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Background: The ideal timing of a durable assist device implantation in patients with end-stage heart failure presenting with INTERMACS profile I is still controversial. The data on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) bridge to durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in these patients is limited. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 35 patients in acute cardiogenic shock (CS) who, between December 2013 and September 2020, were bridged with ECLS to durable LVAD. The mean age was 52.3 ± 12.0 years. The primary endpoints of this study were in-hospital, 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year mortality. The secondary endpoint was the development of any postoperative adverse events and other characteristics during the follow-up period. We also assessed the impact of the rescue ECLS on the recovery of the end-organ function. Results: In-hospital, 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year survival was 65.6%, 75.9%, 69.2%, and 62.7% respectively. The median time on ECLS was 7 days (IQR 5.0–13.0). We observed a high incidence of a severe right heart failure (22.9%), acute kidney injury on dialysis (68.6%), and respiratory failure (77.1%). Bridge with ECLS provided a significant recovery of liver and kidney function prior to durable LVAD implantation. Conclusion: The concept of bridging patients presenting in end-stage heart failure and cardiogenic shock with ECLS prior to durable LVAD implantation is a feasible method to ensure acceptable survival rates and significant recovery of the end-organ function.

BACKGROUND: The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) in patients with advance heart failure is still associated with an important risk of immune dysregulation and infections. The aim of this study was to determine whether extracorporeal blood purification using the CytoSorb device benefits patients after LVAD implantation in terms of complications and overall survival.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2010 and January 2020, 207 consecutive patients underwent LVAD implantation, of whom 72 underwent CytoSorb therapy and 135 did not. Overall survival, major adverse events, and laboratory parameters were compared between 112 propensity score-matched patients (CytoSorb: 72 patients; non-CytoSorb: 40 patients).RESULTS: WBC (p = .033), CRP (p = .001), and IL-6 (p < .001), significantly increased with LVAD implantation, while CytoSorb did not influence this response. In-hospital mortality and overall survival during follow-up were similar with CytoSorb. However, patients treated with CytoSorb were more likely to develop respiratory failure (54.2% vs. 30.0%, p = .024), need mechanical ventilation for longer than 6 days post-implant (50.0% vs. 27.5%, p = .035), and require tracheostomy during hospitalization (31.9% vs. 12.5%, p = .040). No other significant differences were observed with regard to major adverse events during follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results showed that CytoSorb might not convey a significant morbidity or mortality benefit for patients undergoing LVAD implantation.

Monetary respondent incentives are a means to counteract the trend toward declining response rates. This article summarizes the results of a series of experiments conducted in the past decade in the German General Social Survey. We found that prepaid monetary incentives led to a higher increase in response than promised incentives. There was no evidence that either promised or prepaid incentives had a systematic effect on sample composition. The incentives helped to reduce fieldwork efforts. Thus, the costs of incentives can—at least partially—be offset by a reduction in the number of contact attempts required to achieve a certain number of completed interviews. Our findings are highly credible due to the replicative design of the experiments.

Background: There is an ongoing debate about the influence of the female gender on postoperative outcomes after durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Despite the differences in pathophysiology of heart failure in females, therapy concepts are the same as in the male population. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the female gender in surgical heart failure therapy. Materials and methods: Between August 2010 and January 2020, 207 patients were treated with durable LVAD at out institution. We matched 111 patients in two groups to compare the outcomes in male and female patients and to stratify the risk factors of mortality. Results: The groups were matched 2:1 and were comparable after matching. We found no difference in in-hospital and follow-up mortality between male and female patients. Postoperative adverse events and complications were found to be unvaried across male and female patients. Female patients had higher rates of postoperative LVAD-thrombosis compared to their male counterparts (13.5% vs 0, p = 0.001) and the rates of renal replacement therapy lasting over 90 days were also higher in the female group (33.8% vs 56.8%, p = 0.021). Furthermore, the female gender was not an independent predictor neither of in-hospital nor follow-up mortality. Conclusions: Durable continuous flow left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplantation or recovery in female patients are associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury requiring RRT and are at a higher risk of LVAD-thrombosis. Nevertheless, survival rates between genders are similar.

