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BACKGROUND: Tinea capitis affects hair and scalp of children, rarely occurs in adults. It is classified as dry or inflammatory. The main causative agents are Trichophyton tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum; however, the etiology varies depending on geographical location and climatic conditions, so it is important to analyze epidemiology periodically. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological data of tinea capitis in Guatemala. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The records of patients with clinical suspicion of tinea capitis at a Guatemalan health institution (2005-2016) were analyzed. The age, gender, origin of the patients, clinical variety, time of evolution, type of hair invasion, etiology and risk factors were considered. RESULTS: Of 980 patients with suspected cases, 325 presented positive KOH and/or culture, 56% were male, 89% were children younger than 10 years; 59% of the patients came from urban areas. The dry clinical form (67%) and the ectoendothrix invasion were the most common. The evolution time was from two days to six years. The most frequent fungus was M. canis (82%). Three coinfections were caused by T. tonsurans-M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes-M. canis and T. rubrum-M. canis, respectively. The main risk factor was the contact with animals. CONCLUSIONS: Tinea capitis in Guatemala is mainly caused by M. canis, the dry form in urban children associated with contact with animals predominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an alternative intratumoral microcirculation system that depends on the capacity of tumor cells to reorganize and grow in three-dimensional (3D) channel architectures like the capillaries formed by endothelial cells. Both VM and angiogenesis may coordinately function to feed cancer cells, allowing tumor growth. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate critical cellular functions in cancer cells, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The lncRNA, known as actin filament-associated protein 1-antisense RNA 1 (AFAP1-AS1), has been described as an oncogene in diverse types of cancers. However, its role in VM and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unknown., Methods: Reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) experiments were performed to evaluate the expression of 10 selected lncRNAs from literature in metastatic and nonmetastatic biopsies from TNBC patients. The expression of AFAP1-AS1 was analyzed in Genotype-Tissue Expression Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. The AFAP1-AS1 expression was knocked in TNBC Hs578T cells by transfection of specific siRNAs. Channel-like formation assays were performed using 3D cultures over Matrigel in hypoxia-treated Hs578T cancer cells with diminished expression of AFAP1-AS1. The angiogenesis tests were conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and AFAP1-AS1- silenced Hs578T cells on 3D cell cultures. The presence of VM (CD31-/PAS+) in tumor tissues from TNBC patients with and without metastasis was assessed through immunohistochemistry using endothelial marker CD31 antibodies and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining., Results: Compared with normal mammary tissues, AFAP1-AS1 expression was higher in breast cancer tissues. Moreover, AFAP1-AS1 expression was upregulated in the TNBC subtype compared to receptor-positive breast tumors. In addition, the expression of AFAP1-AS1 was correlated with the expression of the thirteen genes characteristic of a previously reported hypoxia signature. Interestingly, AFAP1-AS1 was upregulated in primary TNBC tumors from patients who developed metastasis compared with the nonmetastatic group. Functional analysis revealed that the knockdown of AFAP1-AS1 in Hs578T cells significantly impaired the hypoxia-induced VM, accompanied by a decrease in the development of 3D channel networks. Similarly, AFAP1-AS1 knockdown counteracts the angiogenic potential of cancer cells, as indicated by a reduction in the number of polygons, sprouting cells, and nodes in HUVEC cells. Remarkably, an increase in CD31-/PAS + staining of 3D channel networks in primary breast tumors from metastatic patients was found compared with the nonmetastatic group. Finally, we found that the number of blood vessels increased in the nonmetastatic group more than in the metastatic cohort., Conclusions: Our data suggested that AFAP1-AS1 controls both VM and angiogenesis in Hs578T breast cancer cells and that increased metastasis is associated with VM in TNBC patients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: In Mexico, 75% of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) patients are not in glycaemic control criteria (HbA1c<7%); this entails a significantly variable drug response. Amongst the factors influencing such variability, are genetics, more specifically, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three genes implied in metformin pharmacokinetics are SLC22A1 , SLC22A2 , and SLC22A3 , which are polymorphic. While there have been cross-sectional studies on their SNPs impact over drug response, a longitudinal study would contribute valuable information on their effect over time. Methods: SNPs of SLC22A1 (rs72552763, rs622342, rs12208357, rs2282143, rs594709, rs628031, and rs683369), SLC22A2 (rs316019), and SLC22A3 (rs2076828), were determined through PCR-TR. The clinical records of 69 patients undergoing metformin monotherapy were retrospectively assessed. Metformin is the first line treatment against DMT2. A level of HbA1c <7% (time 0) was considered as an inescapable inclusion criterion. The study's cases were those patients who reported HbA1c ≥ 7% (time1) after time 0 (t0). Kaplan-Meier curves including a Log-Rank test and a Cox multivariate analysis of proportional risks were performed. Aim: Determining clinical, biochemical, and genetic variables which may affect non-control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) survival time spans amongst DMT2 Mexican-Mestizo patients undergoing metformin monotherapy at Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI) between October 2013 and December 2023. Results: All 69 patients were monitored over a median period of 642 days (273-1,134). A comparison between time 0 and time 1 (t1) revealed differences in weight ( p = 0.036), metformin dose mg/kg/day ( p = 0.003), plasmatic glucose mg/dL ( p = 0.048), and HbA1c ( p < 0.001). The median non-control survival rate was different across the 3 genotypes of rs62552763 in SLC22A1 ( p = 0.0034) and the dominant genotypic model GAT/GAT vs. GAT/del + del/del ( p = 0.009). There were differences between rs622342 genotypes as well ( p = 0.041). In GAT/GAT the Cox model found HR = 0.407 (IC95%: 0.202-0.818, p = 0.011) in the univariate analysis and HR = 0.418 (IC95%: 0.204-0.856, p = 0.034) in the multivariate analysis, adjusted by initial metformin dose (mg/kg/day), initial weight (kg), and final metformin dose (mg/kg/day). Genotype A/A of rs622342 in SLC22A1 , reported HR = 0.392 (IC95%: 0.169-0.910, p = 0.029) in the multivariate analysis as well. Conclusion: Among DMT2 Mexican-Mestizo patients undergoing metformin monotherapy the minor allele del in rs72552763 and the minor allele C in rs622342 reported a significantly shorter survival median respect to the wild type variant. Patients carrying del in rs72552763 or C in rs622342, both in SLC22A1 , will reach non-control in less time with respect to other patients. Therefore these genotypes may constitute a therapeutic response biomarker for this population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ortega-Ayala, De Andrés, Llerena, Bartolo-Montiel, Acosta-Altamirano and Molina-Guarneros.)

