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The Gambian and Malian fisheries and fish processing value chains are predominantly artisanal and represent a key source of protein and livelihoods, yet their eco-efficiency has not been studied to date. A Life Cycle Assessment was used to estimate the associated environmental impacts of those value chains and provide information on the eco-efficiency indicators, which relate technical efficiencies to environmental impacts. The results showed that industrial Gambian fleets’ fuel use efficiency is rather low as compared with the global mean fuel use intensity (landed fish/consumed fuel) for both small pelagics and demersal fish. In Mali, the fuel use intensity of motorised artisanal fisheries is lower than the mean values for artisanal inland fisheries in developing countries, but the important increase of frozen imported fish from fish farming multiplies the estimated impacts by four. The least energy-intensive fisheries (cast nets and stow nets in Gambia and opportunistic fishers in Mali) feature better eco-efficiency scores. Based on the identified sources of inefficiencies, we suggest improvements in the landing/processing infrastructure and fishing units’ engines, coupled with technical and business training and improved processing methods, to ameliorate seafood eco-efficiency and a stronger recognition of the importance of the artisanal fisheries subsector to overcome challenges and improving resource management.

The Gambian and Malian fisheries and fish processing value chains are predominantly artisanal and represent a key source of protein and livelihoods, yet their eco-efficiency has not been studied to date. A Life Cycle Assessment was used to estimate the associated environmental impacts of those value chains and provide information on the eco-efficiency indicators, which relate technical efficiencies to environmental impacts. The results showed that industrial Gambian fleets' fuel use efficiency is rather low as compared with the global mean fuel use intensity (landed fish/consumed fuel) for both small pelagics and demersal fish. In Mali, the fuel use intensity of motorised artisanal fisheries is lower than the mean values for artisanal inland fisheries in developing countries, but the important increase of frozen imported fish from fish farming multiplies the estimated impacts by four. The least energy-intensive fisheries (cast nets and stow nets in Gambia and opportunistic fishers in Mali) feature better eco-efficiency scores. Based on the identified sources of inefficiencies, we suggest improvements in the landing/processing infrastructure and fishing units' engines, coupled with technical and business training and improved processing methods, to ameliorate seafood eco-efficiency and a stronger recognition of the importance of the artisanal fisheries subsector to overcome challenges and improving resource management.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the internationally recognized method to assess the environmental impacts of products and services. Its application to agri-food systems in developing or emerging contexts is recent and represents many challenges of scientific, partnerial and operational nature. With more than 10 years of scientific and field experience, the CIRAD LCA team has synthesized, with other internationally recognized experts, the best knowledge and approaches available to apply LCA under these conditions. This operational guide is a useful tool for LCA practitioners; it provides best practice recommendations to carry out LCA studies on agri-food products in developing and emerging contexts.

La República Dominicana ha presentado una de las mayores tasas de crecimiento económico (+5.2%) en la región de América Latina y el Caribe en los últimos 30 años, en un contexto de cambios estructurales importantes. Estos han resultado en la diversificación económica, pasando de una especialización en el sector agropecuario, hacia la minería, el turismo, los servicios y la manufactura. Sin embargo, este crecimiento económico no ha sido inclusivo y más de un tercio de la población sigue en situación de pobreza, en particular en las regiones rurales. En este contexto económico, también marcado por la firma de tratados de libre comercio que han facilitado intercambios comerciales privilegiados con los Estados Unidos (EEUU) y la Unión Europea, el sector agropecuario se ha transformado, con una dinámica acentuada por la liberalización y las inversiones nacionales y extranjeras, lo que ha permitido la reorientación de una parte de la producción hacia la exportación. En este marco, una de las preocupaciones de los actores del Estado dominicano ha sido la agregación de valor en las cadenas (CdV) de rubros con “potencial de exportación”. La piña y el mango tienen estas características ya que son considerados como rubros con vocación de exportación no tradicional (a diferencia de la caña de azúcar y el café, por ejemplo, tradicionalmente exportados). El estudio de las dos CdV de mango y de piña, con énfasis en las subcadenas que permitirían agregar valor (como las frutas procesadas o las frutas de calidad empacadas para la exportación), se inscribe en estas reflexiones estratégicas sobre el futuro del sector agropecuario dominicano. Realizado entre octubre del 2018 y abril del 2019, el estudio proporciona evidencias para responder a las preguntas siguientes: ¿Cómo se organizan los actores de estas dos CdV y qué funciones cumplen?, ¿Cuál es la contribución de estas dos CdV al crecimiento económico?; ¿Contribuyen a un crecimiento económico inclusivo?; ¿Son socialmente sostenibles?; y, ¿Son ambientalmente sostenibles?