Background: With the rapid development of mechanical circulatory support technologies, patients presenting with cardiogenic shock have gained access to various treatment opportunities which were not until recently available. The Impella (R) pump (Abiomed, Danvers, USA) is a minimally invasive device which provides excellent left ventricular unloading and full circulatory support. The aim of the study was to review our center's experience with Impella (R) and to analyze the major adverse events associated with the device. Methods: From January 2020 to January 2022, a total of 32 patients underwent impella (R) implantation at our center for various indications. Results: The mean age at surgery was 60.3 +/- 12.4 years and 9.4% were female. All patients presented with acute cardiogenic shock in INTERMACS Class I (53.1%) and INTERMACS Class II (46.9%). Twenty-six patients (81.25%) out of the whole cohort have been mobilized on impella (R) support. Seventeen patients (53.1%) have been weaned from the Impella (R) support and 10 patients (31.3%) have been bridged to durable LVAD. The median time on Impella (R) was 7days (IQR 5.0-11.0). 30-day mortality was 37.5%, with 56.25% survival until hospital discharge. Only one patient developed vascular complications consisting of arm hypoperfusion. There were no cases of stroke on Impella (R) support. Conclusion: The Impella (R) axial-flow pump seems an appropriate therapeutic option for patients with acute cardiogenic shock requiring partial or full hemodynamic support. It also provides sufficient left ventricular unloading to allow full mobilization and neurological assessment of the patients. Furthermore, Impella (R) offers a high rate of myocardial recovery.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is a common finding in patients with end-stage heart failure. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of preoperative moderate-to-severe MR on postoperative outcomes and survival after durable left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation.METHODS: From August 2010 to May 2021, 246 patients underwent a durable LVAD implantation. We stratified the patients into two groups: Group A (n = 109) presented with MR 0-I°, and Group B presented with MR II-III° (n = 137). MR II-III° was defined according to the current recommendations (i.e., vena contracta ≥ 7 mm, regurgitation volume ≥ 30 ml or effective regurgitation orifice area ≥ 20 mm2 ).RESULTS: Significantly more patients in Group B suffered from pulmonary hypertension and presented with chronic obstructive lung disease. We observed significantly higher rates of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) II-III° in Group B (76.1%) versus Group A (14.8%) (p < 0.001) and TR III° in Group B (30.4%) versus Group A (3.7%) (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of right heart failure between the groups. Within our cohort, the in-hospital, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year mortality was 22.4%, 32.1%, 50.7%, and 64.4%, respectively. Group B showed significantly worse overall survival (p = 0.05). Patients with preoperative TR II-III° had a significantly worse survival than those with TR 0-I° (p = 0.048). In patients presenting with MR II-III°, we discovered that TR III° seems to predict both in-hospital and mid-term mortality.CONCLUSION: MR II-III° negatively affects the outcomes in patients requiring LVAD implantation. Persisting MR II-III° is an independent predictor of mortality. Patients with concomitant preoperative TR II-III° are at increased risk of developing postoperative major adverse events. Addressing the MR might be considered for these patients.

Several studies have shown that high response rates are not associated with low bias in survey data. This paper shows that, for face-to-face surveys, the relationship between response rates and bias is moderated by the type of sampling method used. Using data from Rounds 1 through 7 of the European Social Survey, we develop two measures of selection bias, then build models to explore how sampling method, response rate, and their interaction affect selection bias. When interviewers are involved in selecting the sample of households or respondents for the survey, high reported response rates can in fact be a sign of poor data quality. We speculate that the positive association detected between response rates and selection bias is because of interviewers’ incentives to select households and respondents who are likely to complete the survey.

Purpose Ex vivo lung perfusion is an innovative technique to evaluate marginal lung organs especially after DCD. Normothermic continuous perfusion should reduce ischemic damage and improve the outcome of lung transplantation. However, the optimal protocol for EVLP has not been defined so far. The aim of our study was to compare cytokine/chemokine concentrations in perfusion solutions using different kinetics and solution compounds of EVLP in a porcine cardiac arrest model and to correlate the inflammatory parameters to oxygenation capacity values (∆pO2). Methods Following cardiac arrest and 1h of warm ischemia, lungs were harvested and flushed. Groups were processed as immediate (I-EVLP) 1h cold static preservation (CSP) and delayed (D-EVLP; 9h CSP). D-EVLP lungs were perfused with different solutions: Steen vs. modified Custodiol-N containing dextran (CD) or dextran/albumin (CDA). Cytokine/chemokine levels were analyzed at baseline (0h), after 1h, 4h using multiplex protein arrays. Results Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, IFN-γ, IL-1α and IL-1β increased significantly (p Conclusion In a non-heart beating porcine cardiac arrest model with relevant IRI, lungs were perfused with normothermic EVLP. Longer CSP prior to EVLP did not result in enhanced cytokine secretion, but the first hours of reperfusion seem crucial for tissue damage. CD-solution dampens the cytokine/chemokine secretion probably by iron chelators and, possibly, protecting effects of dextran. Addition of albumin had no further effect on inflammation. Cytokine/chemokine concentrations correlated negatively with the oxygenation capacity, an important parameter for organ acceptance. These finding may help to optimize the ex vivo preservation procedure and possibly, more organs could reach the clinically relevant threshold for transplantation, thus, the pool of marginal donor lungs could be enlarged.