Introduction: Data on the prevalence of fungal coinfections/superinfections in patients with COVID-19 are limited., Objective: To describe the prevalence of fungal coinfections/superinfections in patients with COVID-19, as well as risk factors and demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics., Material and Methods: We included patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and a confirmed fungal infection hospitalized in the ICU from March 2020 to December 2021. We collected data on age, sex, comorbidities, hospital length of stay (days), laboratory (ferritin) and microbiological results, treatment for COVID-19, antifungal therapy, and outcomes obtained from the clinical records., Results: Only 11 out of 740 patients met the inclusion criteria. The coinfection rate was 0.3% and the superinfection was 1.2%. The most affected population was male adults. The coinfections/superinfections diagnosed were candiduria and candidemia, caused by Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus (C. kefyr). In addition, tracheobronchitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus was found. The most used antifungals were fluconazole and caspofungin. The lethality in patients with fungal coinfections was 50% and superinfections, 22%. The length of hospital stay was 11-65 days. Eight patients required mechanical ventilation and six received corticosteroids. The main comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (81.8%)., Conclusions: The rate of fungal coinfections/superinfections in COVID-19 patients was low, but the lethality found urges for routine fungal screening in patients with severe COVID-19 to timely detect fungal infections that may further compromise the patient’s life.

In the present study, we evaluated the influence of maternal and neonatal factors on the efficiency of the placental transfer of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination during pregnancy provides fetal and neonatal protection through the passive transplacental transfer of maternal neutralizing antibodies. To date, little information is available regarding the factors that affect the transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study was carried out. It was found that several biological factors could be altering transplacental passive immunity after vaccination against COVID-19. In our study population, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension tended to decrease efficiency, while data from women with pre-eclampsia showed better indices compared to those from women with healthy pregnancies. Neonates born prematurely showed lower transfer rates when compared to healthy neonates. The premature rupture of membranes significantly decreased antibody transfer. Taken together, the data suggest that vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy is effective even under certain unfavorable clinical conditions for the mother, fetus, and neonate. It is important to create and disseminate immunization strategies in vulnerable populations to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with infections preventable by vaccination.

The protection of the neonate against pathogens depends largely on the antibodies transferred placentally from the mother; for this reason, maternal vaccination against emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, is of vital importance. Knowing some of the immunogenic factors that could alter the placental transfer of antibodies could aid in understanding the immune response and neonatal protection after maternal vaccination. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of the placental transfer of binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as some factors that could alter the passive immune response, such as the trimester of gestation at the time of immunization, the number of doses received by the mother and the type of vaccine. Binding IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the detection of neutralizing antibodies was carried out using flow cytometry. Our results show efficient transfer rates (>1), which are higher when maternal vaccination occurs during the third trimester of gestation. Antibodies are detectable in mothers and their neonates after 12 months of maternal immunization, suggesting than the vaccination against COVID-19 before and during pregnancy in the Mexican population induces a lasting neutralizing response in mothers and their newborns.

Brachybacterium conglomeratum , traditionally considered an environmental bacterium, has recently garnered attention for its potential involvement in human health. While prior research hinted at its pathogenic role in humans, our study aims to determine its prevalence and associations in diverse clinical contexts. We examined vaginal swabs from three distinct patient groups: patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), patients with cervicovaginal infections, and patients with a history of precancerous lesions undergoing follow-up. B. conglomeratum was present in all three patient groups, with the highest prevalence observed in the LSIL group. Statistically significant associations were primarily identified in the LSIL group, where B. conglomeratum was present in 60% of cases. Notably, the LSIL group exhibited coinfections with multiple high-risk oncogenotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV), suggesting potential synergistic effects, and understanding these microbial relationships and their influence on viral persistence, particularly with HPV, holds promise for mitigating HPV-related carcinogenesis. Furthermore, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae were frequently detected in this group, along with Ureaplasma parvum as the predominant sexually transmitted bacterium. In all cases, B. conglomeratum was found in association with these microorganisms rather than as a sole pathogen. This coexistence underscores the intricate microbial interactions within cervicovaginal infections and precancerous lesions. This study marks the first report of B. conglomeratum prevalence in women with these clinical conditions.

Coccidioidomycosis, caused by Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii , causes significant morbidity and mortality, both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, mainly in endemic areas. The present work analyzed its epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment by reviewing clinical cases published from 1950 to 2021. Fifty-nine articles were included, corresponding to 275 clinical cases. The results showed a higher incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the male gender than the female gender. The most affected age group was 31-40 years, and the most reported clinical presentation was disseminated with greater involvement in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue, followed by the CNS, bone system, and peritoneum. The species most frequently reported was C. immitis . The most used treatment was azoles, followed by their combination with amphotericin B, monotherapy with amphotericin B, and alternative medicine. This work shows that epidemiological data outside the USA are still scarce. Serological tests are the preferred diagnostic method in daily medical practice, and cultures remain the gold standard. The treatment for coccidioidomycosis is ketoconazole and amphotericin B, individually or in combination.

