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論文, 本稿では、社会学者A.ギデンズの近代化理論と構造化理論を援用し、近代化の視点から後期近代における「共生」の様相を考察する。まずは、ギデンズの近代化論が描いた近代化の特徴を論拠としつつ、「共生」の言説は近代化の産物であることを論じる。次に、前近代社会の特徴を考察し、前近代において「共生」が成立できない理由について論じる。そして、近代化とともに徹底されていく再帰性に注目し、「共生」と再帰性の関係性を考察する。その上で、ギデンズの構造化理論に基き、後期近代における「共生」的諸実践に求められる能動的な行為者について考察する。, This paper uses the modernization theory and structuration theory of sociologist A. Giddens to consider the aspect of "Kyōsei" in the late modern period from the viewpoint of modernization. The first part argues that the discourse of "Kyōsei" is a product of modernization, based on the characteristics of modernization drawn by Giddens' theory of modernization. The second part considers the characteristics of pre-modern society and discusses the reasons why "Kyōsei" cannot be established in pre-modern times. Then, paying attention to the reflexivity that becomes thorough with modernization, the third part considers the relationship between "Kyōsei" and reflexivity. Then, based on Giddens's structuration theory, the fourth part considers the active agents required for the practices of "Kyōsei" in the late modern period.

Dadas las diferencias entre la vida rural y urbana del virreinato de la Nueva España ¿fue la familia un agente activo en los cambios de la modernidad? ¿En qué terrenos lo apreciamos? El problema reside en identificar los caminos del cambio. Parto del reconocimiento de un sistema estamental en crisis, cuyo proceso natural de debilitamiento se vio interrumpido por leyes que pretendían reforzarlo. Una vez más, en la historia concurren fuerzas que contribuyen a que el resultado de las políticas y de las buenas intenciones sea algo que nadie había deseado, ni siquiera imaginado. He buscado definir a los actores que, en distintos ambientes, enfrentaron el dilema de elegir entre los valores del pasado o las ofertas de bienestar de un futuro incierto. Las fuentes documentales han mostrado cómo la legislación y las infracciones a la misma trazaron las rutas del conflicto. Finalmente, los cambios se iniciaron, precisamente en las ciudades y en aspectos que no se habían considerado: lejos de afianzarse las diferencias, se propició la formación de una nueva sociedad en la que la riqueza y el tipo de actividad importaban más que el origen de los antepasados.

Benzoyl peroxide is a widely used active agent for acne vulgaris treatment that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and wound-healing properties. The common complaints for benzoyl peroxide are skin irritation and dryness. To reduce these side effects, microsponge formulations are used as an effective tool in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this study, a medical plaster was developed containing benzoyl peroxide microsponges which gives an opportunity to explore the potential of the microsponge systems in textile industry. Benzoyl peroxide microsponge was obtained by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, particle size analysis and porosity studies. The microsponges were applied onto 100% cotton woven fabric by using dip-coating technique. In the treatment solution, different binding agents as acrylic binder, and cross-linking agents as poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid were used. Microsponges were around 78.4 µm in diameter and had a spherical porous surface. SEM analyses of the treated fabrics proved that the microsponges were succesfully transferred on cotton fabrics. The drug contents of the fabrics containing Benzoyl peroxide loaded microsponge were found to be within the range of 68.512–102.873%. The in vitro drug release results show that the release from both samples was more than 40% within 6 h. The water vapor permeability of plaster prepared with acrylic binder (S1) was significantly higher than the other plasters. This study presents a novel approach for acne treatment based on textiles containing microsponges. The results revealed that microsponges had a promising potential in textile field. © The Author(s) 2020., 117M350, The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work has been supported by the TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Council in frame of the Project 117M350.

Enviromental preservation plays an important role in the sustainability of living ecosystems. Environmental damage is caused by irresponsible human behavior so that environmental damage enters a very concerning stage. Therefore, environmental literacy needs to be developed from an early age in elementary school students as candidates for future generations who act as active agent of change. This is done with various effort through the educational process and begins with filtering information about student environmental literacy disparities, especially in Bogor City based on environmental schools and public schools. In this study using a survey method, using purposive random sampling technique. The population in this study was determined based on the category of environmental schools (SBL) and public schools (SU). Then, from the school category, respondents were selected based on the grade level. The high class level categories are grade 5 and 6, while the low class level categories are grade 3 and 4. Based on the analysis of the result of the answers to questionnaire, it was found that the environmental literacy of elementary school students in Bogor City for each school category has carried out environmental awareness activities. As for the measurement based on disposition toward the environment, the assessment of students environmental literacy was categorized as good, even among them very good for several indicators of environmental literacy.

