychiatric disorders of N.V. Sklifosovsky, the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. Results. It was found that in the analyzed period of 2020 compared to 2019, the proportion of injured people of working age decreased by 11.2%, while it increased at the age of 0-17 years by 3.2 times. An increase in the number of consultations for individuals by 2.1 times was noted. There was an increase in the number of complaints about poisoning with antibiotics, drugs from the T45 group (anticoagulants, vitamins, etc.), T37 (antiviral, anti-microbial, etc.) by 1.7-2 times. In March-June 2020, there was an increase in the number of complaints about the toxic effects of alcohol (T51), an increase in hospitalized patients with acute alcohol poisoning by 4 times, and with combined alcohol poisoning – by 2.7 times. The number of complaints about poisoning with detergents and disinfectants in the first three months of the pandemic increased by 2.7 times. Conclusion. The pandemic and the introduction of restrictive measures for COVID-19 have affected the toxicological situation in Moscow, which must be taken into account when determining the guidelines for organizational measures for the provision of medical care for acute chemical poisoning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Актуальність. Проблема гострих алкогольних психозів (ГАП) залишається в центрі уваги вітчизняних і закордонних дослідників. В Україні проблема ефективного лікування тяжких форм ГАП, а саме делірію, сьогодні здебільшого залишається невирішеною, зокрема щодо питання досягнення адекватної й ефективної седації пацієнтів. Це обумовлено, з одного боку, тим, що недостатній рівень седації змушує медичний персонал використовувати додаткові методи примусової фіксації (грудна клітка, нижні кінцівки) таких пацієнтів з метою створення певного контролю перебування у відділенні, з іншого боку, надмірна седативна терапія потребує старанного контролю за показниками вітальних функцій, у першу чергу зовнішнього дихання. Збільшення дози препаратів для седації та використання додаткових лікарських засобів із пригнічуючим впливом на роботу центральної нервової системи негативно впливають на діяльність органів, що здійснюють детоксикаційну функцію, зокрема печінку, яка і без того уражена і спровокована алкоголем, що, в свою чергу, впливає не тільки на тривалість перебування пацієнтів у відділенні інтенсивної терапії (ВІТ) і результат лікування, але й збільшує його вартість. Мета. Аналіз впливу застосування різних схем седації у пацієнтів із тяжким перебігом алкогольного делірію (АлД), що діагностований за критеріями шкали діагностики делірію (Delirium Detection Score, DDS), на час перебування у ВІТ, швидкість і частоту досягнення ефективної седації, необхідність додаткової фіксації і тривалість перебування у ВІТ. Матеріали та методи. Упродовж 2016–2017 років на базі ВІТ КЗ «Черкаська обласна психіатрична лікарня» обстежено й проліковано 36 пацієнтів чоловічої статі з тяжким перебігом АлД віком від 35 до 50 років (42,5 ± 7,5 року) і тривалим алкогольним анамнезом від 6 до 12 років (9 ± 3 року). Алкогольний делірій діагностували за критеріями DDS і проводили попереднє опитування згідно з Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-тест). Усім хворим проводили комплексне інтенсивне лікування: фармакологічну корекцію синдрому психомоторного збудження, детоксикацію та корекцію порушень водно-електролітного балансу (інфузія збалансованих сольових розчинів об’ємом 40–50 мл/кг у першу добу лікування з подальшою корекцією темпу інфузії згідно з розрахунком добової потреби і патологічних витрат у подальші дні); корекцію дефіциту магнію розчином 25% MgSO4 30–40 мл/добу, тіосульфат натрію внутрішньовенно (в/в) болюсно 30% розчином у дозі 20–30 мл/добу протягом усього періоду лікування; корекцію порушень церебрального метаболізму (вітаміни: В1 5% 12 мл/добу, В6 5% 8 мл/добу, РР 4–6 мл/добу, інозин (рибоксин) 20 мл в/в, альфа-ліпоєва кислота (берлітіон) 600 мг/добу). Залежно від використання схеми седації пацієнти були розподілені на дві групи: група А (n = 18) отримувала діазепам (діазепекс) 0,5% по 4 мл внутрішньом’язово (в/м) кожні 8 годин і натрію оксибутират 20% по 10 мл у вигляді постійної інфузії на 0,9% розчині NaCl 400 мл упродовж 4 годин двічі на добу; група В (n = 18) отримувала діазепам 0,5% по 4 мл в/м кожні 8 годин і фенобарбітал по 200 мг per os 2 рази/добу. Результати. Цільовим результатом було досягнення рівня седації від –2 до 0 за шкалою Річмонда протягом усього періоду введення седативних препаратів (3–4 дні) без застосування допоміжних методів примусової фіксації та інших фармакологічних ад’ювантів. Висновок. Результати свідчать про те, що застосування інфузії натрію оксибутирату в поєднанні з базовим застосуванням препаратів групи бензодіазепінів мало істотну перевагу щодо досягнення цільового рівня седації у пацієнтів із тяжким перебігом алкогольного делірію порівняно з прийомом фенобарбіталу. Причому зросла тривалість перебування хворих групи фенобарбіталу у ВІТ. Такий результат, можливо, пояснюється тим, що при комбінації бензодіазепінів і оксибутирату натрію спочатку відбувається підсумовування седативного ефекту за рахунок дії на ГАМК-рецептори, зв’язані з Cl-іонним каналом, внаслідок чого виникає компенсаторне накопичення глутамату, тому пробудження пацієнта після відміни препаратів настає швидче.