The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) for advanced heart failure is becoming increasingly common. However, optimal timing and patient selection remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate outcomes of LVAD implantation for advanced heart failure in critically ill patients (INTERMACS 1 and 2). Between August 2010 and January 2020, 207 consecutive patients underwent LVAD implantation. Overall survival, major adverse events, and laboratory parameters were compared between patients in INTERMACS 1-2 (n = 107) and INTERMACS 3-5 (n = 100). Preoperative white blood cells, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, bilirubin, alanine transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase were all significantly higher in INTERMACS 1-2 when compared to INTERMACS 3-5 (P < .05). During hospitalization following LVAD implantation, patients in INTERMACS 1-2 were more likely to develop major infections (41.1% vs. 23.0%, P = .005), respiratory failure (57.9% vs. 25.0%, P < .001), mild (20.6% vs. 8.0%, P = .010), and moderate (31.8% vs. 7.0%, P < .001) right heart failure, and acute renal dysfunction (56.1% vs. 6.0%, P < .001). During a median follow-up of 2.00 years (interquartile range (IQR) 0.24-3.39 years), they had a higher incidence of thoracic (15.9% vs. 4.0%, P = .005) and gastrointestinal bleeding (21.5% vs. 11.0%, P = .042), as well as right heart failure (18.7% vs. 1%, P < .001). Risk of death was significantly higher in the INTERMACS 1-2 group (hazards ratio (HR) 1.64, 95% CI 1.12-2.40, P = .011). LVAD implantation in critically ill patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Our results suggest that decision for LVAD should be not be delayed until INTERMACS 1 and 2 levels whenever possible.

Background and Objectives: The understanding of high body mass index (BMI) and outcomes after Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) implantation continues to evolve and the relationship has not been established yet. In this study, we investigated the effects of obesity (BMI &gt, 30 kg/m2) on post&ndash, LVAD implantation outcomes. HeartWare LVAD and Heart Mate III LVAD were implanted. The primary outcome that was measured was mortality (in-hospital and on follow-up). The secondary outcomes that were measured were major adverse events. Materials and Methods: At our institution, the West German Heart and Vascular Center (Essen, Germany), from August 2010 to January 2020, a total of 210 patients received a long-term LVAD. Patients were stratified according to BMI &ge, 30 kg/m2 representing the obesity threshold. The first group (n = 162) had an average BMI of 24.2 kg/m2 (&plusmn, 2.9), and the second group (n = 48) had an average BMI of 33.9 kg/m2 (&plusmn, 3.2). Baseline demographics were analysed alongside comorbidities per group. Results: Overall mortality was not significantly different between the obese group (51.1% n = 24) and the nonobese group (55.2%, n = 85) (p = 0.619). The difference between the mean duration of survival of patients who expired after hospital discharge was insignificant (2.1 years &plusmn, 1.6, group 1, 2.6 years &plusmn, 1.5, group 2, p = 0.29). In-hospital mortality was unvaried between the two groups: group 1: n = 34 (44% out of overall group 1 deaths), group 2: n = 11 (45.8% out of overall group 2 deaths) (p &gt, 0.05). Postoperative complications were unvaried between the obese and the non-obese group (all with p &gt, 0.05). However, a significant difference was found with regards to follow-up neurological complications (18.5% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.01) and LVAD thrombosis (14.7% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.01), as both were higher in the obese population. Conclusion: Obesity does not form a barrier for LVAD implantation in terms of mortality (in-hospital and on follow up). However, a significantly higher incidence of follow-up LVAD thrombosis and neurological complications has been found in the obese group of patients.

Background: The low acceptance rates in lung transplantation underline the importance to use every potential transplantable organ. With the use of normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) there is a potential to use more donor lungs for transplantation. Aim of this study was to evaluate if EVLP has an effect on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after lung transplantation. Methods: Between May 2016 and October 2018, 57 lung transplants were performed. Out of these 21 extended criteria lungs were evaluated by EVLP and 16 transplanted. In a retrospective study, results of EVLP treated lungs were compared with lungs after cold storage preservation (CSP). Donor/recipient CMV IgG status and seroconversion rate was examined. Results: Donors were CMV IgG+ in EVLP 69% and CSP 61% (n.s.). Best pO2 on procurement at FiO2 1.0 was in EVLP 278±76 versus CSP 413±96 mmHg (P≤0.05). Recipients were CMV IgG+ in EVLP 38% and CSP 63% (P

Background Resternotomy in cardiac surgery is considered a risk factor for postoperative complications. Previous studies have demonstrated an ambiguous relationship between resternotomy and clinical outcomes. Registry data from a mixed population of durable circulatory support devices suggest that history of cardiac surgery is a risk factor for mortality. Our study investigates the prognostic significance of resternotomy in a homogenous cohort of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients. Methods The study included adult patients receiving a continuous-flow LVAD at our institution during the period 2010–2016. Postoperative adverse events and length of stay were analyzed. Survival was assessed at 6 months and by the end of the study. Multivariate risk factor analysis was conducted for independent predictors of death. Results One hundred twelve patients, who received an intrapericardial LVAD (HVAD, HeartWare), were included in our analysis. Twenty-four patients (21.4%) had a history of previous sternotomy. These patients were older and non-eligible for bridging, and had more frequently coronary heart disease. Univariate analysis demonstrated no differences in the observed complications postoperatively. Survival was similar among groups. Destination therapy was the only predictor of mortality in our analysis (p = 0.02). Conclusions Resternotomy was not associated with worse outcomes after LVAD implantation in our cohort.