Introduction: Dose banding is an original approach that manages intravenous (IV) chemotherapy preparation by generating on a weekly basis a series of bags containing scaled dosages of the active agent. These predetermined, fixed dosage bags are intended to replace the traditional bags prepared daily that contain fully individualized dosages. Methods: Three different scenarios were examined: (1) the current method of daily preparation of individualized bags at the hospital pharmacy; (2) the weekly preparation at the hospital pharmacy of non-individualized bags containing discrete, predefined doses covering an adequate range of doses (dose banding); (3) the use of commercial ready-to-use bags based on the same approach of dose banding. The objective of this study was to compare these three different approaches in terms of cost per patient. We considered five cancer drugs (gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, trastuzumab and 5-fluorouracil) that were suitable for the dose ranging approach. Appropriate dose bands for these five agents were identified. Costs were estimated for each of the three approaches. Results: A total of 13,490 fully individualized bags were studied, which corresponded to the real bags prepared at our institution for these five agents in 2018. Dose banding was predicted to determine savings ranging from €10,998 (−0.84%) for trastuzumab to €169,429.60 (−8.39%) for paclitaxel. Conclusion: The introduction of dose banding can determine economic savings along with other advantages, such as improved work conditions, management reorganization and containment of waste. The pharmaceutical industry can hopefully support these experiences by producing ready-to-use bags in predetermined dosages.

Based on findings from a qualitative case study focused on Mexican postgraduate international students at a prestigious university in the south of England, this article explores the coping strategies implemented by the participants prior to departing to their study abroad experience. Findings revealed varying degrees of involvement with pre-arrival preparations where some participants employed a series of creative tactics to ease their adaptation upon arrival, and some others who did not envision any strategies to prepare. However, as afterthoughts, the latter group of students realised such omission had hindered their transition to the new culture. This led to the conceptualisation of the studying abroad experience as a dynamic process enhancing the perspective of the international student as an active agent of their process of adaptation Ward et al., 2001).

In recent years, graphene has drawn significant interest in the scientific community and is being investigated for many biomedical applications in the future. Among nanomaterials based on graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are talented applicants for cancer therapy. GO or rGO play either a role of nanocarrier or active agent for advanced chemotherapy delivery in cancer treatment because they have specific physical, chemical and optical properties which include tremendously large surface area, active modifiable groups on their surface, excellent biocompatibility and it does not produce any toxic effect when exposed to body and show good photothermal (PT) effect. In an increasing number of medical submissions, like diagnosis of a disease, chemotherapy, transfection of genetic material or antibodies and even in tissue engineering, graphene/graphene oxide have been explored with ultimate goal of using it as a theranostic material. In the present review article, an overview of the latest studies using graphene-based nanomaterials and their composites in cancer therapy, particularly, in drug delivery system (DDS) and bioimaging are highlighted.

Day by day, humans and animals are infected with life-threatening and deadly diseases due to mosquito bites. Current methods used to fight these diseases are not fully viable and unsafe for humans and animals. Controlling the germ-carrying mosquitoes requires the immediate transfer of a conceptual paradigm. This experiment suggested a safe mosquito control mechanism with fluorescence iron-oxide core carbon-coated (f-Fe3O4@C) nontoxic nanoparticles used as an active agent. As the concept of experiment, we chose mosquitoes of Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex genera because they are found worldwide and infect pathogens. The progression of the life cycle of mosquitoes was observed and imaging under the treated known concentration of f-Fe3O4@C nanoparticles. Resulted that a minimum 3 mg/L and above concentration of f-Fe3O4@C nanoparticles in breeding water these group of larvae can’t attend their adulthood and ultimately died under prolong stay in the larval stage. In this case, though the species can be studied for a sustained time the originality of the wild species is lost.

Encapsulation is a promising method for preventing the interaction of an active agent with the environment. Efficacious encapsulation relies on the compatibility of the active compound and the encapsulant. As an active agent, vitamin C is easily degraded due to oxidation, high temperature, and other extreme environmental conditions, hence it requires protection. Glucomannan has the potential to provide vitamin C matrix encapsulation. However, the glucomannan needs to be modified to optimize its compatibility with vitamin C. In this research, glucomannan was modified using Na2CO3. This study aimed to determine the impact of the deacetylation process in encapsulating vitamin C using a gelation method. The loading capacity of vitamin C was in line with the degree of deacetylation. The highest degree of deacetylation (87.95%) allowed loading 84.9% of vitamin C. The functional groups, morphological surface, and particle distribution were modified due to the deacetylation and encapsulation processes. Release of vitamin C from deacetylated glucomannan was determined in two pH solutions, i.e., pH 1.2 and 6.8 solutions. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model was fitted to the release of vitamin C from deacetylated glucomannan at pH 1.2 (R2 > 0.892) and at pH 6.8 (R2 > 0.772). This study suggested the strong potential of deacetylated glucomannan as an encapsulating agent for vitamin C using a gelation method.