Tumor cells grow in three-dimensional (3D) channels-like structures denoted as vasculogenic mimicry (VM), which provides a route for nutrients and oxygen acquisition. VM is activated by hypoxia and associated with metastasis and poor prognosis. MetastamiRs are microRNAs regulating metastasis, however, if they control VM in breast cancer remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of VM-associated microRNAs in tumors of metastatic breast cancer patients. Firstly, we constructed microRNAs/mRNAs coregulation networks using expression data from TCGA databases. Dozens of microRNAs regulating genes involved in VM and metastasis were found. Of these, we selected 10 microRNAs for further characterization. The presence of VM in histological samples from patients with or without metastasis was evaluated using CD31-/PAS+ immunophenotyping. Remarkably, data showed that VM was significantly increased in tumors from patients with metastasis in comparison with no-metastatic group. Gene expression analysis indicated that miR-145, miR-142-3p, miR-31, miR-148a, miR-200b-3p and miR-526b were downregulated in primary tumors from patients with metastatic disease and positive for VM. Moreover, modulated microRNAs showed a predictive clinical value in overall survival in a cohort (n=1262) of breast cancer patients. Of these, we evaluated the role of miR-145 in formation of hypoxia-induced 3D channels-like using an in vitro model that recapitulates the early stages of VM. Data showed that miR-145 mimics was able to abolish the VM development in both metastatic Hs578t and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, manipulation of miR-145 levels may represent a therapeutic approach in metastatic breast cancer patients that developed VM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Dermatophytes are fungi included in the genera Trichophyton , Microsporum , Epidermophyton , Nannizzia , Paraphyton , Lophophyton , and Arthroderma . Molecular techniques have contributed to faster and more precise identification, allowing significant advances in phylogenetic studies. This work aimed to identify clinical isolates of dermatophytes through phenotypic (macro- and micromorphology and conidia size) and genotypic methods (sequences of ITS regions, genes of β tubulin ( BT2 ), and elongation factor α ( Tef-1α )) and determine the phylogenetic relationships between isolates. Ninety-four dermatophyte isolates from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic were studied. The isolates presented macro- and micromorphology and conidia size described for the genera Trichophyton , Microsporum , and Epidermophyton . Genotypic analysis classified the isolates into the genera Trichophyton (63.8%), Nannizzia (25.5%), Arthroderma (9.6%), and Epidermophyton (1.1%). The most frequent species were T. rubrum (26 isolates, 27.6%), T. interdigitale (26 isolates, 27.6%), and N. incurvata (11 isolates, 11.7%), N. gypsea and A. otae (nine isolates, 9.6%), among others. The genotypic methods clarified the taxonomic status of closely related species. For instance, the ITS and BT2 markers of T. rubrum / T. violaceum did not differ but the Tef-1α gene did. On the other hand, the three markers differed in T. equinum / T. tonsurans . Therefore, the ITS, BT2 , and Tef-1α genes are useful for typing in phylogenetic analyses of dermatophytes, with Tef-1α being the most informative locus. It should be noted that isolate MM-474 was identified as T. tonsurans when using ITS and Tef-1α , but when using BT2 , it was identified as T. rubrum . On the other hand, no significant difference was found when comparing the methods for constructing phylogenies, as the topologies were similar.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been one of the most catastrophic diseases observed in recent years. It has reported nearly 550 million cases worldwide, with more than 6.35 million deaths. In Mexico, an increased incidence and mortality of this disease were observed, where the immune response has been involved in the magnitude and severity. A critical version of the disease is accompanied by hyperinflammatory responses, with cytokine and defective cellular responses. A detailed understanding of the role of molecules and cells in the immune response during COVID-19 disease may help to generate effective protection mechanisms, improving those we already have. Here we analyzed blood samples obtained from patients at the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Mexico, which were classified according to living guidance for clinical management of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization: asymptomatic, mild, severe, and critical disease. We observed increased interleukin (IL)-6 levels and a T-CD8 + and T-CD4 + cell reduction correlated with the critical disease version. Importantly, here, we described a significant reduction of CD11b + CD45 high CD14 low monocytes during severe disease, which displayed a non-classical profile, expressing IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1 molecule. Moreover, CD11b + CD45 high CD14 low monocytes obtained from infected one-dose vaccinated patients (Pfizer® vaccine) who suffered minimal symptoms showed simultaneously a dual classical and no-classical profile expressing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that blood monocytes expressing a dual pro- and anti-inflammatory profile might be a predictive marker for protection in the Mexican population during COVID-19 disease. KEY POINTS : • Exacerbated immune response is associated with COVID-19 severe disease. • Dual monocyte activation profile is crucial for predicting protection during COVID-19. • Vaccination is crucial to induce the dual activation profile in monocytes., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a main concern over the last two years and has become one of the most important crises in the history of human health. Today, there is still a need for affordable and reliable diagnostic tests for massive disease monitoring. Previously, a set of highly specific DNA-aptamers (C7/C9) binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein were isolated but its performance in clinical samples remained to be tested. Here, 242 samples were collected through three different methods and subjected to florescence-linked aptamer assays (FLAA) based on C7/C9 aptamers through two readout protocols. Then, a step-by-step statistical approach which included agreement tests, proportion comparisons and binomial and multinomial logistic regressions was used to predict optimal conditions for the novel C7/C9 FLAA test. RTqPCR threshold cycles, symptoms onset and processing time were influential factors on FLAA test results. Naturally occurring mutations on S were also detected and analyzed. Aminoacidic substitutions D614G and T732A appeared relevant for aptamer recognition although further studies are necessary. The methodology presented here is the first step to determine the performance and diagnosis across a range of clinical contexts and it might serve as a base for a complete analysis applicable to other designs of new diagnostic tests.

Gestational diabetes (GD), pre-gestational diabetes (PD), and pre-eclampsia (PE) are morbidities affecting gestational health which have been associated with dysbiosis of the mother's gut microbiota. This study aimed to assess the extent of change in the gut microbiota diversity, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, and fecal metabolites profile in a sample of Mexican women affected by these disorders. Fecal samples were collected from women with GD, PD, or PE in the third trimester of pregnancy, along with clinical and biochemical data. Gut microbiota was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of V3-16S rRNA gene libraries; SCFA and metabolites were measured by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and (Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively, in extracts prepared from feces. Although the results for fecal microbiota did not show statistically significant differences in alfa diversity for GD, PD, and PE concerning controls, there was a difference in beta diversity for GD versus CO, and a high abundance of Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Bacteroidota among gestational health conditions. DESeq2 analysis revealed bacterial genera associated with each health condition; the Spearman's correlation analyses showed selected anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and SCFA metadata associated with specific bacterial abundances, and although the HPLC did not show relevant differences in SCFA content among the studied groups, FT-ICR MS disclosed the presence of interesting metabolites of complex phenolic, valeric, arachidic, and caprylic acid nature. The major conclusion of our work is that GD, PD, and PE are associated with fecal bacterial microbiota profiles, with distinct predictive metagenomes.

COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has had a high incidence. In addition, it has been associated with prolonged hospital stays, as well as several predisposing risk factors, such as fungal factors (nosocomial organism, the size of the conidia, and the ability of the Aspergillus spp. of colonizing the respiratory tract), environmental factors (remodeling in hospitals, use of air conditioning and negative pressure in intensive care units), comorbidities, and immunosuppressive therapies. In addition to these factors, SARS-CoV-2 per se is associated with significant dysfunction of the patient's immune system, involving both innate and acquired immunity, with reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and cytokine storm. Therefore, this review aims to identify the factors influencing the fungus so that coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 can occur. In addition, we analyze the predisposing factors in the fungus, host, and the immune response alteration due to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 that causes the development of CAPA.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various joint efforts have been made to support the creation of vaccines. Different projects have been under development, of which some are in the clinical evaluation stage and others in are in phase III with positive results. The aim of this paper was to describe the current situation of the development and production of vaccines available to the population to facilitate future research and continue developing and proposing ideas for the benefit of the population. So, we carried out a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and MEDLINE, including keywords such as "vaccines," "COVID-19," and "SARS-CoV-2". We reviewed the development and production of the anti-COVID vaccine and its different platforms, the background leading to the massive development of these substances, and the most basic immune aspects for a better understanding of their physiological activity and the immune response in those who receive the vaccine. We also analyzed immunization effects in populations with any medical or physiological conditions (such as immunosuppression, people with comorbidities, and pregnancy), as well as the response to immunization with heterologous vaccines and the hybrid immunity (the combination of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with immunity generated by the vaccine). Likewise, we address the current situation in Mexico and its role in managing the vaccination process against SARS-CoV-2 at the national and international levels. There are still many clinical and molecular aspects to be described, such as the duration of active immunity and the development of immunological memory, to mention some of the most important ones. However, due to the short time since the global vaccination roll-out and that it has been progressive (not counting children and people with medical conditions), it is premature to say whether a second vaccination schedule will be necessary for the near future. Thus, it is essential to continue with health measures.

Systemic candidiasis is a frequent opportunistic mycosis that can be life-threatening. Its main etiological agent is Candida albicans ; however, the isolation of non- albicans Candida species has been increasing. Some of these species exhibit greater resistance to antifungals, so the rapid and specific identification of yeasts is crucial for a timely diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients. Multiple molecular assays have been developed, based mainly on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), showing high specificity and sensitivity to detect and identify Candida spp. Nevertheless, its application in diagnosis has been limited due to specialized infrastructure or methodological complexity. The objective of this study was to develop a PCR assay that detects and identifies some of the most common pathogenic Candida species and evaluate their diagnostic utility in blood samples and bronchial lavage. A pair of oligonucleotides was designed, CandF and CandR, based on sequence analysis of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S region of the rDNA of Candida spp., deposited in GenBank. The designed oligonucleotides identified C. albicans , C. glabrata , C. tropicalis , C. parapsilosis , C. krusei / Pichia kudriazevii , C. guilliermondii / Meyerozyma guilliermondii , C. lusitaniae / Clavispora lusitaniae , and C. dubliniensis using simplex PCR based on the amplicon size, showing a detection limit of 10 pg/μL of DNA or 10 3 yeasts/mL. Based on cultures as the gold standard, it was determined that the sensitivity (73.9%), specificity (96.3%), and the positive (94.4%) and negative (81.2%) predictive values of the PCR assay with the designed oligonucleotides justify their reliable use in diagnosis.

The physiopathologic characteristics of COVID-19 (high levels of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell reduction) promote fungal colonization and infection, which can go unnoticed because the symptoms in both diseases are very similar. The objective of this work was to study the current epidemiology of systemic mycosis in COVID-19 times. A literature search on the subject (January 2020-February 2021) was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS without language restrictions. Demographic data, etiological agent, risk factors, diagnostic methods, antifungal treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Eighty nine publications were found on co-infection by COVID-19 and pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis. In general, the co-infections occurred in males over the age of 40 with immunosuppression caused by various conditions. Several species were identified in candidiasis and aspergillosis co-infections. For diagnosis, diverse methods were used, from microbiological to molecular. Most patients received antifungals; however, the fatality rates were 11-100%. The latter may result because the clinical picture is usually attributed exclusively to SARS-CoV-2, preventing a clinical suspicion for mycosis. Diagnostic tests also have limitations beginning with sampling. Therefore, in the remainder of the pandemic, these diagnostic limitations must be overcome to achieve a better patient prognosis.