Annotation. Alcohol is a one of the most frequently consumed substances of abuse, which can cause addiction or alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Alcohol addiction leads to decrease of the life quality of patients and considerable economic burden. Neuronal mechanisms of addiction are intensively studied. One of the most important systems involved in this process is a brain reward system that includes lateral septum (LS). Additionally alcohol consumption changes activity of the neurotransmitter systems including the nitric oxide (NO). Recent studies for blockage of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for cocaine addiction and late stages of AUDs demonstrated that a group of the substances known as blockers of NOS can be referred to as candidates for alcohol addiction therapy. The aim of our research was to investigate histochemical characteristics of NO-system in LS, its response to acute alcohol intoxication including or excluding neuronal NOS (nNOS) blockage with selective inhibitor – 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). This study involved three experimental groups of animals (control group (n=4), group with acute alcohol intoxication (n=4), group of nNOS blockage with acute alcohol intoxication (n=4)). For statistical analysis, one-way Kruskal-Wallis test was implemented to reveal differences between groups (Matlab, Mathworks). We have identified NOS-positive structures in LS consisting of big neurons, medium/small neurons and nerve fibers. Acute alcohol intoxication activated subpopulations of NOS-positive medium/small neurons and nerve fibers. Moreover, we determined that ethanol-induced changes can be blocked with selective nNOS inhibitor 7-NI.

Background. The growth of industrialization is accompanied by a decrease in human motor activity, and chronic stress increases the risk of alcoholism. The combination of these factors has a negative effect on the physiological and biochemical processes in the body. Purpose of work. To determine the state of the components of the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and striatum of rats during acute alcoholization against the background of hypodynamia. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on male rats weighing 180-200 g, which, after hypodynamia for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days, were once injected with 25% alcohol at a dose of 3.5 g / kg. The content of the components of the dopaminergic system was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results. The striatum is characterized by a decrease in the activity of the dopaminergic system on the 7th day of hypodynamia, followed by its activation with an increase in the period of immobilization to 28 days. In the hypothalamus in the early stages of hypodynamia with subsequent OAI, the changes are poorly expressed, however, on the 28th day, dopamine turnover is activated. Conclusions. The combined effect of acute alcohol intoxication and hypodynamia leads to more pronounced changes in the dopaminergic system in the striatum than in the hypothalamus. Acute alcohol intoxication has a stimulating effect on the dopaminergic system of the hypothalamus and striatum only for long periods of hypodynamia (28 days).

We examined the effects of acute alcohol on eyewitness memory for a simulated armed robbery under laboratory conditions. Alcohol and placebo participants viewed a slide series showing a target male taking a laptop from a helpdesk assistant, either on loan or at gunpoint. Following a brief retention period, participants responded to “central” multiple-choice questions, about the target's actions face and clothing, and “peripheral” questions about other scene features. Alcohol participants shown the no-weapon scene displayed poorer peripheral memory than placebo controls, though alcohol did not impair peripheral memory among weapon scene viewers. Alcohol participants also showed a weapon focus effect, providing less accurate responses to central questions related to details about the target male than no-weapon controls. These findings are consistent with alcohol myopia theory and suggest intoxicated eyewitnesses may be more susceptible to weapon focus than sober counterparts.

Moderate alcohol intake may impair stimulus-driven inhibition of motor actions in go/no-go and stop-signal tasks. Exposure to alcohol-related cues has been found to exacerbate this impairment. By contrast, the effect of alcohol use on intentional inhibition, or the capacity to voluntarily suspend an action, has rarely been investigated. We examined whether and how moderate alcohol intake affects stimulus-driven inhibition (stop-signal task) and intentional inhibition (chasing bottles task), during exposure to alcohol-related stimuli. One hundred and eleven participants were randomly assigned to an alcohol (male: 0.55 g/kg, female: 0.45 g/kg), placebo, or control group. For the stop-signal task, ANOVAs were performed on stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and go RT with Pharmacological and Expectancy Effects of Alcohol, Stimulus Category (alcohol-related or neutral), and Sex as factors. For the chasing bottles task, multilevel survival analysis was performed to predict whether and when intentional inhibition was initiated, with the same factors. For the stop-signal task, Sex moderated the Pharmacological Effect of Alcohol on SSRT: only for females, alcohol consumption shortened SSRT. In the non-alcohol groups, males had shorter SSRT than females. Concerning intentional inhibition, the alcohol group initiated intentional inhibition less often, especially when stimuli were non-alcohol related. These findings indicate that (1) stimulus-driven inhibition and intentional inhibition reflect different aspects of response inhibition; (2) moderate alcohol intake negatively affects intentional inhibition (but not stimulus-driven inhibition). Speculatively, the observed impairment in intentional inhibition might underlie the lack of control over alcohol drinking behavior after a priming dose. This study highlights the potential role of intentional inhibition in the development of addiction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00426-020-01353-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background This study aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking and illicit drug use among Dutch adolescents admitted to hospital for acute alcohol intoxication treatment. Furthermore, socio-demographic predictors for smoking and illicit drug use in the sample population will be studied. The relationship between illicit drug use and specific characteristics of intoxication, such as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and duration of reduced consciousness is also investigated. Methods The national Dutch Paediatric Surveillance Unit was used to prospectively register cases of acute alcohol intoxication from 2007 through 2017. Cases were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: BAC > 0.0 g/L, aged between 10 to 18 years old and requiring hospital treatment due to reduced consciousness. Questionnaires were sent to paediatricians to obtain clinical information. Results During the period 2007–2017, 5322 cases that met the inclusion criteria were reported. In this patient group, the prevalence of tobacco smoking was 22.2% (CI 21.0–23.5%), while the prevalence of illicit drug use was 11.8% (CI 10.9–12.7%). The predictors for smoking were the absence of alcohol-specific parental rule-setting, lower educational level, non-traditional family structure and positive drug screening. The predictors for illicit drug use were the absence of alcohol-specific parental rule-setting and smoking. Illicit drug use was also associated with a lower BAC at the time of admission. Conclusions Assessing smoking and illicit drug use among adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication is important in acute cases of intoxication, for outpatient follow-up and for the purposes of prevention. The relationship between simultaneous illicit drug use and a lower BAC is of relevance for paediatricians’ attempts to diagnose acute intoxication. With respect to outpatient follow-up and preventive measures, it is important to be aware that adolescents’ alcohol consumption, tobacco and illicit drug use are related and, ultimately, increase the odds of using other substances.