Cocos nucifera Linn., which contain lauric acid has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of pimple. Current study investigated optimum formula of emulgel mask based on the C. nucifera L. Extract from Kopyor coconut. Extract were tested for antibacterial against P. acnes ATCC 11827. In this research, C. nucifera L. extract of 1 and 5% were formulated as an active agent of peel off antiacne emulgel mask-containing carbomer 940 in various concentration (1% and 1.5%). The peel-off emulgel mask of C. nucifera L extract was then evaluated in terms of viscosity, pH, drying time, spreadability, and antibacterial activity. The selected formula was formula containing 5% of extract and 1% of carbomer 940. This formula had pH that suitable with skin pH 4.5–6.5, had good spreadability, and also produced highest antibacterial activity against P. acnes.

Small-sized gold nanoparticles (∼3nm) coated with Glutathione (GSH) ligand have designed as an active agent in photothermal therapy (PTT). GSH is pH-sensitive surface that have a fast response prop...

La interpretación de una lectura es un acto dialógico, un espacio de encuentro de diferentes voces que confluyen en la mente del lector. Entre esas voces, se encuentran las que el lector reconoce en la propia obra —personajes, narrador, autor— así como aquellas voces que invoca y cuya procedencia reside en experiencias y conocimientos anteriores, por ejemplo: voces propias, voces de personas cercanas, voces de otros autores y personajes, etc. Todas ellas, modelan los pensamientos y decisiones del lector, y lo orientan en su interpretación y comprensión de la obra. Pero esas voces no siempre conviven en armonía, sino que pueden aparecer en conflicto, enfrentadas, contrapuestas. Es en esa dinámica dialógica donde cobran especial relevancia las voces más centrales que integran a otras, pues de ellas dependerá la interpretación final del lector. El estudio que presentamos pretende ofrecer una explicación integral y comprensiva del proceso de interpretación literaria a partir de la revisión de la Perspectiva Dialógica de Mijaíl Bajtín y de la Teoría del Yo Dialógico de Huber Hermans. Ambas definen al buen lector como un agente consciente y activo cuando afronta una actividad lectora compleja, como es la literaria.

Active packaging (AP) is a new class of innovative food packaging, containing bioactive compounds, is able to maintain the quality of food and extend its shelf life by releasing active agent during storage. The main challenge in designing the AP system is slowing the release rate of active compounds for its prolonged activity. Controlled-release active packaging (CRP) is an innovative technology that provides control in the release of active compounds during storage. Various approaches have been proposed to design CRP. The purpose of this review was to gather and present the strategies utilized for release controlling of active compounds from food AP systems. The chemical modification of polymers, the preparation of multilayer films and the use of cross-linking agents are some methods tried in the last decades. Other approaches use molecular complexes and irradiation treatments. Micro- or nano-encapsulation of active compounds and using nano-structured materials in the AP film matrix are the newest techniques used for the preparation of CRP systems. The action mechanism for each technique was described and an effort was made to highlight representative published papers about each release controlling approach. This review will benefit future prospects of exploring other innovative release controlling methods in food CRP.

In the modern world, where a person is exposed to daily stress, increased physical exertion, the toxic effect of various substances, including drugs. The task of modern science is to find antioxidants for the body. These can be additives obtained both synthetically and the active substances that we get daily from food. Such a striking example is turmeric, obtained from the plant Curcuma longa. Recently, it has been known that curcumin has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effect and, thanks to these effects, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, in particular, from cancer to autoimmune, neurological, cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. In addition, much attention is paid to increasing the biological activity and physiological effects of curcumin on the body through the synthesis of curcumin analogues. This review discusses the chemical and physical characteristics, analogues, metabolites, the mechanisms of its physiological activity and the effect of curcumin on the body.

Active food packaging is currently of high demand in food industries to provide protections to food. Food packaging is not only used to store and protect food from the environment, but also to provide functional values with the incorporation of active agent. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from a variety of plants represent active ingredients of natural origin which provide numerous benefits to food, aromatherapy, pharmaceutical, and food packaging industries due to their functional properties. Numerous researches have been carried out in developing active food packaging such as insect repellent packaging containing essential oils. Insect repellent packaging could create safety measures by repelling insect from exterior environment or the inhibition of larvae from food within. In this paper, different application of EOs on different types of food packaging, applications, processing methods, migration of active compounds and performance of insect repellency are reviewed. Future perspectives and applications of insect repellence using safe, natural and more effective strategies are also discussed. EOs as the active insect repellent agents in food packaging offer great opportunities to protect the quality of food. Some important factors such as legislative concerns (e.g. toxicity test, migration of active substances from packaging materials), economics, and further study on the release period of active agent to the environment should be considered to successfully implement insect repellent agents in food packaging.

Among the methods used for the treatment of cancer, chemotherapy is widely used, and it is by far one of the most unpleasant procedures given to a patient because of its severe side effects; while being necessary. One of the major problems in cancer chemotherapy is the limited selectivity of most of the drugs in current clinical use. Following administration, the active agent is distributed over the entire body and reaches not only the target cells or tissues but also interacts with healthy cells. In an attempt to overcome the side effects of anticancer drugs, the modification of the anticancer bioactive compounds has been a topic of active research for years. Numerous delivery systems such as drugcontaining liposomes, microencapsulation, nanoparticles, and water-soluble polymers have been used for the delivery of bioactive compounds to the site of action. Water-soluble polymeric conjugates and co-conjugates have remained the most outstanding delivery technique. This review will discuss the development of polymeric conjugates and co-conjugates of ferrocene in cancer research.

Purpose: Topical hemostatic agents can be classified as active or passive. This study compared the hemostatic efficacy of an active agent, recombinant thrombin (RECOTHROM® [rT]) plus gelatin sponge...

Solder paste quality can be improved from microstructure and surface status of the solder powder. In this work, the micro-morphology of solder paste was observed and the particle surface condition was analyzed. Also, the conditions of corrosion and the corrosion products in different organic acid groups (activators) were analyzed. The result shows that the SnO passive film on the solder powder surface reacts with the COO– in the active agent of the solder paste. This reaction led the passivation layer to be peeled off. It also caused the change in solder powders’ physical and chemical properties and made the metal boundary to be cold-welded. This is the root cause of solder paste exsiccation and deterioration. The study on the details shows that to obtain high-quality solder paste, one of the key methods is using the solder powder with ideal passivation shell structure and defect-free surface.

The advent of the 21st century is characterised by the increase of cultural interaction in relation to a widespread digital environment. Moreover, we are witnessing an ongoing movement and transformation within the use and the sharing of knowledge, and collaboration through the growth of mobile devices and their associated products. The current digital development, particularly through mobile technology, has given way to new emerging players, intermediation platforms and new human behaviour. In addition, mobile technology can increasingly play the role of catalyst for creativity. It will sometimes even become an active agent of innovative capacity and capability across peculiar spaces and time, either physically, digitally, and, via connectivity, an exchange of intangible resources outside regulated and/or established procedures. This paper examines how mobile technology enables a contemporary consideration of the Nonaka and Konno’s concept of ba within organisations by using a qualitative and hermeneutic approach.JEL Codes: O3

The ocean is a central site of escape, danger, and rescue for refugees. It is also a place where oceanic humanitarianism is enacted. In histories of refugee migration, the combination of the ocean, weather, and climate in determining the fate of refugees has not been adequately examined. This article provides a critical analysis of a Vietnamese refugee boat journey in 1982, to demonstrate the paradoxical nature of the ocean as both a site of danger and saviour. Conventional historical methodologies alone cannot capture the complex role of the ocean and the weather in determining boat refugee journeys and rescues. Interdisciplinary research between historians and ocean engineers provides new evidence and understanding of how the ocean and weather influences the outcomes of refugees seeking asylum by boat. Numerical model predictions of sea state and ship motion – which enables the vessel's journey in past environmental conditions to be understood – integrated within historical analysis contributes to a fuller and more complex understanding of the nexus between environmental conditions and forced migration journeys. Ocean engineering produces a scientific narrative that historians can use, alongside oral histories and other sources, to theorize the ocean as an active agent.

The application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in sunscreen formulations has two advantages: protection against harmful rays of sun and cosmetic attractiveness. Furthermore, in recent years Ag–TiO2 nanoparticles have gained a great in cosmetics and hygiene industry due to its stronger antibacterial effect compared to pure TiO2. In the present study, nanocomposite composed of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles (TiO2/Zn2TiO4/Ag) were synthetized via sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, (FT-IR) and (SEM). Antibacterial properties of nanocomposite was determined using minimum growth inhibitory concentration test against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and toxicity in a sunscreen cream were also investigated. Cytotoxicity of nanocomposite was also assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. The nanocomposite had an average size of 20–29 nm. The analytical results, XRD, FT-IR and SEM confirmed the presence of ZnO, TiO2 and Ag in nanocomposite structure after sintering at 400 °C. MIC results demonstrated the strong anti-bacterial activity of nanocomposite against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Qualitative and quantitative toxicity tests showed that the toxicity of nanocomposite was very low and it was dose dependent. It could be concluded that this novel TiO2/Zn2TiO4/Ag nanocomposite could be beneficial in development of sunscreen cream with high protection.