Background: The molecular reclassification of the order Trichosporonales placed the medically relevant Trichosporon species into three genera of the family Trichosporonaceae: Cutaneotrichosporon, Trichosporon, and Apiotrichum. From the clinical and epidemiological standpoint, it is important to identify any species of the family Trichosporonaceae because they present different antifungal susceptibility profiles. In Mexico, little is known about trichosporonosis etiology because the fungi are identified through phenotypic methods., Aims: To identify at a molecular level 12 yeast isolates morfologically compatible with Trichosporon, obtained from patients with superficial infections., Methods: The yeast isolates were obtained from patients with white piedra, onychomycosis, and hand and foot dermatomycosis, and were identified morphologically and genotypically (sequencing of the IGS1 region and phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood Method). The phylogenetic analysis included 40 yeast sequences from the order Trichosporonales and one from Cryptococcus neoformans as outgroup., Results: Based on the molecular analysis, we identified three (25%) Trichosporon inkin isolates, two (16.7%) Trichosporon asteroides, two (16.7%) Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides, and one each (8.3%) of Trichosporon aquatile, Trichosporon asahii, Apiotrichum montevideense, Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum, and Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii., Conclusions: The molecular characterization of the isolates showed a broad diversity of species within the order Trichosporonales, particularly among onychomycosis. It is essential to identify these yeasts at the species level to delve into their epidemiology., (Copyright © 2021 Asociación Española de Micología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Since Candida auris integrates strains resistant to multiple antifungals, research has been conducted focused on knowing which molecular mechanisms are involved. This review aims to summarize the results obtained in some of these studies. A search was carried out by consulting websites and online databases. The analysis indicates that most C. auris strains show higher resistance to fluconazole, followed by amphotericin B, and less resistance to 5-fluorocytosine and caspofungin. In C. auris, antifungal resistance to amphotericin B has been linked to an overexpression of several mutated ERG genes that lead to reduced ergosterol levels; fluconazole resistance is mostly explained by mutations identified in the ERG11 gene, as well as a higher number of copies of this gene and the overexpression of efflux pumps. For 5-fluorocytosine, it is hypothesized that the resistance is due to mutations in the FCY2 , FCY1, and FUR1 genes. Resistance to caspofungin has been associated with a mutation in the FKS1 gene. Finally, resistance to each antifungal is closely related to the type of clade to which the strain belongs.

The CSP (cell surface protein) microsatellite marker is useful for typing Aspergillus fumigatus isolates and determining relationships at the subpopulation level because it has shown high discriminatory power. In the present study, 90 A. fumigatus isolates from Mexico (MX), Argentina (AR), France (FR), and Peru (PE) were identified through a phylogenetic analysis using the benA gene fragment and were typed with the CSP microsatellite, and the types were identified using the nomenclature recommended in the literature. Genetic variability was analyzed through haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, polymorphic sites, and nucleotide differences between pairs of sequences. The population structure was evaluated using the Tajima's D statistic. No new CSP types were recorded in the MX, FR, and PE isolates, while in the AR isolates, two new CSP types were identified (t25 and t26). The most common CSP types in the studied populations were t01, t02, t03, and t04A; these results are consistent with findings in other countries. In addition, the genetic diversity parameters we obtained revealed that the greatest genetic diversity was found in the MX population, followed by AR and FR. No population structure was identified among the isolates studied.

The Candida haemulonii species complex and other phylogenetically related species, such as Candida auris, are emerging pathogens. The C. haemulonii complex comprises C. haemulonii, C. haemulonii var. vulnera, and Candida duobushaemulonii species. The correct identification of this fungal complex is clinically and epidemiologically relevant; however, conventional identification methods are currently inadequate. In this study, we report the molecular reidentification of two clinical isolates: isolate 553 that was recovered from a patient with total dystrophic onychomycosis and isolate 77-18 from a patient with mucocutaneous candidiasis. Both patients had diabetes mellitus as baseline disease. These isolates were initially identified as C. haemulonii by the VITEK® 2 system but were later determined to be C. duobushaemulonii based on the amplification and sequencing of a 115-bp fragment of the region of 26S rDNA. The isolates were resistant to fluconazole, and only isolate 553 was resistant to amphotericin B. Patients showed clinical and mycological cure after treatment with itraconazole. The clinical and microbiological data of these two cases of superficial candidiasis caused by C. duobushaemulonii, along with previous reports about infections with the C. haemulonii complex species, suggest that patients with diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to infection with these fungi. Therefore, for diagnosing candidiasis in patients with diabetes mellitus, yeasts must be identified at the species level, and antifungal susceptibility testing must be carried out for adequate treatment., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

At present, there is no standardized marker that is routinely used in clinical laboratories to diagnose coccidioidomycosis. Thus, the goals of this study were to obtain a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for the identification of Coccidioides spp., evaluate its specificity and sensitivity in fungal DNA-spiked blood and sputum samples, and compare it with previously described molecular markers. Specific amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) amplicons for Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii were cloned into the vector pGEM® -T Easy vector and sequenced to develop a SCAR marker. Oligonucleotides were designed to identify Coccidioides spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the specificity and sensitivity of these oligonucleotides were tested with the DNA from related pathogens. The specificity and sensitivity of the SCAR marker was evaluated with blood and sputum samples spiked with Coccidioides DNA and compared with other previously described markers (621, GAC2, and Ag2/PRA). In addition, the conditions for its use were established using biological samples. A specific marker named SCAR 300 was obtained to identify Coccidioides spp. that exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. The results showed that all of the markers tested in this study can identify Coccidioides spp. However, the SCAR 300 and 621 markers were the most sensitive, whereas the SCAR 300 marker was the most specific. Thus, the SCAR 300 marker is a useful tool to identify Coccidioides spp., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Candida glabrata complex includes three species identified through molecular biology methods: C. glabrata sensu stricto , C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis . In Mexico, the phenotypic methods are still used in the diagnosis; therefore, the presence of C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis among clinical isolates is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a multiplex PCR for the identification of the C. glabrata species complex. DNA samples from 92 clinical isolates that were previously identified through phenotypic characteristics as C. glabrata were amplified by four oligonucleotides (UNI-5.8S, GLA-f, BRA-f, and NIV-f) that generate amplicons of 397, 293 and 223-bp corresponding to C. glabrata sensu stricto , C. nivariensis , and C. bracarensis , respectively. The amplicon sequences were used to perform a phylogenetic analysis through the Maximum Likelihood method (MEGA6), including strains and reference sequences of species belonging to C. glabrata complex. In addition, recombination and linkage disequilibrium were estimated (DnaSP version 5.0) for C. glabrata sensu stricto isolate s . Eighty-eight isolates generated a 397-bp fragment and only in one isolate a 223-bp amplicon was observed. In the phylogenetic tree, the sequences of 397-bp were grouped with C. glabrata reference sequences , and the sequence of 223-bp was grouped with C. bracarensis reference sequences, corroborating the PCR identification. The number of recombination events for the isolates of C. glabrata sensu stricto was zero, suggesting a clonal population structure. Three isolates that did not amplify any of the expected fragments were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the sequencing of the D1/D2 domain region within the 28S rDNA gene. The multiplex PCR is a fast, cost-effective and reliable tool that can be used in clinical laboratories to identify C. glabrata complex species.

Antigenic fractions of 100, 50, 37, and 28 kDa obtained through the SDS-PAGE method that were more frequently recognized by anti- Coccidioides antibodies in the sera of coccidioidomycosis patients were selected using western blotting. Subsequently, these bands were sequenced, and the obtained proteins were analysed by BLAST to choose peptides specific for Coccidioides spp. from among the shared aligned sequences of related fungi. A peptide specific for C. immitis was selected from the "GPI anchored serine-threonine rich protein OS C. immitis ", while from the "uncharacterized protein of C. immitis ", we selected a peptide for C. immitis and C. posadasii . These proteins arose from the 100 kDa antigenic fraction. From the protein "fatty acid amide hydrolase 1 of C. posadasii " that was identified from the 50 kDa antigenic fraction, a peptide was selected that recognized C. immitis and C. posadasii . In addition, the analysis of all the peptides (353) of each of the assembled proteins showed that only 35 had 100% identity with proteins of C. immitis and C. posadasii , one had 100% identity with only C. immitis , and one had 100% identity with only C. posadasii. These peptides can be used as diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and antifungals.

Context: Several factors contribute to the increase in breast cancer (BC) incidence, such as lifetime exposure to estrogen, early menarche and older ages at first birth, menopause, and the increased prevalence of postmenopausal obesity. In fact, there is an association between an increased BC risk and elevated estrogen levels, which may be involved in carcinogenesis via the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) encoded by the ESR1 gene. Interestingly, there is an antagonistic relationship between ERα and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in BC cells., Aims: Herein, we explore the combined effects of the ESR1 (XbaI, PvuII) and AhR polymorphisms on BC development in Mexican women according to their menopausal status., Settings and Design: Investigation was performed using a cases and controls design., Subjects and Methods: In a group of 96 cases diagnosed with BC and 111 healthy women, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms ESR1 (XbaI, PvuII) and AhR gene were identified by qPCR., Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used. Statistical analyses were conducted using the STATA statistical package (Version 10.1, STATA Corp., College Station, TX, USA)., Results: The G/G XbaI genotype was more prevalent in the cases than in the controls (P = 0.008). Moreover, Mexican women carrying the XbaI (wild type [WT]/G or G/G) ESR1 genotype have higher risk (12.26-fold) for developing postmenopausal BC than individuals carrying the WT/WT genotype., Conclusions: The presence of the G/G genotype of XbaI may be considered a susceptibility allele in Mexican women. Due to increased postmenopausal BC risk, the XbaI (WT/G or G/G) alleles may be used as a postmenopausal predictive factor for BC in Mexican women., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest

This study presents a systematic review of the literature on the etiology of superficial and invasive candidiasis in Mexico reported from 2005 to 2015. The data have shown that Candida albicans is the most prevalent species with an increasing tendency of the non-C. albicans Candida species, as reported in other countries. The use of phenotypical methods in the identification of the yeasts limits the identification at the species level, particularly in species that are part of complexes, this is important because the identification only at the genus level leads to inadequate treatment due to the different susceptibility to the antifungals among species. In addition, this finding reveals the need to implement in clinical laboratories the molecular methods for the correct identification of the species involved, and the antifungal susceptibility tests to prevent the etiological changes associated with a poor therapeutic management., (Copyright © 2017 Asociación Española de Micología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Coccidioidomycosis is one of the most important endemic mycoses in Northern Mexico. However, diagnosing this disease can be challenging, particularly in patients who do not reside in endemic areas., Case Report: The case of a Mexican HIV+ patient who developed fever, general malaise, a severe cough, and dyspnea during a stay in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, is presented. Since various diseases are endemic to the state of Guerrero, the doctors originally suspected that the patient had contracted influenza A (H1N1), Q fever, or tuberculosis. All the diagnostic tests for those diseases were negative. The patient had received numerous mosquito bites while staying in Acapulco, and a nodule had appeared on his right cheek. Therefore, malaria, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis were also suspected, but those infections were also ruled out through diagnostic tests. A direct microscopic examination was performed using KOH on a sample taken from the cheek nodule. The observation of spherules suggested the presence of a species of Coccidioides. The fungus was isolated, and its identity was confirmed by phenotypic and molecular methods. The geographic area in which the infection was likely acquired was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The results suggested a probable endogenous reactivation., Conclusions: This clinical case illustrates the difficulties associated with diagnosing coccidioidomycosis in non-endemic areas., (Copyright © 2017. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Introduction and Objective: Nosocomial invasive fungal infections, particularly aspergillosis, are an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. The presented study evaluates fungal diversity and the presence of Aspergillus in air samples from two hospitals., Materials and Methods: Over the course of one year (rainy and dry seasons), the air was sampled from three areas in two hospitals (1 and 2) using a single-stage Andersen viable particle sampler (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The fungi were identified by macro- and micromorphology, and the number of colony forming units (CFU)/m(3) air and their richness, abundance, and diversity were determined. Isolates Aspergillus genus were characterized by their thermotolerance., Results: The CFU/m(3) air was similar at both hospitals during the two seasons, but different between the sampled areas. Results showed 10 fungal genera for hospital 1, and 8 for hospital 2. The most abundant were Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. The thermotolerance test confirmed the identification of A. fumigatus section Fumigati. The highest growth rate was found in Aspergillus section Nigri., Conclusion: Determining the fungal diversity in the two hospitals was important because all the species have the potential to be pathogenic, especially the section Fumigati.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women. It is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancers in women. The overall survival rate at five years is 50% and its treatment is still poor. We need new treatments for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who are incurable with current management. We review the effectiveness of new biological agents and morbidity and mortality of cytoreductive surgery. Since the hyperthermic increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy and the chance of survival, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been proven to be a promising option, however it still requires further study to be the standard treatment.