Background It is well established that even moderate levels of alcohol affect cognitive functions such as memory, self-related information processing and response inhibition. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms underlying these alcohol-induced changes are still unclear, especially on the network level. The default mode network (DMN) plays an important role in memory and self-initiated mental activities, hence studying functional interactions of the DMN may provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying alcohol-related changes. Methods We investigated resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the DMN in a cohort of 37 heavy drinkers at a breath alcohol concentration of 0.8 g/kg. Alcohol and saline were infused in a single-blind crossover design. Results Intra-network connectivity analyses revealed that participants showed significantly decreased rsFC of the right hippocampus and right middle temporal gyrus under acute alcohol exposure. Moreover, follow-up analyses revealed that these rsFC decreases were more pronounced in participants who reported stronger craving for alcohol. Exploratory inter-network connectivity analyses of the DMN with other resting-state networks showed no significant alcohol-induced changes, but suffered from low statistical power. Conclusions Our results indicate that acute alcohol exposure affects rsFC within the DMN. Functionally, this finding may be associated with impairments in memory encoding and self-referential processes commonly observed during alcohol intoxication. Future resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies might therefore also investigate memory function and test whether DMN-related connectivity changes are associated with alcohol-induced impairments or craving.

RationaleInhibition is a core executive function and refers to the ability to deliberately suppress attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions and instead act in a specific manner. While acute alcohol exposure has been shown to impair response inhibition in the stop-signal and Go/NoGo tasks, reported alcohol effects on attentional inhibition in the Stroop task are inconsistent. Notably, studies have operationalized attentional inhibition variably and there has been intra- and inter-individual variability in alcohol exposure.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the acute effects of alcohol on attentional inhibition, considering previous limitations.MethodsIn a single-blind, cross-over design, 40 non-dependent participants with a medium-to-high risk drinking behavior performed a Counting Stroop task (CST) under a baseline and an arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC) clamp at 80 mg%. Attentional inhibition was assessed as the alteration of reaction times (RT), error rates (ER), and inverse efficiency scores (IES) between incongruent and congruent trials (interference score). Stroop performance was also assessed regardless of trial-type.ResultsCompared to saline, acute alcohol exposure via an aBAC clamp did not affect CST interference scores but increased RTs and IES in both incongruent and congruent trials.ConclusionsAttentional inhibition (Stroop interference score) was not impaired by clamped moderate alcohol exposure. Acute alcohol impaired Stroop performance evidenced by a general increase in response times. Our findings suggest that response and attentional inhibition do not share the same neurocognitive mechanisms and are affected differently by alcohol. Results could also be explained by automated behaviors known to be relatively unaffected by acute alcohol.

Introduction Despite the association of alcohol use with recurrent suicidal acts, individuals attempting suicide after drinking alcohol face barriers accessing crisis care following emergency assessment, demonstrated by higher odds of inpatient admission for those whose suicide attempt did not feature alcohol. This disparity may be due to suicidality dissipating more rapidly after a suicide attempt involving alcohol. We investigated the effect of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality on onward care decisions after emergency assessment. Methods We analysed electronic health records of 650 suicidal adults detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983, amended 2007) for up to 36 h at a London psychiatric emergency care centre. We used logistic regression to estimate the association of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality (including their interaction) with admission to psychiatric hospital. Results Fifteen percent of previously intoxicated detainees expressed suicidal intent at detention end, compared to 24% of detainees who had not used alcohol prior to detention. Compared to those who were not previously intoxicated and not suicidal at detention end, acute alcohol use was associated with reduced odds of admission amongst those no longer suicidal (AOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.6). Where suicidality persisted, odds of admission rose; however, the magnitude of increase when in combination with prior alcohol use (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9, 7.1) was under half that of when alcohol was not involved (AOR 8.2, 95% CI 3.5, 19.1). Discussion and Conclusions Acute alcohol use is associated with transient suicidality, but this only partially accounts for disparities in care following suicide attempts.

Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder (SRUB) is a rare clinical condition. Prompt diagnosis is often difficult both clinically and radiologically and necessitates a high index of suspicion as the patients present with non-specific abdominal pain and may not offer a clear history. The depressant effect of alcohol further complicates the diagnosis. We report a case of a young male who was unable to seek medical support and was found dead within 12 hours of the onset of abdominal discomfort following acute alcohol intoxication. At autopsy, rupture of the urinary bladder with blood and blood clots was found in the pelvic cavity with no any corresponding external injury. Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is a rare cause of death in acute alcohol intoxication. In order to further understand this rare condition, the review of related literature has been done.

Background. One of the tasks of the forensic medical examination of acute alcohol intoxication on a corpse is to determine the amount of alcohol taken shortly before death. The disadvantage of existing methods for solving this problem is the need to remove fluid by spinal puncture of the corpse and determine the concentration of ethanol in it. This article shows for the first time the possibility of automated post-mortem determination of the amount of alcohol consumed without knowledge of the parameter ethanol concentration in the spinal fluid. Aim. To develop a mathematical model for postmortem determination of ethanol intake, based on objective parameters of ethanol kinetics and not containing the parameter of ethanol concentration in the spinal fluid, to implement the developed model in the format of a computer program. Material and methods. Regression and simulation mathematical modeling of single-dose ethanol kinetics. Writing the text of a computer program in C#. Results. A set of mathematical models has been developed to enable objective post-mortem determination of the amount of ethanol intake without the need for sampling and chemical-toxicological analysis of the spinal fluid. The set of computational procedures is implemented in the format of the computer program “Alcohol calculator Z 4.0.” Conclusions. The developed method of postmortem determination of ethanol intake and the program “Alcohol calculator Z 4.0” created on its basis are recommended for use in the forensic examination of acute alcohol intoxication on a corpse.

The relevance of a subject is conditioned by the extreme importance of the medical and social issues of providing medical care services to patients with acute alcohol intoxication. This research is conducted to find ways to optimize medical care services for patients with the diagnosis “toxic effect of ethanol” (ICD-10-CM code T51.0). For this study, was analysed: course of 13172 clinical cases and the possibility of treating this pathology in the hospital emergency departments. Statistical and analytical methods were used to study data from the medical information system of The Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Emergency Medicine n. a. I. I. Dzhanelidze. As a result of the study the place of treatment of patients with diagnose “toxic effect of ethanol” was determined: for mild and moderate patient — emergency departments of multi-specialty hospitals, and for severe patient — in specialized acute poisoning treatment Center.

Background: Research suggests that acute alcohol consumption impairs processing of emotional faces. As emotion processing plays a key role in effective social interaction, these impairments may be one mechanism by which alcohol changes social behaviour. This study investigated the effect of individual differences on this relationship by comparing emotion recognition performance after acute alcohol consumption in individuals with high and low trait aggression. Methods: Regular non-dependent drinkers, either high or low in trait aggression participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled experiment ( N = 88, 50% high trait aggressive). Participants attended two sessions. In one they consumed an alcoholic drink (0.4 g/kg) and in the other they consumed a matched placebo. They then completed two computer-based tasks: one measured global and emotion-specific recognition performance across six primary emotions (anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise), the other measured processing bias of two ambiguously expressive faces (happy–angry/happy–sad). Results: There was evidence of poorer global emotion recognition after alcohol. In addition, there was evidence of poorer sensitivity to sadness and fear after alcohol. There was also evidence for a reduced bias towards happiness following alcohol and weak evidence for an increased bias towards sadness. Conclusions: These findings suggest that alcohol impairs global emotion recognition. They also highlight a reduced ability to detect sadness and fearful facial expressions. As sadness and fear are cues of submission and distress (i.e. function to curtail aggression), failure to successfully detect these emotions when intoxicated may increase the likelihood of aggressive responding. This coupled with a reduced bias towards seeing happiness may collectively contribute to aggressive behaviour.

As acute alcohol intake can trigger suicidal ideas and attempts in people already at risk, and self-aggression is more intense after alcohol consumption, the aim of this study is to assess the rela...

Objective: Heightened nocturnal blood pressure (BP) may be attributed to the disruption of sleep, a condition worsened by alcohol ingestion. This study investigated the effects of acute alcohol ing...

We investigated the effects of thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption on cognitive and affective responses regarding death, with data from 67 students who were drinkers of alcoholic beverages. Each student was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups distinguished by the presence or absence of both thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption. Cognitive priming bias about death-related risk and fearlessness about death were assessed. Results show significant interaction effects between thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption on cognitive priming bias about death-related risk and fearlessness about death. The findings contribute to explaining how acute alcohol consumption can transform individuals' self-aggressive desire into behavior. Therefore, careful clinical assessment of individuals' frustration in interpersonal relationships and their alcohol consumption is required to prevent risks associated with self-aggressive behavior.

