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Las garrapatas son artrópodes ectoparásitas, hematófagos que parasitan a varios huéspedes vertebrados, se encuentran tanto en áreas urbanas como rurales, siendo Rhipicephalus sanguineus la principal especie encontrada en perros y Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en bovinos. El uso y búsqueda de productos naturales, especialmente de plantas, para controlar estos parásitos se está intensificando actualmente porque son mas seguros y menos agresivos para los humanos, los animales y el medio ambiente. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue relevar los principales aceites esenciales con actividad garrapaticida y describir los principales componentes químicos involucrados en esta actividad. Para tanto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de los artículos utilizando las bases de datos de Google School, SciELO y Periódicos CAPES, entre 2008 y 2020. La actividad garrapaticida de los aceites esenciales se observó en 28 especies de plantas distribuidas en 13 famílias botánicas, 13 de las cuales fueron probadas contra R.(Boophilus) microplus y 05 contra R. sanguineus. Se encontraron trece sustancias mayoritárias repetidas en dos o más especies, siendo el limoneno (06 spp.), (E)-ß-cariofileno (05 spp.) y α-pineno (05 spp.) los compuestos más citados. Los datos del presente estúdio pueden servir como base de para futuras investigaciones, para la selección de especies de plantas y de sustancias potenciales para pruebas garrapaticidas. Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods, hematophagous that parasitize several vertebrate hosts, and are found both in urban and rural areas, being Rhipicephalus sanguineus the main species found in dogs and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in cattle. The use and search for natural products, especially vegetables, to control these parasites is currently intensifying because being safer and less aggressive to man, animals and the environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the main essential oils with tick activity and describe the main chemical constituents involved in this activity. Therefore, a systematic review of articles was carried out using the databases of Google School, SciELO and CAPES Periodicals, between the years 2008 and 2020. The tick activity of essential oils was observed in 28 plant species distributed in 13 botanical families, being 13 tested against R. (Boophilus) microplus and 05 against R. sanguineus. Thirteen major substances were found repeated in two or more species, with limonene (06 spp.), (E) -ß-caryophyllene (05 spp.) and α-pinene (05 spp.) being the most cited compounds. The data from the present study can serve as a basis for future research, for the selection of plant species and potential substances for tick tests. tanto em áreas urbanas como rurais, sendo Rhipicephalus sanguineus a principal espécie encontrada nos cães e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em bovinos. O uso e a busca por produtos naturais, especialmente vegetais, para o controle desses parasitas está se intensificando atualmente por serem mais seguros e menos agressivos ao homem, aos animais e ao meio ambiente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi levantar os principais óleos essenciais com atividade carrapaticida e descrever os principais constituintes químicos envolvidos nessa atividade. Para tanto, foi realizado uma revisão sistemática de artigos utilizando as bases de dados do Google School, SciELO e Periódicos CAPES, entre os anos 2008 e 2020. A atividade carrapaticida de óleos essenciais foi observada em 28 espécies vegetais distribuídas em 13 famílias botânicas, sendo 13 testadas contra R. (Boophilus) microplus e 05 contra R. sanguineus. Treze substâncias majoritárias encontravam-se repetidas em duas ou mais espécies, sendo o limoneno (06 spp.), (E)-ß-cariofileno (05 spp.) e α-pineno (05 spp.) os compostos mais citados. Os dados do presente estudo podem servir como base de direcionamento para futuras pesquisas, para a seleção de espécies vegetais e de substâncias potenciais para testes carrapaticidas.

Medicinal plants are sources of bioactive substances that can act to maintain human health. Among the compounds widely distributed in medicinal plants, there are steroidal saponins, an important class of secondary metabolites that are characterized as the active principle of these natural products. The structure of steroidal saponins is composed of a steroidal aglycone covalently linked to portions of carbohydrates and due to the complexity of its structure, the structural characterization processes are laborious. Steroidal saponins have been investigated over the years, due to their potent therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic. In this work were summarized the studies found in the scientific literature in the last two decades, about the investigation of the therapeutic properties and structural characterization of the steroidal saponins. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that some saponins like candidates for the treatment of patients with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Studies on steroidal saponins are of great importance, as they can be potent therapeutic agents.

Os medicamentos são essenciais para prevenir, curar doenças, aliviar sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Todavia, um tratamento inadequado pode afetar o cognitivo funcional e, comprometer a efetividade da farmacoterapia. Diante disso, este trabalho objetivou analisar os métodos de partição de comprimidos de Losartana Potássica de 50mg, que necessitem de ajustes de dose durante o tratamento. Trata-se de um estudo quali-quantitativo acerca da partição de comprimidos com faca e cortador, analisando aspecto como as características organolépticas, o peso médio e teor de princípio ativo para três laboratórios diferentes. Observamos que, dos 60 comprimidos analisados, o peso médio foi aceitável apenas para os comprimidos inteiros, já para os partidos os resultados não foram ideais, visto que algumas partes ficaram maiores, outras esfarelaram. O mesmo ocorreu com a variável do princípio ativo, onde as partes tiveram variância significativa, ficando entre 60 e 70% apenas, não alcançando, portanto, a quantidade exigida pela Farmacopeia para um tratamento efetivo. Conclui-se, assim, que a partição não é um método totalmente confiável para um tratamento eficaz, podendo causar uma sub ou superdosagem e consequentemente ocasionar riscos à saúde.

The objective of the present study was to evidence the use of Cannabis Sativa-based drugs, which aims at its benefits and therapeutic action and to report its mechanism of action in the treatment of Depression. The study was developed from an integrative literature review in which books, dissertations, articles and theses that were published between 2005 and 2021 were searched. Documents published in Portuguese and English that were available in the databases were selected. Scielo, CAPES, PUBMED and LILACS journals. In addition to the databases, official documents from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) and Ministry of Health were used in the construction of this review. Depression is a disabling disease that affects around 350 million people worldwide. Considering that currently available antidepressants take 2 to 4 weeks to take effect, being ineffective in about 40% of cases, new drugs with rapid antidepressant action, such as that observed by CBD, are of great clinical relevance. It was evidenced about the efficiency of medicines based on Cannabis sativa, which is a medicinal plant with pharmacological properties that present effects as close or similar to neuroleptic medicines, whose active principle used for the manufacture of psychoactive medicines is Cannabidiol (CBD) that helps the central nervous system and the body by reducing and alleviating the effects of depression. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evidenciar el uso de fármacos a base de Cannabis Sativa, buscando sus beneficios y acción terapéutica y relatar su mecanismo de acción en el tratamiento de la Depresión. El estudio se desarrolló a partir de una revisión integrativa de la literatura en la que se buscaron libros, disertaciones, artículos y tesis que hayan sido publicados entre 2005 y 2021. Se seleccionaron documentos publicados en portugués e inglés que estaban disponibles en las bases de datos. Revistas Scielo, CAPES, PUBMED y LILACS. Además de las bases de datos, en la construcción de esta revisión se utilizaron documentos oficiales de la OPS (Organización Panamericana de la Salud) y del Ministerio de Salud. La depresión es una enfermedad incapacitante que afecta a alrededor de 350 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Teniendo en cuenta que los antidepresivos actualmente disponibles tardan de 2 a 4 semanas en hacer efecto, siendo ineficaces en alrededor del 40% de los casos, los nuevos fármacos con acción antidepresiva rápida, como la observada por el CBD, tienen una gran relevancia clínica. Se evidenció sobre la eficacia de medicamentos a base de Cannabis sativa, que es una planta medicinal con propiedades farmacológicas que presenta efectos similares o similares a los medicamentos neurolépticos, cuyo principio activo utilizado para la fabricación de medicamentos psicoactivos es el Cannabidiol (CBD) que ayuda a la sistema nervioso central y el cuerpo al reducir y aliviar los efectos de la depresión. O objetivo do presente estudo foi evidenciar a utilização de medicamentos à base de Cannabis Sativa, que visa seus benefícios e ação terapêutica e relatar o seu mecanismo de ação no tratamento da Depressão. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma revisão integrativa da literatura na qual foi foram pesquisados livros, dissertações, artigos e teses que foram publicados entre os anos 2005 e 2021. Foram selecionados documentos publicados na língua portuguesa e inglesa que estavam disponíveis nos bancos de dados Scielo, periódicos CAPES, PUBMED e LILACS. Além das bases de dados documentos oficiais da OPAS (Organização Pan – Americana da Saúde) e Ministério da Saúde e foram utilizados na construção da presente revisão. A depressão é uma doença incapacitante que atinge por volta de 350 milhões de pessoas no mundo. Considerando que os antidepressivos disponíveis atualmente demoram de 2 a 4 semanas para produzir efeito, sendo ineficaz em cerca de 40% dos casos, novos medicamentos com ação antidepressiva rápida, como a observada pelo CBD, são de grande relevância clínica. Evidenciou-se sobre a eficiência de medicamentos à base de Cannabis sativa, que é uma planta medicinal de propriedades farmacológicas que apresentam efeitos tão próximos ou semelhantes aos medicamentos neurolépticos, cujo princípio ativo utilizado para a fabricação de medicamentos psicoativos é o Canabidiol (CBD) que ajuda o sistema nervoso central e o organismo reduzindo e amenizando os efeitos da depressão.

In his Theses on Feuerbach, Karl Marx suggests that the main flaw of all previous materialism has been to uncritically accept and champion a notion of matter that has its proper place in a dualistic framework, where matter is passive and the mind is active. If this is so, true materialism will conceive of matter as an active principle, and of material beings as perfectly capable of conscious sensation and agency.

Vatsanabh mula (Aconitum ferox Wall ex Seringe root); is toxic due to its chief active principle an alkaloid named as Aconitine. According to Ayurveda and modern science; it is included in one of the most poisonous plants known till today to mankind. Despite it is used widely in Ayurvedic treatment in various diseases. So its use in medicinal preparation should be done only after proper processing termed as Shodhan (purification) procedures. These processings are done in specific media. Shodhan procedures enhance therapeutic properties of Vatsanabha, reduce its toxicity & convert it into medicine. In Ayurvedic literature, media like Gomutra (Cow’s urine), Godugdha (Cow’s milk) and Ajadugdha (Goat’s milk) has been mentioned for Shodhan procedures of Vatsanabha. This study focuses on effect of two Shodhan procedures of Vatsanabha Mula by using Gomutra (cow’s urine) and Godugdha (cow’s milk) on HPLC quantification of Aconitine while the raw roots were taken as control. Changes in HPLC chromatogram confirm the effect of Shodhan procedure on Vatsanabha. In HPLC analysis, peaks were observed at retention time 30.1. Areas under the curve were less in the samples after purification with cow’s urine compared to purification with cow’s milk, indicating denaturation of some component after purification. Hence, Vatsanabha mula purified by Gomutra (cow’s urine) may be regarded as better method of purification as far as toxic alkaloids are concerned.

Background Synthetic cathinones (SCs) are designer analogs of the natural active principle of khat. Since their appearance on the black market in 2003, their popularity has increased annually, and they have become the most seized class of new psychoactive substances reported to the UNODC Early Warning Advisory system. The constant introduction of newly synthesized molecules makes this issue difficult to monitor. The authors reviewed the most recent SC-related fatalities worldwide to highlight new trends of consumption, reporting acute pharmacological and toxicological symptoms, scene investigations, analytical methods, and reported SC concentrations in diverse biological matrices. Methods A literature search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Research Gate to identify relevant scientific publications from 2017 to 2020. In addition, a search was conducted through the EU EWS. Results From 2017 to 2020, 31 different SCs were identified in 75 reported fatal intoxications in the literature, alone or in combination with other substances. The most abused SCs were N-ethylpentylone, N-ethylhexedrone, and 4-chloromethcathinone. The EU EWS included less detail on 72 additional SC-related fatalities from 2017 to 2020. Conclusions New SCs continuously replace older natural and synthetic stimulant drugs, making determining the cause of death difficult. Analytical methods and high-performance mass spectrometry instruments are essential to detect the low concentrations of these potent new SCs. Little data are available on the pharmacology of these new drugs; the evaluation of toxicological antemortem and postmortem findings provides critical data on the drug's pharmacology and toxicology and for the interpretation of new SC cases.

Introduced in the late 1950s, polyenes represent the oldest family of antifungal drugs. The discovery of amphotericin B and its therapeutic uses is considered one of the most important scientific milestones of the twentieth century . Despite its toxic potential, it remains useful in the treatment of invasive fungal diseases owing to its broad spectrum of activity, low resistance rate, and excellent clinical and pharmacological action. The well-reported and defined toxicity of the conventional drug has meant that much attention has been paid to the development of new products that could minimize this effect. As a result, lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B have emerged and, even keeping the active principle in common, present distinct characteristics that may influence therapeutic results. This study presents an overview of the pharmacological properties of the different formulations for systemic use of amphotericin B available for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, highlighting the characteristics related to their chemical, pharmacokinetic structures, drug–target interactions, stability, and others, and points out the most relevant aspects for clinical practice.

Natural drug from the plants are gaining popularity because of several advantages such as often fewer side effect, better patient tolerance, relatively less expensive and acceptance due to a long history of use, especially herbal medicines provide rational means for the treatment of many diseases that are obstinate and incurable in other system of medicine. Drying practices are important in giloy for increased active principle retrieval through improved post-harvest processing. Convective tray dryer was used for drying of Giloy stem using. Three different air temperature and air velocity was taken as a process parameters. The effect of these process parameters on the drying characteristics of (Tinospora cordifolia) giloy stem was studied. The effect of dryring air temperature and air velocity on drying time was quite evident. The initial drying rate was maximum i.e. 0.039278 g w/g dm- min at 60°C air temperature and 2m/s air velocity and was minimum 0.0275 g w/ g dm-min at 40 °C and 1m/s air velocity. The maximum drying rate was observed at initial stage of drying for all air temperatures and velocity and the drying rate decreased with drying time.

Background: The fact that homoeopathic medicines act even at very high dilutions has created a confusion amongst scientists. This led to different models such as formation of nanoparticles and memory of water. The basic question 'what is responsible for physiological activity of homoeopathic medicines' is yet to be answered conclusively. Objective: The objective of this overview was to find out if formation of nanoparticles or creation of quantum domain in the medium is responsible for the physiological activity of homoeopathic medicines. Methods: This overview is based on the experiments done between 2004 and 2019. Results: The succussion of the medicine has the following effects: i. At high potency, due to the mechanical energy transferred to the system, the size of the substrate reduces to nanodimension increasing membrane permeability. Furthermore, they affect several electrical properties of an electroactive polymer and enhance thermovoltage generation. ii. In the presence of an ambient electromagnetic field, domains composed of the vehicular polar molecules are formed, which bear the signature of the dissolved solute. The domains are sources of quasi-free electrons which are manifested in voltage generation separating two different polar media. The structured water also explains the ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectra. Conclusion: In high potency, formation of nanoparticles explains the effect of homoeopathic medicines on properties such as permeability, electrical properties of polymers and thermovoltage generation, whereas formation of domains in the vehicle medium explains properties such as voltage generation separating two different polar media and UV-Vis spectra.