Cancer screening programs have been successful in reducing the incidence and mortality due to cervical cancer. For more than a decade, the human papillomavirus test has been recommended as part of these programs, however, Pap tests is not currently recommended for women 65 years of age who participated adequately in screening programs, continuing with these screening programs is not needed. Screening programs will be different in special populations at greatest risk where tests are frequently needed or use of alternative methods.

Sedentary lifestyle leads to the accumulation of visceral fat. This is accompanied by the infiltration of immune cells with pro-inflammatory characteristics in adipose tissue, causing an increased release of cytokines and generating a low-grade inflammatory state. It has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and development of tumors. Exercise can be used as a treatment to improve symptoms of many of these conditions because it promotes an anti-inflammatory effect. In this review we analyze the pro-inflammatory factors present in obesity and the induction of antiinflammatory factors that occur with exercise.

The prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in endemic areas has been observed to increase daily. To understand the causes of the spread of the disease and design strategies for fungal detection in clinical and environmental samples, scientists have resorted to molecular tools that allow fungal detection in a natural environment, reliable identification in clinical cases and the study of biological characteristics, such as reproductive and genetic structure, demographic history and diversification. We conducted a review of the most important molecular markers in the epidemiology of Coccidioides spp. and the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. A literature search was performed for scientific publications concerning the application of molecular tools for the epidemiology and diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. The use of molecular markers in the epidemiological study and diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis has allowed for the typing of Coccidioides spp. isolates, improved understanding of their mode of reproduction, genetic variation and speciation and resulted in the development specific, rapid and sensitive strategies for detecting the fungus in environmental and clinical samples. Molecular markers have revealed genetic variability in Coccidioides spp. This finding influences changes in the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis, such as the emergence of more virulent or antifungal resistant genotypes. Furthermore, the molecular markers currently used to identify Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are specific and sensitive. However, they must be validated to determine their application in diagnosis. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012)., (Copyright © 2013 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Increase in the incidence of invasive aspergillosis has represented a difficult problem for management of patients with this infection due to its high rate of mortality, limited knowledge concerning its diagnosis, and therapeutic practice. The difficulty in management of patients with aspergillosis initiates with detection of the fungus in the specimens of immunosuppressed patients infected with Aspergillus fumigatus; in addition, difficulty exists in terms of the development of resistance to antifungals as a consequence of their indiscriminate use in prophylactic and therapeutic practice and to ignorance concerning the epidemiological data of aspergillosis. With the aim of resolving these problems, molecular markers is employed at present with specific and accurate results. However, in Mexico, the use of molecular markers has not yet been implemented in the routine of intrahospital laboratories; despite the fact that these molecular markers has been widely referred in the literature, it is necessary for it to validated and standardized to ensure that the results obtained in any laboratory would be reliable and comparable. In the present review, we present an update on the usefulness of molecular markers in accurate identification of A. fumigatus, detection of resistance to antifugal triazoles, and epidemiological studies for establishing the necessary measures for prevention and control of aspergillosis.

Background: Epidemiological studies treat testicular germ cancer as a single disease, the behavior of the two histological types of cancer; seminoma and nonseminoma have differences in reproductive hormone secretion and impair fertility differently., Objective: To demonstrate that the serum concentration of pituitary hormones involved in fertility and spermatogenesis in the affected male is different in the two histological types., Methods: Were determined by radioimmunoassay or inmunoradiometric assay, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, total testosterone, prolactin, estradiol, human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein in 37 patients with germ cell cancer (15 seminoma and 22 nonseminoma) and 35 controls. We analyzed the semen of patients, and were questioned about paternity before the cancer diagnosis., Results: Age was higher in patients with seminoma cancer, showed decreased luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone and increased estradiol and prolactin in nonseminoma compared with seminoma. In patients with nonseminoma they had 9 children, 5 were oligozoospermic, 3 azoospermic and 6 normal concentration, 8 did not provide sample, seminoma group they had eight children, only one azoospermic, nine normal concentration, and 5 did not provide sample ., Conclusions: The hormonal behavior is different in men with nonseminoma compared with seminoma, so that the negative impact on the reproductive axis and fertility is higher in cases of non-seminoma.

Background: Lymphangiomas are congenital malformations or acquired (secondary to trauma, infection or neoplasia) in the mammary gland, are extremely rare. These lesions tend to infiltrate surrounding tissues and malignant degeneration is extremely rare. Clinically manifests as benign masses, slow growing; diagnosed clinically and by imaging studies. Suegery with removal of the mass is performed for aesthetic reasons and to make differential diagnosis with other common injuries., Clinical Case: Women 45 years of age with progressive increase in size of the left breast, breast trauma concerns and has no other symptoms.The histologic diagnosis was cystic lymphangioma giant left mammary gland., Discussion: Lymphangiomas are uncommon lesions and extremely rare in the mammary gland, locally aggresive behavior and are benign, where abnormal lymphatic tissue has some ability to proliferate and accumulate large amounts of liquid, representing cystic appearance, as presented in our case. Local surgical excision is the treatment., Conclusion: In this first case of giant breast cystic lymphangioma reported in Mexico, which corroborates the benignity of the lesion.

Regulatory T cells (T(regs); CD4+CD25(high)Foxp3+) are critical in maintaining immune tolerance during pregnancy and uterine vascularization. In this study, we show that, in Mexican women with different preeclamptic severity levels, the number of T(regs) and the subset of CD4+CD25(high)Foxp3+ are decreased compared with those of normotensive pregnant women (NP). Moreover, a systemic inflammatory state is a pivotal feature in the pathogenesis of this disorder and could be related to hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Likewise, we observed elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 in the serum of severe preeclamptic patients (SPE); no differences were found in the IL-1β and IL-10 levels compared with those of NP patients. An analysis of chemokines in the preeclamptic serum samples showed high levels of CXCL10, CCL2, and CXCL9. Our findings suggest that the preeclamptic state is linked with systemic inflammation and reduced numbers of T(regs).

Pebisut is a biological adhesive composed of naturally occurring carbohydrates combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) initially used as a coadjutant for healing of anastomoses. Likewise some works demonstrated that carbohydrate complexes exerts anti-inflammatory activity and it is widely known that ZnO modulate inflammation. However, the direct effects of Pebisut on isolated cells and acute inflammatory responses remained to be investigated. The present study evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of Pebisut using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human mononuclear cells, chemotaxis, and cell infiltration in vivo in a murine model of peritonitis. Our data show that human cells treated with different dilutions of Pebisut release less IL-6, IL-1 β , and IL-8 after LPS stimuli compared with the control treated cells. In addition, Pebisut lacked chemotactic activity in human mononuclear cells but was able to reduce chemotaxis towards CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL12 that are representative mononuclear cells chemoattractants. Finally, in a murine model of peritonitis, we found less number of macrophages (F4/80(+)) and T lymphocytes (CD3(+)) in peritoneal lavages from animals treated with Pebisut. Our results suggest that Pebisut has anti-inflammatory activity, which might have a beneficial effect during anastomoses healing or wounds associated with excessive inflammation.

Background: The molar pregnancy is complicated with hypertension before 20 weeks, divided into complete mole and partial mole, and in diploid and triploid hydatidiform mola depending on the fetal chromosomes., Objective: To determine clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with hydatidiform mole with and without hypertension, and choriocarcinoma, correlate serum chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hypertension., Material and Methods: We reviewed 55 cases with histopathologically proven mole, separately analyzed clinical, laboratory and hCG., Results: The prevalence of mole with hypertension was 1:7; with the choriocarcinoma is 1:11. The age and sexual initiation of mole with hypertension was higher (p = .004 and .002 respectively), liver transaminase AST (p =. 004) and lactate dehydrogenase are higher in the group with hypertension (p =. 000). Positive correlation was obtained r = .246 p =. 044 statistically significant between mean arterial pressure and hCG. We reviewed 31 cases of 28 national and international articles, in patients with diploid hydatidiform the product is allowed to live normal and high blood pressure is showing mild preeclampsia, while partial moles are triploid, malformed products, incompatible with life and with hypertension severe like severe pre-eclampsia., Conclusions: The molar pregnancy is partially diagnosed with hypertension in our environment, is not properly analyzed and that most of the products of curettage were not performed genetic testing. The hCG probably participate in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Breast Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, progressive, currently, are classified according to in pattern of gene expression luminal A, luminal B, basal and HER-2neu + and Triple-negative, 75% to 80% have receptors positive hormonal and 15% to 20% are positive for hER-2neu and 10% to 20% are triple negative, with hormone receptor negative and HER2-neu and their diagnostic is made by exclusion, the Metabolic Syndrome is related to a higher incidence of these cancers where the insulin-leptin axis-adiponectin are implicated in carcinogenesis.

Background: During 4 months, and while conducting an environmental sampling of air, 2 cases of aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) were diagnosed at an oncohematological center in Buenos Aires, Argentina., Aims: The aim of this study was to know the variability and the genetic relationship between the clinical and environmental isolates, obtained in the oncohematological center., Methods: Two genotyping techniques of different discriminatory power (RAPD and AFLP) were used. A genetic similarity matrix was calculated using Jaccard method and was the basis for the construction of a dendrogram by UPGMA. The level of genetic variability was assessed by measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygozity and association index test (I(A))., Results: The dendrogram reveals that the A. flavus isolates recovered from the patients were not genetically related to those gotten from the rooms occupied by the patients. The environmental isolates had higher values of genetic diversity than the clinical isolates. The I(A) estimated for all the isolates suggest that recombination events occurred., Conclusions: Patients 1 and 2 were not infected with isolates from the nosocomial environment. Clinical and environmental isolates of A. flavus showed high genetic variability among them., (Copyright © 2012 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Background: Mammals have limited epithelial regeneration capacity. The K6b-E6/E7 mice model has been described as useful for the study of epithelial regeneration. The objective of this study is to compare the expression of E6/E7 oncogenes with those of cell proliferation and apoptosis during epithelization. The hypothesis of this study is that alterations in cell proliferation and apoptosis in K6b-E6/E7 mice will only occur during epithelization., Methods: Deep 2 mm punches were performed in the middle of transgenic and control mice's ears. A biopsy was collected from the epithelization zone 72 hours and 2 weeks post-injury. Assays for cell proliferation and apoptosis were carried out by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL techniques, respectively. RT-PCR in situ was performed to compare E6/E7 expressions in the areas studied., Results: Transgenic strain K6b-E6/E7 presented more proliferative cells and less apoptotic cells in epithelizated zones. This effect was limited to suprabasal stratum only, and correlates with E6/E7 oncogenes expression. Two weeks post-injury, cell proliferation and apoptosis were similar in both samples as the E6/E7 expression went down., Conclusion: K6b-E6/E7 mouse model is useful for epithelial regeneration. Its mechanisms should be considered for the treatment of deep wounds.

Cervical cancer is a global public health problem related to infection by human papilloma virus. Countries with organized programs for detection and treatment of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer prevent 80% of cases; however, prevention-based cytology, colposcopy and treatment of injuries is effective but still expensive, invasive and nonspecific, especially in developing countries. The goal of primary prevention through immunization against human papillomavirus is with the use of quadrivalent vaccine genotypes 6, 11, 16 and 18 and bivalent genotypes 16 and 18, which are produced using recombinant technology. These are effective in patients without prior exposure to viral genotypes, mainly when they have not initiated sexual activity. Recommended ages are 9 to 13 years and vaccine is administered through school health centers or community centers who promote informational campaigns and dissemination aimed at parents who request this. Screening programs for cervical cancer are limited and only oncogenic virus immunization will reduce their frequency, saving the lives of hundreds of women worldwide.