Alcoholism is a risk factor for the development of cognitive decline and dementia. Here we demonstrated that the glymphatic function in the brain was impaired by alcohol administration. Acute moderate alcohol administration substantially retarded and reduced the entry of subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the paravascular space into the cerebral parenchyma, thus impaired CSF-interstitial fluid (ISF) exchange and parenchymal amyloid β (Aβ) peptide clearance. The elevated release of β-endorphin and reduced cerebrovascular pulsatility after acute alcohol administration may account for the impairment of the glymphatic function. Chronic moderate alcohol consumption led to pronounced activation of astrocytes and a widespread loss of perivascular AQP4 polarization in the brain, which results in an irreversible impairment of the glymphatic function. The results of the study suggest that impaired glymphatic functions and reduced parenchymal Aβ clearance found in both acute and chronic alcohol treatment may contribute to the development of cognitive decline and dementia in alcoholism.

We investigated the effects of thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption on physical pain tolerance using data from 67 undergraduate students who drank alcohol at a level not classified as alcohol dependence. We assessed their physical pain tolerance and speed of action to inflict pain on themselves with the proactive paradigm (PAP), and their physical pain tolerance to externally inflicted pain with the reactive paradigm (RAP). We found that acute alcohol consumption had a main effect on the PAP for speed of action to inflict pain. Our results also showed that thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption had an interaction effect on the RAP but not on PAP pain tolerance. The combination of thwarted interpersonal needs and acute alcohol consumption increased pain tolerance and alcohol induced participants' behavioral impulsivity, potentially leading them to enact self-aggressive behavior by increasing their ability to inflict harm on themselves and facilitating acting out behavior.

Objectives - statistical estimation of the physiological limits of the quantitative distribution of ethanol in cadaveric blood and bladder urine and development of an automated method for diagnosing postmortem artifacts of forensic medical examination of acute alcohol intoxication on the corpse. Material and methods. We performed a retrospective statistical analysis of the results of toxicological determination of ethanol concentration in a blood and in the urine in 2376 deaths from acute alcohol intoxication. Results. Regression equations have been developed that allow us to determine the physiological limits of the quantitative distribution of ethanol in blood and urine with any confidence probability for any degree of alcohol intoxication and phase of acute alcohol intoxication. The set of computational procedures is implemented in the format of the computer program "Alcohol calculator Z 3.0". Conclusion. If the concentrations of ethanol in the blood or in the urine are beyond their physiological limits, the results of toxicological analysis should be considered as a postmortem artifact.

In Mexico, underage alcohol consumption is a major public health problem. Notwithstanding the complex character of alcohol consumption, evidence indicates that enforcing the policies aimed to control the availability of alcohol has produced positive outcomes and has proved to be one of the most cost-effective strategies for curbing consumption, as well as they have succeeded in reducing health and social problems associated to alcohol use. Evaluate the effect of enforcing compliance with minimum-age restrictions for the sale of alcoholic beverages in the number of cases of acute alcohol intoxication in underage population in Mexico. A controlled interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) model was resorted in order to assess the effect of enforcing the ban of alcohol sales to underage individuals at national level in Mexico. The outcome variable was cases of acute alcohol intoxication (F10.0) discharged in emergency services in the group from 10 to 19 years of age. We found a statistically significant drop (16.4%) in the cases of acute alcohol intoxication immediately after the program implementation. This result suggests that monitoring and enforcing strategies to ban alcohol sales to underage individuals can provide an effective tool to reduce the negative outcomes of underage alcohol consumption.

Background The primary objective of this study is to determine whether age at first alcohol use is a determinant for adolescent acute alcohol intoxication characteristics, such as age at first acute alcohol intoxication and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at hospital admission. Around the world, as in the Netherlands, a key aim of alcohol policy is to postpone the age at first alcohol use. This is based on cohort studies that indicate a relationship between a younger age at first alcohol use and subsequent adult alcohol use disorders. Methods This study was conducted using a cohort of data comprising individuals under 18 years of age. Data were collected between 2007 and 2017 by the Dutch Pediatric Surveillance System (NSCK) in order to monitor trends in admissions for acute alcohol intoxication. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the association between age at first alcohol use and acute alcohol intoxication characteristics, such as age at first acute alcohol intoxication and BAC at admission. Results This study indicates that among adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication, adolescents who started drinking at ≤ 14 years of age are significantly more often female, lower educated, and raised in nontraditional family structures than adolescents who started drinking between 15 and 18 years of age. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that age at first alcohol use, corrected for covariates, significantly predicted the age at acute alcohol intoxication and BAC at admission. The association between age at first alcohol use and age at intoxication was also found to be clinically relevant. Conclusions Although causation cannot be implied based on the results of these analyses, the results of this study suggest that interventions delaying the age at first alcohol use could be successful in increasing the average age that adolescents are admitted to the hospital for acute alcohol intoxication.

Alcoholism leads to many diseases, and it is also the social and economic burden of the society. Alcohol intake is the main cause of acute liver injury and chronic liver disease. Here, the ameliorative effect of NADH and dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) against alcohol-induced liver damage was studied and its possible mechanism was further clarified. In vitro studies showed that NADH and NRH are effective NAD+ concentration-enhancing agents. Compared with NMN, NADH and NRH can provide greater NAD+ increase at the same concentrations. Intraperitoneal injection of NADH and NRH in C57BL/6J mice also significantly increased the NAD+ content in liver, blood, brain, fat and kidney. Importantly, NADH and NRH significantly increased the liver NAD+/NADH ratio, but did not induce apoptosis markers in cells. The intragastric administration of 500 mg/kg NRH, 500 mg/kg NADH 15 min prior to acute alcohol ingestion (8 ml/kg, 40% w/v, in tap water) could dramatically enhance alcohol metabolism as revealed by the reduced concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood as well as the decreased duration of the loss of righting reflex (LORR). Both Pretreatment and posttreatment with NADH or NRH could significantly reduce the increase of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) after alcohol administration, indicating that they have a certain therapeutic effect on alcoholic hepatotoxicity besides preventing the adverse effects caused by alcohol. NADH and NRH could also alleviate lipid peroxidation as indicated by the repressed malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissues. Additionally, NADH or NRH can mitigate the abnormal lipid metabolism in acute alcoholic liver damage. These benefits obviously suggested that NADH or NRH could be a potential nutraceutical or pharmacological agent for promoting alcohol metabolism and preventing or treating early liver injury caused by acute alcohol exposure.

Background Acute alcohol intake may influence nasal patency; however, there is lack of objective evidence. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute alcohol intake on nasal patency employing both subjective and objective measures. Methods A total of 31 participants were classified into 2 groups of non-heavy drinkers (n = 17) and heavy drinkers (n = 14). Both groups consumed wine in 1 h and were assessed for subjective nasal symptoms and objective nasal patency, using rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry, at baseline and at 0.5, 2, and 6 h post-alcohol consumption. Results Alcohol consumption significantly increased nasal obstruction from baseline values in both heavy and non-heavy drinking groups. Total nasal volume (TNV) and the minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) were significantly decreased and nasal airway resistance (NAR) significantly increased from baseline values by 2 h post-alcohol consumption for both heavy and non-heavy drinking groups ( P Conclusion Acute alcohol consumption may impair nasal patency, independent of the amount consumed. Individuals with allergic rhinitis may be more prone to nasal obstruction after alcohol consumption than those without allergic rhinitis.

Alcohol addiction is regarded as a series of dynamic changes to neural circuitries. A comparison of the global network during different stages of alcohol addiction could provide an efficient way to understand the neurobiological basis of addiction. Two animal models (P-rats screened from an alcohol preference family, and NP-rats screened from an alcohol non-preference family) were trained for alcohol preference with a two-bottle free choice method for 4 weeks. To examine the changes in the neural response to alcohol during the development of alcohol preference and acute stimulation, different trials were studied with resting-state fMRI methods during different periods of alcohol preference. The correlation coefficients of 28 regions in the whole brain were calculated, and the results were compared for alcohol preference related to the genetic background/training association. The variety of coherence patterns was highly related to the state and development of alcohol preference. We observed significant special brain connectivity changes during alcohol preference in P-rats. The comparison between the P- and NP-rats highlighted the role of genetic background in alcohol preference. The results of this study support the alterations of the neural network connection during the formation of alcohol preference and confirm that alcohol preference is highly related to the genetic background. This study could provide an effective approach for understanding the neurobiological basis of alcohol addiction.