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Waveguides play one of the key figures in today's electronics and optics for signal transmission. Corresponding simulations of electromagnetic wave transportation along these waveguides are accomplished by discretization methods such as the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) or the Finite Element Method (FEM). For longitudinally homogeneous and transversely unbounded waveguides these simulations can be approximated by closed boundaries. However, this distorts the original physical model and unnecessarily increases the size of the computational domain size. In this article we present a boundary condition for transversely open waveguides based on the Kirchhoff integral which has been implemented within the framework of FIT. The presented solution is compared with selected conventional methods in terms of computational effort and memory consumption.

[Ebook] IBIC 2022, International Beam Instrumentation Conference : 11-15 September 2022, Krakow, Poland : IBIC2022 - proceedings / Organizers: GSI [Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung]; SOLARIS, National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University in Krakow , [Geneva, Switzerland] : JACoW Publishing, [2022], 11th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2022, Krakow, Poland, 11 Sep 2022 - 15 Sep 2022; [Geneva, Switzerland] : JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 447-450 (2022). doi:10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2022-WEP24, X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities, such as the 3.4-km European XFEL, use all-optical links with electro-optic bunch arrival-time monitors (BAM) for a long-range synchronization. The current BAM systems achieve a resolution of 3.5 fs for 250 pC bunches. Precise bunch arrival timing is essential for experiments, which study ultra-fast dynamical phenomena with highest temporal resolution. These experiments will crucially rely on femtosecond pulses from bunch charges well below 20 pC. The state-of-the-art BAMs are not allowing accurate timing for operation with such low bunch charges. Here we report on the progress in development of an advanced BAM (system) based on rod-shaped pickups mounted on a printed circuit board and ultra-wideband travelling-wave electro-optic modulators with low operating voltages. We perform modeling and experimental evaluation for the fabricated pickups and electro-optic modulators and analytically estimate timing jitter for the advanced BAM system. We discuss an experimental setup to demonstrate joint operation of new pickups and wideband EO modulators for low bunch charges less than 5 pC., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland, [Geneva, Switzerland]

The quadrupole resonator (QPR) is a dedicated sample-test cavity for the RF characterization of superconducting samples in a wide temperature, RF field and frequency range. Its main purpose are high resolution measurements of the surface resistance with direct access to the residual resistance thanks to the low frequency of the first operating quadrupole mode. Besides the well-known high resolution of the QPR, a bias of measurement data towards higher values has been observed, especially at higher harmonic quadrupole modes. Numerical studies show that this can be explained by parasitic RF losses on the adapter flange used to mount samples into the QPR. Coating several micrometer of niobium on those surfaces of the stainless steel flange that are exposed to the RF fields significantly reduced this bias, enabling a direct measurement of a residual resistance smaller than 5 nano-Ohm at 2 K and 413 MHz., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC'22, Bangkok, Thailand, 12 Jun 2022 - 17 Jun 2022; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 4 pp. (2022). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT019, The European XFEL (EuXFEL) and other notable X-ray Free-Electron Laser facilities rely on an all-optical synchronization system with electro-optical bunch arrival-time monitors (BAM). The current BAMs were benchmarked with a resolution of 3.5 fs for nominal 250 pC bunches at the EuXFEL, including jitter of the optical reference system. The arrival-time jitter could be reduced to about 10 fs with a beam-based feedback system. For future experiments at the EuXFEL the bunch charge will be decreased to a level where the existing system’s accuracy will no longer be sufficient. In simulations a concept based on rod-shaped pickups mounted on a printed circuit board indicated its potential for such low charge applications. For the feasibility of the proposed design, its contribution to the total impedance is essential. In this work the design and an intermediate version are compared to state-of-the-art BAM regarding their wake potential. Furthermore, measures to mitigate wakefields are discussed., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

Proceedings of the 10th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2021, Pohang, Rep. of Korea 10th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC 2021, Pohang, Korea, 13 Sep 2021 - 17 Sep 2021; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 5 pp. (2021). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IBIC2021-WEPP19, The all-optical synchronization system implemented in the European X-ray free-electron laser (EuXFEL) is to receive an upgrade. The modifications are intended to allow operation with consistently high accuracy in a 1 pC mode, which is required for various user experiments. The lower charges, e.g. a factor of 20, lead to a reduced signal strength at the pickups and thus to a decreased resolution. A significant potential for improvement has been identified in a modified pickup structure and transmission network, which provide the transient voltage signal to subsequent parts of the synchronization system. One solution for a broadband pickup structure with short signal paths, large active surfaces and minimum aperture diameter could be achieved by connecting rod-shaped pickups to a combination network on a printed circuit board, which will be mounted in the beamline. In this contribution the proposed design is introduced and analyzed by electromagnetic field simulations., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

9th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2020, Santos, Brazil, 14 Sep 2020 - 18 Sep 2020; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 145-149 (2020). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IBIC2020-WEPP21, The all-optical synchronization systems used in various Xray free-electron lasers (XFEL) such as the European XFEL depend on transient fields of passing electron bunches coupled into one or more pickups in the Bunch Arrival Time Monitors (BAM). The extracted signal is then amplitude modulated on reference laser pulses in a Mach-Zehnder type electro-optical modulator. With the emerging demand of the experimenters for future experiments with ultra-short FEL shots, fs precision is required for the synchronization systems even with 1 pC bunches. Since the sensitivity of the BAM depends in particular on the slope of the bipolar signal at the zero crossing and thus, also on the bunch charge, a redesign with the aim of a significant increase by optimized geometry and bandwidth is inevitable. In this contribution a possible new pickup concept is simulated and its performance is compared to the previous concept. A significant improvement of slope and voltage is found. The improvement is mainly achieved by the reduced distance to the beam and a higher bandwidth., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 368-370 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-WEP019, Numerous advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time resolutions in the order of only a few femtoseconds or better. The generation of these pulses to be used in time-resolved experiments require synchronization techniques that can simultaneously lock all necessary components to a precision in the range of 1 fs only. To improve the experimental conditions at existing facilities and enable future development of seeded FELs, a new all-optical synchronization system at FLASH and XFEL was implemented, which is based on pulsed optical signals rather than electronic RF signals. In collaboration with DESY, Hamburg the all-optical synchronization system is used to ensure a timing stability on the 10 fs scale at XFEL. For a future ultra-low charge operation mode down to 1 pC at XFEL an overall synchronization of (5+1)fs r.m.s. or better is necessary. This contribution presents a new concept for a ultra-wideband pick-up structure for beampipe diameters down to 10 mm for frequencies up to 100 GHz or higher and at the same time providing sufficient output signal for the attached EOMs., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