In Deutschland werden nur 40–50 % der Lungen von Multiorganspendern transplantiert. Daher ist es von besonderer Bedeutung, moglichst jedes potenziell transplantable Spenderorgan zu verwenden. Mit dem Verfahren der normothermen Ex-vivo-Lungenperfusion (EVLP) besteht die Moglichkeit, Spenderlungen genauer zu evaluieren, die zuvor als nichttransplantabel eingestuft wurden. Das Verfahren der normothermen, azellularen EVLP wird detailliert beschrieben. Dabei wird ausfuhrlich auf die praktische Handhabung eingegangen. Seit Januar 2016 wurden im Westdeutschen Lungenzentrum 56 Lungentransplantationen durchgefuhrt. Elf initial nicht den Standardkriterien entsprechende Spenderlungen wurden mithilfe der EVLP evaluiert und 9 davon transplantiert. Entsprechend dem Toronto-Protokoll wurden die Lungen fur 4 h konditioniert; vor der Lungentransplantation (LuTx) sollte die Differenz des Sauerstoffpartialdruckes (Δ pO2/FIO2-Wert) zwischen arterieller und venoser Perfusionslosung >350 mmHg betragen. In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurden Spender- und Empfangerdaten, Organperfusionsdaten und der postoperative Verlauf untersucht. Das mittlere Spenderalter (Jahre) war fur LuTx 54 ± 14 und 51 ± 8 fur non-LuTx (nichtsignifikant, n. s.). Vor Entnahme betrug der Sauerstoffpartialdruck (pO2) bei einer inspiratorischen Sauerstofffraktion (FIO2) von 1,0: LuTx 324 ± 72 mmHg vs. non-LuTx 382 ± 88 mmHg (n. s.). Die Beatmung der Spender dauerte: LuTx 104 ± 44 h, non-LuTx 245 ± 180 h (n. s.). Der ∆ pO2/FIO2-Wert nach 4 h wurde fur LuTx mit 389 ± 49 mmHg und fur non-LuTx mit 254 ± 0 mmHg bestimmt (n. s.). Die „Out-of-body“-Zeit nach Implantation der zweiten Lunge betrug 724 ± 133 min. Die postoperative Beatmungsdauer umfasste 232 ± 305 h und der Intensivstationsaufenthalt 274 ± 293 h. Die Dreisigtagesterblichkeit wurde mit 9 % berechnet. Die normotherme EVLP kann als sicheres Verfahren zur Evaluation initial nichttransplantabler Spenderlungen verwendet werden. Diese Erfahrungen eines Einzelzentrums zeigen, dass eine Verwendung von 81 % der zunachst als nichttransplantabel eingestuften Spenderlungen moglich ist. Die perioperativen Ergebnisse sind mit denen der Standardtransplantation vergleichbar.

Purpose After successful lung transplantation, patients can potentially reach same strength and endurance as healthy individuals. Although high-altitude trekking has been reported after LuTX, data on the patient's physiological adaptation during prolonged exercise in a reduced oxygen environment remains scarce. Methods In September 2019, 14 lung transplanted patients and their accompanying doctors, climbed Mount Jebel Toubkal (4167 m; 13 671 ft), the highest peak in North Africa, High Atlas, Morocco. Participants had regular cardiopulmonary exams (lung function, polysomnography, echocardiography) as well as blood sampling (capillary blood gasses, lactate, creatinine) throughout the expedition up to 3145 m (10 318 ft). Results Patients (♀: n=3 | ♂: n=11) had a median age of 42.1 years (24.8-65.2). Their underlying diagnoses were CF (n=10), Emphysema (n=2), IPF (n=1) and PH (n=1). Median time from LuTX to this expedition was 4.1 Years (1.7-17.6). Controls (♂: n=4) were 31.3 (29.3-46.7) years old. Over 7 days, participants hiked a distance of 81km (50.3 mi) with a cumulative elevation gain of 5496 m (18,031 ft.) vertical distance. Eleven Patients (78.6%) reached the summit whereas three patients had to abort because of altitude sickness (n=1 on day 1 at 2431m) or physical exhaustion (n=2 on day 3 at 3124m and day 6 at 3800m). Blood gas analysis and vital signs did not differ significantly between the patients and four healthy controls (pO2: 59.1 ±8.9 vs. 61.8 ±14.4 mmHg | pCO2: 29.8 ±1.5 vs. 29.8 ±0.5 mmHg | lactate 0.82 vs 0.83 mmol/l). Creatinine was significantly higher in transplanted patients (1.87 vs. 0.97 mg/dl; p=0.025). Conclusion Although technically challenging, medical monitoring of lung transplanted patients is feasible during high altitude hiking. In carefully selected athletic LuTX patients, gas exchange and metabolism didn't differ compared to healthy adults.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) became a routine instrument in the treatment of severe heart failure with constantly increasing number of patients treated with LVAD (1). Continuous technical development and large empirical knowledge in this field has led to a very high reliability and excellent long-term results (MOMENTUM III). Recently published results for the first time reported even better 2-year survival in LVAD compared to heart transplantation (HTx) (2). However, there is an inevitable risk of device failure alongside which may result in the need for device exchange. Mainly three causes are associated with the need for exchange, specifically (in the order of frequency) (I) device thrombosis, (II) infection and (III) device malfunction.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent in patients scheduled for implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and associated with increased mortality. Although several risk models for the prediction of postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT) have been developed for cardiothoracic patients, none of these scoring systems have been validated in LVAD patients. A retrospective, single center analysis of all patients undergoing LVAD implantation between September 2013 and July 2016 was performed. Primary outcome was AKI requiring RRT within 14 days after surgery. The predictive capacity of the Cleveland Clinic Score (CCS), the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score (STS), and the Simplified Renal Index Score (SRI) were evaluated. 76 patients underwent LVAD implantation, 19 patients were excluded due to preoperative RRT. RRT was associated with a prolonged ventilation time, length of stay on the ICU and 180 day mortality (14(60.9%) vs 6(17.6%), P < .01). Whereas the Thakar Score (7.43 ± 1.75 vs 6.44 ± 1.44, P = .02) and the Mehta Score (28.12 ± 15.08 vs 21.53 ± 5.43, P = .02) were significantly higher in patients with RRT than in those without RRT, the SRI did not differ between these groups (3.96 ± 1.15 vs 3.44 ± 1.05, P = .08). Using ROC analyses, CCS, STS, and SRI showed moderate predictive capacity for RRT with an AUC of 0.661 ± 0.073 (P = .040), 0.637 ± 0.079 (P = .792), and 0.618 ± 0.075 (P = .764), respectively, with comparable accuracy in the Delong test. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, only the De Ritis Ratio (OR 2.67, P = .034) and MELD (OR 1.11, P = .028) were identified as predictors of postoperative RRT. Risk scores which are predictive in general cardiac surgery cannot predict RRT in patients after LVAD implantation. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to develop a specific risk score for this patient population.

Background: The prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart failure is well recognized. Previous studies demonstrated that BNP levels decrease after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We sought to investigate the predictive value of baseline and changes in BNP levels in LVAD recipients. Methods: BNP was measured in baseline and follow-up plasma samples from consecutive patients receiving a continuous-flow LVAD from 2010 through 2016. Absolute values and changes from baseline were related to clinical outcomes. Results: Median BNP at baseline was 885 [interquartile range (IQR): 450-1,624] pg/mL, decreasing to 289 (IQR: 154-534) pg/mL at 90 days after LVAD implantation. Cox regression analysis revealed that higher baseline and follow-up BNP levels were not associated with increased risk of death at 180 days (P=0.12 and P=0.32, respectively). In the univariate analysis 90-day BNP, but not baseline BNP, was significantly associated with the combined death/hospitalization outcome 180 days after LVAD implantation [hazard ratio (HR) 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06; P=0.006]. This significance was not preserved after adjusting for multiple covariates (HR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.98-1.04; P=0.62). At 90 days, there was no BNP lowering in 20.6% of subjects. This was not associated with higher risk for death or the composite of death/hospitalization (P=0.11 and P=0.06 respectively). Conclusions: BNP absolute levels and changes from baseline are not independently associated with clinical outcomes after LVAD-implantation. These findings suggest an impaired prognostic performance of BNP after LVAD implantation. CA Papathanasiou

Objectives: Increasing incidence of end-stage heart failure has moved the therapy with left ventricular assist devices to the forefront of surgical treatment. Moreover, continuous sophistication in this technology has resulted in increasing proportion of patients on prolonged support. Early and late complications after left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation and present factors associated with long-term support and long-term outcomes of patients supported for at least 1 year were compared. Methods: A total of 163 consecutive patients who underwent left ventricular assist device implantation as bridge to transplantation were included. A total of 79 patients were supported for at least 1 year (long-term support), whereas 84 patients were supported for less than 1 year (short-term group). Results: Factors associated with a successful long-term support were male gender (p Conclusion: Prolonged left ventricular assist device support as bridge to transplantation is associated with lower mortality and lower incidence of device failure requiring device exchange. However, long-term support reduces the chance of device explantation for myocardial recovery and increases the incidence of higher-grade aortic regurgitation in the follow-up.

Purpose Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) offers a unique potential in evaluation, optimization and transplantation of lungs that would otherwise potentially be rejected. Between 2016 and 2020 208 lung transplants (LuTx) were performed and 22 donor lungs were evaluated by EVLP of which 16 were transplanted. Aim of the study was to compare mid-term results in LuTx recipients with or without the use of EVLP. Methods In a retrospective single-center analysis data from a prospectively collected database were analysed. The EVLP group (n=16) consisted of donor lungs classified as marginal and were evaluated by EVLP and afterwards transplanted. The non EVLP group (n=16) consisted of conventional LuTx recipients matched for age and pulmonary disease. Both groups were compared for the endpoints survival, primary graft dysfunction, rejection episodes and chronic allograft dysfunction. Results Recipient age was 55 ± 6 years in EVLP group and 57 ± 5 years non EVLP group (n.s.). Female gender was present in 36% EVLP patients and 50% non EVLP (n.s.). The rate PGD grade 1 at 72 h post-LTx was 14% in both groups (each2/16). In non EVLP group 1recipient was PGD 2 (7%). PGD3 was present only in the EVLP group 14% (2/16) vs. 0% in control. At last visit, post-LuTx, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) as percentage of predicted best was similar in the EVLP and non-EVLP group (77% vs. 78%). Chronic lung allograft dysfunction was diagnosed in one non EVLP patient and one EVLP patient during follow up post-LuTx. In the EVLP group 2 patients had rejection episodes subjected to treatment and 6 patients in the non EVLP group (n.s.). Survival at 1 year was 81% for the EVLP group and 94% in non EVLP group (n.s.). Conclusion Recipients transplanted with extended criteria donor lungs, thoroughly evaluated by EVLP show similar mid term outcomes as conventionally transplanted lungs from standard donors. EVLP shall increase the number of acceptable donor lungs. Future clinical trials will bring further evidence; clear guidelines regarding application of machine perfusion have to be developed.

Purpose Heart Transplantation (HTX) is an established therapy for endstage Heart Failure with excellent long term results. However, shortage of donor organs leads to increased use of extended criteria organs and rising numbers of high risk recipients on the high-urgency list and on mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Donor organ machine perfusion (MP) allows continuous warm perfusion of the beating heart, thus reducing time of ischemia as well as allowing for standardized evaluation. AIM: analyze outcome of HTX using donor heart MP. Methods In a retrospective single-center study, data from a prospectively collected database were analyzed. From July 2018 to September 2020, eleven hearts were retrieved and perfused using the Organ Care System (OCS), 9 hearts were transplanted. Criteria to use the OCS were 1) estimated ischemic time > 4 hours for any reason, 2) inotropes > 0.25 µg/kg/min, 3) LV-EF Results All patients survived the procedure and the 30-day interval [time since HTX 8-799 d]. No MP related complications were noted. One patient died after 233 days due to sepsis. 4 patients were on temporary ECLS support in the early postoperative period (6-12d) due to initial right ventricular dysfunction. Graft ejection fraction beyond 14 days was ≥ 50% in all cases. Endomyocardial biopsies showed no rejection or mild rejection 1R in two cases (21d and 3 months surveillance biopsy). Two donor hearts were rejected after OCS perfusion 1) because of previously unknown coronary artery disease (angiography on OCS) and 2) due to underestimated aortic valve insufficiency and severe septum hypertrophy. Conclusion Ex vivo normothermic MP during organ procurement is a safe and promising technique to expand the donor pool. Reduction of cold ischemic time while providing additional donor heart assessment and reconditioning options may increase the number of acceptable donor hearts and improve results. Future clinical trials will bring further evidence, clear guidelines regarding application of MP have to be developed.

Lung transplantation remains the definite treatment for various end-stage lung diseases. Cold flush perfusion, the standard method for organ procurement has severe limitations. Organ Care System (OCS; TransMedics, Inc., Andover, USA) is an approved method to preserve hearts for transplantation that allows for greatly reduced cold ischemic time. Consequently, the use of an adapted OCS lung as a portable full ex-vivo lung perfusion system in lung transplantation is currently under close evaluation. Areas covered: The aim of this article is to review the advantages and the role of the OCS in the field of lung transplantation by reviewing the latest literature and evaluating this novel procurement technique in the context of conventional methods like cold flush and regular ex-vivo lung perfusion. Expert commentary: The use of OCS in the field of lung transplantation has great potential for improved patients outcomes and is justified in cases with (i) marginal donor lungs, (ii) foreseeable long time of transportation (iii) high-risk recipient or donor /recipient profiles, particularly in the setting of an overall increasing need for suitable donor organs. Results from two major multi-centre prospective studies are pending to objectively assess the possible advantages of this portable ex-vivo lung perfusion system.

Limited data are available about lung transplantation (LTx) from donors suffering cardiac arrest (CA) prior to actual donation.A retrospective analysis of LTx performed between January 2007 and September 2012 was done with the focus on CA in donors. The recipients were grouped depending on the history of donor CA and CA duration (downtime) as: No cardiac arrest ("NoCA"), CA downtime less than 20 min ("CA20"), and CA downtime equal to or more than 20 min ("CA20"). Early and mid-term outcomes after LTx were compared among the three groups.A total of 237 LTx were performed during the study period. One hundred eighty-eight patients received organs from "NoCA" donors, 25 from "CA20" donors, and 24 patients from "CA20" donors. There was a trend toward better overall cumulative survival in both CA groups (log rank p = 0.076) whereas the survival in the "CA20" group was significantly better than in the "NoCA" group in the subgroup analysis (log rank p = 0.045). Freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) also increased with increase in CA duration, although it did not reach statistical significance.Transplantation of lungs from donors with a history of CA is safe and feasible. Longer duration of cardiac arrest may improve the outcomes after the LTx in terms of survival and freedom from BOS.

Respondent incentives are a popular instrument to achieve higher response rates in surveys. However, the use of incentives is still a controversial topic in the methodological literature with regard to the possible reduction or increase in response quality. We conducted an experiment in a large-scale German face-to-face study in which the treatment group was promised a modest monetary incentive. We used different indicators of response quality and compared the incentivized group with the control group. Our results indicate that in general there are no systematic differences between the incentivized and the control group concerning response quality. We found some hints that specific subgroups react differently to incentives in terms of response behavior. While response quality usually tends to be lower for older respondents, we found that in the incentivized group the response quality is higher for older respondents as compared to younger ones regarding the level of item nonresponse.

Purpose Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) is a promising tool for evaluation and reconditioning in marginal donor lungs. However, the optimal protocol is discussed controversially. It is our hypothesis that different EVLP protocols and different perfusion solutions result in different cytokine patterns during EVLP. Methods Following cardiac arrest and 30 min of no-touch warm ischemia, pig lungs were harvested, flushed and stored in cold preservation solutions. Different groups were processed as immediate long EVLP (I-EVLP, 12 h), delayed short EVLP (4 h) after 9 hours of cold storage (D-EVLP). Lungs were perfused with different acellular solutions: Steen solution or modified HTK solution containing either dextran(CD) or dextran and albumin (CDA). Pulmonary gas exchange, biochemical and structural parameters were recorded hourly. Cytokine / chemokine levels were analyzed in perfusates at baseline and after 1 and 4 h of EVLP. Results ∆ pO2 (pulmonary venous - pulmonary arterialpO2) was higher in D-EVLP group, especially at h 1: I-EVLP: 259 ± 132, D-EVLP: 291 ± 96 and h 2: I-EVLP: 228 ± 125, D-EVLP: 252 ± 116 (n.s.). Compared to D-EVLP, lungs that underwent EVLP with CD and CDA showed significantly higher oxygen capacity (∆ pO2 CD: 402.79 +30.33 mmHg, CDA: 414.86 + 9.77 mmHg). Within 4 h ELVP, concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-a, IL-1α/β, IL-10, CXCL8 (IL-8) and IL-18 increased significantly (all p Conclusion In a non-heart beating porcine lung donor model with relevant ischemic tissue damage, lungs were perfused with normothermic EVLP. Even after 9 hours cold static preservation (CSP) and 4 hours EVLP lung, function is comparable to direct EVLP. The modified HTK solution with dextran and dextran/ albumin had significantly better oxygenation. Cytokines and chemokines including the cell death marker IL-18 increase during 4 h of EVLP but a delay before EVLP may not dramatically worsen the inflammatory response.

Objective: To enlarge the donor pool for lung transplantation, an increasing number of extended criteria donor lungs are used. However, in more than 50% of multi-organ donors the lungs are not used. Ex vivo lung perfusion offers a unique possibility to evaluate and eventually recondition the injured donor lungs. The aim of our study was to assess the enlargement of the donor pool and the outcome with extended criteria donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion. Patients and Methods: Data were prospectively collected in our lung transplant database. We compared the results of lung transplants after ex vivo lung perfusion with those after conventional cold static preservation. In total, 11 extended criteria donor lungs processed with ex vivo lung perfusion and 41 cold static preservation lungs transplanted consecutively between May 2016 and May 2017 were evaluated. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion was performed according to the Toronto protocol for 4 h. Cold static preservation lungs were stored in low-potassium dextran solution. Results: Ex vivo lung perfusion lungs before procurement had significantly lower PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratios and more X-ray abnormalities. There were no statistically significant differences for pre-donation ventilation time, smoking history, or sex. After reconditioning with ex vivo lung perfusion, 9 out of 11 processed lungs were considered suitable and successfully transplanted. The mean postoperative ventilation time and in-hospital stay were not significantly different in ex vivo lung perfusion and cold static preservation recipients. Conclusion: Ex vivo lung perfusion can safely be used in the evaluation of lungs initially considered not suitable for transplantation. The primary outcome was not negatively affected and normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion is a useful tool to increase the usage of potentially transplantable lungs.

Objectives Lung transplantation (LTx) remains the definitive treatment for end-stage lung failure, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents one of the main diagnoses leading to the indication for a transplant. We sought to assess long-term outcomes after LTx in patients diagnosed with COPD and analyze factors influencing outcome in this frequent patient cohort. Methods Between January 2007 and November 2013, a total of 88 LTx were performed in patients with COPD in our institution. Patients with emphysema associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency were excluded from this observation. The study design was a retrospective review of the prospectively collected data. A large number of pre-, intra-, and postoperative variables were analyzed including long-term survival and freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Furthermore, impact of different variables on survival was analyzed. Results Preoperative donor data indicated a large proportion of marginal donors. While the overall cumulative survival after six yr was 57.4%, the results in terms of BOS-free survival in long-term follow-up were 39.7% after six yr. Patients with COPD were also associated with a low incidence (2.3%) of the need for postoperative extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Conclusions Long-term results after LTx in patients with COPD are acceptable with excellent survival, freedom from BOS, and low use of ECLS postoperatively despite permanently increasing proportion of marginal organs used.

Objectives Post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) results in substantial morbidity and mortality, whereas refractory cases require mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The aim of the study was to compare extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and ventricular assist devices (VADs) utilized in the management of PCCS. Methods In total, 56 consecutive patients who developed PCCS from 2005 to 2014 required MCS as a bridge to decision-24 were supported with a VAD and 32 with an ECMO. Groups were compared with respect to pre- and intraoperative characteristics and early and long-term outcomes to evaluate the impact of the type of MCS on complications and survival. Data are mean ± standard deviation and median with quartiles. Results EuroSCORE II was significantly higher in the VAD group than in the ECMO group (28 ± 20 vs 13 ± 16, P = 0.020) corresponding to significantly higher New York Heart Association (P = 0.031) class and Canadian Cardiovascular Society class (P = 0.040) in the cohort. The median duration of support was 10 (4-23) and 7 (4-10) days in the VAD and ECMO groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in ITU (P = 0.262), hospital stay (P = 0.193) and incidences of most postoperative complications. A significantly higher proportion of patients was successfully weaned/upgraded in the VAD group [13 (54%) vs 4 (13%), P = 0.048] with a trend towards higher discharge rate [9 (38%) vs 5 (16%), P = 0.061]. Overall cumulative survival in early follow-up [Breslow (Generalized Wilcoxon) P = 0.017] and long-term follow-up [Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) p = 0.015] was significantly better in the VAD group. Conclusions VAD and ECMO represent essential tools to support patients with PCCS. Our preliminary results might indicate some benefits of using VAD in this group of patients; however, this evidence should be further assessed in larger multicentre trials.

OBJECTIVES The presence of bacterial colonization that causes chronic pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients remains a key issue before lung transplantation. We sought to assess the impact of intraoperative taurolidine lavage on bacterial colonization and long-term outcomes following lung transplantation in CF patients. METHODS Between 2007 and 2013, 114 CF patients underwent lung transplantation at our institute, and taurolidine 2% bronchial lavage was applied in a substantial proportion of patients (n = 42). A detailed analysis of donor and recipient bacterial colonization status in treatment and control groups and their impact on outcome was performed. RESULTS The proportion of recipients colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was lower in the taurolidine group at 3 months (P

Objectives Preoperative liver dysfunction is a well-known risk factor for adverse events after major surgery. However, there is only little data regarding the precise role of the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and the De Ritis ratio (DRR, alanine transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase) as a predictor for outcome after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing LVAD implantation at our institution between January 2012 and August 2014 was performed. The primary outcome was survival at 180 days after surgery. Results During the observation period, 63 patients underwent LVAD implantation (mean age 59.9 ± 8.3 years, 50% male). Mean preoperative ejection fraction was 16.3 ± 7.7, 13 patients required preoperative renal replacement therapy and 9 patients were on extracorporeal life support. Mean Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support level was 2.8 ± 1.3, mean preoperative MELD was 12.7 ± 7.2, mean preoperative DRR was 2.01 ± 4.4. Aspartate aminotransferase (102 ± 220.8 vs 57.8 ± 123.4 U/l, P = 0.041), MELD score (16.1 ± 8.8 vs 11.4 ± 6.1, P = 0.017) and DRR (4.2 ± 7.8 vs 1.1 ± 1.1, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors after 180 days. Using logistic regression analyses, a DRR >1.37 was an independent predictor for 30-day mortality [odds ratio (OR) 4.5] and 180-day mortality (OR 4.1). In addition, the DRR was associated with postoperative acute kidney injury with need for renal replacement therapy (OR 4.2) and prolonged postoperative ventilation time >72 h (OR 3.8). Using receiver operator characteristics analyses, DRR showed a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.81 (area under the curve 0.834, cut-off 1.37) for 180-day mortality. Conclusions The DRR is predictive of early and mid-term mortality as well as relevant morbidities in patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Therefore, the DRR should be considered within the preoperative risk stratification and patient selection for LVAD implantation.