The demand for LCA studies on agri-food value chains from South contexts is growing, but the application of LCA in these contexts is challenging. An initiative has been launched to formalize best practices based on the field experience from LCA experts for South contexts. Specificities of the application of LCA in these conditions relate to the diversity and complexity of production conditions and systems, the limited awareness and capacities in LCA as environmental assessment tool by stakeholders, the lack of specific background data, the scarcity and often low-quality of statistic data on studied systems, and the limits imposed to LCA commissioned from abroad. The guidelines in preparation will mainly focus on practical aspects of goal and scope definition, data collection and partnership, inventory and interpretation for key stakeholders.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach developed by the FAO and it is usually presented as a triple winning strategy to improve the capacity of agricultural systems to adapt to climate change, reduce their greenhouse gases emissions and ensuring local and global food security. This concept entails complex linkages between environmental components that need to be addressed at different scales. In order to strength CSA initiatives assessment the methodological framework LCA4CSA, based on Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA) was developed to support collective co-design of climate smart farming systems. It considers the production processes at crop and farm scales. We present the LCA4CSA framework. It has been applied in a case study in the Cauca department of southern Colombia, where farmers produce coffee, sugarcane and some domestic animals. Results showed different trade-offs between indicators and pillars when considering the whole farm system in addition to crop system alone. LCA4CSA seeks to be a tool for thinking about the benefits that technical changes can bring to production systems while considering the complex dynamics of farming systems.

Session : Environmental riskSession : Environmental risk - présentation orale - un poster présenté; International audience

International audience; À l’échelle mondiale, la pisciculture est le domaine de production animale qui présente la plus forte croissance, de l’ordre de 10 % par an (FAO, 2012). Elle répond une hausse de la demande en produits aquatiques que ne peut satisfaire la pêche, dont les débarquements stagnent. Tout comme les autres systèmes de production agricole, la pisciculture vise un mode de développement durable, conciliant le respect de l’environnement, les attentes sociales et économiques des producteurs, des autres acteurs de la filière et des populations locales.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) offers a robust scientific framework to quantify multiple environmental impacts of agricultural systems. Currently, LCA does not estimate whether the environmental impacts calculated are compatible with sustainable development. The scientific objective of this work is to help define sustainable farm development by determining limits of environmental sustainability with a method based on Reference Values (RV). These RV were determined and quantified for dairy production systems in Brittany, France. They were calculated as maximum acceptable impacts on ecosystems (e.g., in coastal waters) and correspond to maximum farm-emission levels (e.g., of greenhouse gases or nitrogen) to respect the Critical Natural Capital. The RV represented limits that dairy farms would have to meet to follow sustainable development. The terminology used to designate RV in environmental analysis methods must be harmonized. The terms proposed in this thesis are normative RV and relative RV. The application of RV to a sample of dairy farms in Brittany shows that most of these farms exceed the values set, but there is large variability in impacts, whose analysis and evaluation yields insights. Comparative analysis of the farms revealed characteristics of conventional and organic farms that have lower environmental impacts. However, even these farms do not reach these environmental objectives while maintaining current production levels. To investigate the leeway that dairy farms have to respect the strictest RV, environmental impacts, milk production, and land uses were modelled by linear programming. This territorial-level approach concluded that a significant change in current dairy farms and the dairy sector must be envisaged to satisfy the environmental objectives (e.g., increasing the area of non-agricultural zones). The preservation of current production levels does not seem compatible with the environmental requirements defined by the RV. Alternatives might be found to insure new revenues to farmer, e.g. paying no productive services of agriculture. The integration of the context, societal expectations, and farmers' expectations is necessary for studies of agricultural sustainability and for proposing alternative land uses.; L'Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) offre un solide cadre scientifique pour réaliser une quantification multicritère des impacts environnementaux des systèmes agricoles. Dans sa forme actuelle, l'ACV ne permet pas de juger si la valeur calculée des impacts environnementaux est compatible avec le développement durable. L'objectif scientifique de ce travail est de participer à la définition du développement durable des exploitations agricoles par la détermination des limites de la durabilité environnementale en développant d'une méthode basée sur des Valeurs de Référence (VR). La détermination et la quantification de ces VR a été faite pour des systèmes de production laitiers en Bretagne (France). Ces valeurs ont été calculées à partir des valeurs d'impact maximale tolérable par les écosystèmes cible (par exemple dans des eaux côtières), elles correspondent aux niveaux d'émissions maximales acceptables des exploitations (par exemple émissions de gaz à effet de serre ou d'azote) pour respecter le Capital Naturel Critique. L'utilisation des VR a permis de dessiner le champ des possibles dans lequel doivent évoluer les exploitations laitières pour s'inscrire dans une logique de développement durable. Dans les méthodes d'analyse environnementale la terminologie employée pour dénommer les VR doit être harmonisée. Les termes proposés dans cette thèse sont VR normatives et VR relatives. L'application des VR à un échantillon d'exploitations laitières en Bretagne montre que la plupart d'entre elles dépassent les VR fixées mais qu'il existe une très grande variabilité en impacts, dont l'analyse et la valorisation sont potentiellement une source de progrès. L'analyse comparative des exploitations vis-à-vis des VR, a permis de déceler des caractéristiques d'exploitations conventionnelles et biologiques qui ont un faible impact sur l'environnement. Cependant, même ces exploitations n'atteignent pas les objectifs environnementaux imposés tout en gardant les objectifs actuels de production. Pour explorer la possibilité de respecter les VR les plus stricts, les variations des rapports impacts environnementaux/production laitière en fonction de la distribution des types de systèmes laitiers et de l'introduction de nouveaux usages des terres ont été simulées grâce à la programmation linéaire. Cette approche au niveau territoriale a conclu qu'une évolution profonde des systèmes de production actuels et du tissu agricole doit être envisagée afin de satisfaire globalement les objectifs environnementaux, et dans cette évolution il faut intégrer xii l'extension de zones non agricoles. L'intégration du contexte local et des attentes sociétales et les attentes des agriculteurs est nécessaire à la poursuite des études sur la durabilité agricole et à la production de propositions de changement applicables sur le terrain.

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In arid regions, agropastoralists must anticipate losses caused by drought. Herd-management practices, crop diversification, and the relative importance given to both types of production are the most important strategies. In Andean agriculture, risks exist not only for agriculture but for food availability and commerce. Increasing international demand for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), the principal crop of this region, has multiplied the price by a factor of 15 in 10 years. In consequence, its production has grown, upsetting the balance between crops and livestock in the traditional system. Our main aim was to identify key variables needed to model a sustainable production system under new circumstances. Livestock and crop performances, technical parameters, and cash income have been identified as key factors to establish scenarios and assess sustainability of pastoral systems. Other factors, such as historical transformations of communities, economic opportunities and socio-cultural aspects also influence herd structure. Even more, not only are herds affected, but the whole production system as well. Therefore, these key factors were included in our conceptual model as interactive entities belonging to decisional, production, and economic subsystems. These factors should be added to future models, especially when studying the sustainability of traditional systems, which are culturally and socially complex and influence agricultural activities.

Coordonnée par le Cirad en partenariat avec INRAE et l'IRD, l'étude ≪ 4 pour 1000 ≫ Outre-mer dresse un bilan inédit des stocks de carbone du sol des territoires ultramarins. Les auteurs formulent des recommandations opérationnelles et de recherche pour preserver ces stocks élevés et répondre aux grands enjeux actuels de l'agriculture face au changement climatique au niveau national et territorial. Si le potentiel des sols métropolitains a fait l'objet d'une evaluation en 2019, celui des territoires ultramarins était jusqu'ici méconnu. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, les auteurs dressent pour la premiere fois un état des lieux des connaissances pour la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Reunion, Mayotte, Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy.

Purpose Coffee represents an important trade asset internationally. Around 70% of global coffee production is provided by 25 million smallholders farmers. In recent decades, coffee systems have been transformed into more intensified systems of coffee monoculture. The general objectives of this paper are to provide a better picture of the traditional coffee cropping systems and postharvest processes on-farm and to assess the environmental impacts, integrating the diversity of smallholder cropping systems. Methods A Life Cycle Assessment from cradle to farm gate was performed for three cropping systems representative of Colombian coffee cultivation according to the associated crops and shadow trees: coffee alone (CA), coffee with transition shade (CTS), and coffee with permanent shade (CPS). The system studied includes inputs, agricultural production and postharvest operations using the wet method. The final product of farms is parchment bean coffee at farm gate. The technology used is representative of the average practices of smallholder coffee growers in the region. To address multiple functions of coffee, three functional units (FU) were selected: area by time (ha*year−1 unit area), productivity (ton of parchment coffee) and farmers income (1000 USD$). Seven midpoint categories were selected: climate change, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, and water resource depletion. Results and discussion We present the life cycle inventory and impact assessment results from three types of cropping systems CA, CTS and CPS. For all FU, the CPS system has the lowest potential impact, excepted for marine eutrophication. CPS also has the highest coffee yields, however it has also the highest costs. Even if cropping system diversification is only one of multiple factors that influence environmental performance, agroforestry seems to be a promising path to reduce and mitigate environmental impacts by decreasing off-fam contributions (input fabrication). Conclusions Results show the possibility that diversified cropping systems have an influence when assessing potential environmental impacts of coffee at farm gate and differences found might be influenced by shading in traditional coffee systems. Future work is needed to consider the real potential of CTS cropping system including land use and carbon dynamics. Assessments including social indicators and the rest of the value chain in particular coffee industrial transformation and utilization are also needed since the consumption stages are also a key driver to reduce the environmental footprint of coffee.