Numerous advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time resolutions in the order of only a few femtoseconds or better. The generation of these pulses to be used in time-resolved experiments require synchronization techniques that can simultaneously lock all necessary components to a precision in the range of a few fs only. The CW operated electron accelerator ELBE at the Helmholtzzentrum Dresden Rossendorf uses a all-optical synchronization system to ensure a timing stability on the few 10 fs scale. ELBE requires a minimum beam pipe diameter of 43mm that limits the achievable output voltage of the pickup structure to drive the attached electro-optical modulator. This contribution presents a concept for a novel high-bandwidth arrival time monitor with sufficient output signal for the attached EOMs for very low charges as a part of the all-optical synchronization system at ELBE., Proceedings of the 8th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2019, Malmö, Sweden

We investigate a transverse RF kick induced by the transition between rectangular waveguide and coaxial line of the RF coupler in the 1.6-cell L-band normal conducting (NC) RF gun at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ). A three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation shows the disturbed RF field distributions in the fundamental accelerating mode. Based on the 3D RF field map, an electron beam based characterization and quantification of the coaxial coupler RF kick in the PITZ gun is simulated. Preliminary results of the investigations are presented., Proceedings of the 38th Int. Free Electron Laser Conf., FEL2017, Santa Fe, NM, USA

In current linear particle accelerators, the actual acceleration of the charged particles is realized with the help of the electric field strength within driven radio frequency resonators. The characterization and optimization of the applied resonating structures can be reliably performed based on numerical simulation techniques. Efficient numerical methods have been introduced in the last decades to determine the electromagnetic fields while special care has been put in the correct description of the geometry and the material distribution of the structures. Although the resonators are operated in a driven setup, one of the advantageous numerical strategies here is given by an eigendecomposition of the fields which is realized by the application of accurate eigenmode calculations together with suitable postprocessing steps. In particular, the extraction of representative field maps used for particle tracking for example requires an accurate numerical modeling of the field at any position inside the structure. In order to avoid numerically motivated discontinuities of the fields a proper smoothing algorithm based on the vector equivalents of the Kirchhoff integral is proposed., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

AREAL facility development implies energy upgrade to 50 MeV in order to drive a THz free electron laser. To reach this goal, the installation of two 1.6 m long S-Band travelling wave accelerating sections, with nominal accel-erating gradient of 15 MV/m, are foreseen. In this paper the design study of accelerating sections along with the matching performance of RF couplers are presented. The simulations are performed using the CST Microwave Studio. The first results of the accelerating structure proto-type fabrication are discussed., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

The PETRA accelerator, which served originally as a pre-accelerator for the large HERA facility, is nowadays the world's best storage-ring-based X-ray radiation source. It provides the scientists experimental opportunities with X-rays radiation. The PETRA accelerator is based on a 7-cell normal conducting copper cavity operating at 500 MHz and delivers a particle beam with energy up to 6 GeV. To enable proper beam dynamics simulations, it is important to determine the eigenmodes in the accelerating cavities with high precision. In the real installation, the input coupler is required to transfer the energy from the sources to the particle beam. For this reason, a complex-valued eigenmode solver can be applied to properly calculate the eigenmodes. At the Computational Electromagnetics Laboratory (TEMF) a robust parallel eigenmode solver based on complex-valued finite element analysis is available. In this paper, the real-valued and complex-valued eigenmode solver have been applied to the PETRA 7-cell cavity to determine the resonance frequency, the quality factor and the corresponding field distribution of eigenmodes., Proceedings of the 12th Int. Computational Accelerator Physics Conf., ICAP2015, Shanghai, China

Surrogate field models for the different sections of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) are developed, identified on the basis of finite element (FE) simulation and embedded in a moment method beam dynamics simulation code. The models are validated for both theoretical and realistic RFQ designs., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

At the superconducting 130 MeV Darmstadt electron linac S-DALINAC* a source of polarized electrons** is being installed, extending the experimental capabilities with polarized electron and polarized photon probes for nuclear structure studies. This involves disassembling the existing low energy test stand and rebuilding the beam line in the accelerator hall. The beam itself is produced from a GaAs cathode by irradiation with a pulsed laser. The low-energy electron beam line includes diagnostic elements, a Wien filter for spin manipulation, a 100 keV Mott polarimeter for polarization measurement and a chopper-prebuncher section to modulate the time structure of the beam. At higher energies a 5-10 MeV Mott polarimeter and a 50-130 MeV Moeller polarimeter as well as a Compton transmission polarimeter will be installed to measure the beam polarization after acceleration. The Mott polarimeter is working with backscattered electrons under 165° scattering angle while for the Moeller polarimeter a wide-angle (3°-15°) spectrometer magnet was designed. We report on the performance of the test stand, the ongoing implementation, and the polarimeter research and development., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan