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Gründung und Erwerb ausländischer Rüstungsunternehmen für Klein- und Leichtwaffen (small arms and light weapons; SALW) sollte für deutsche Staatsbürger:innen gesetzlich untersagt werden. Gleiches gilt für die Ausfuhr von Komponenten und Herstellungstechnologie für SALW an Drittstaaten. Ausfuhrgenehmigungen für Klein- und Leichtwaffen an Drittländer oder nichtstaatliche Akteur:innen sollten gesetzlich verboten, Abweichungen offiziell begründet werden. Ausfuhrgenehmigungen für Klein- und Leichtwaffen sollten ohne Ausnahme nur dann erteilt werden, wenn der Empfänger Vor-Ort-Kontrollen akzeptiert. Verstöße gegen die Endverbleibserklärung sollten zu einem Verbot aller Rüstungsexporte an unzuverlässige Empfänger führen. Rückverfolgungsanträge können deutschen Behörden dazu dienen, die Ursachen zu untersuchen, wie in der Bundesrepublik hergestellte SALW in illegale Kanäle geraten konnten. Bei künftigen Ausfuhrentscheidungen sollten sie deshalb bei der Risikobewertung mit beachtet werden. Vor-Ort-Kontrollen sollten auch genutzt werden, um zu überprüfen, ob die Empfangsseite die Verpflichtung, alte Waffenbestände nach Neulieferungen zu vernichten, auch wirklich einhält. Die Aufteilung der Zuständigkeiten zwischen den staatlichen Institutionen erschwert einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz im Bereich Kleinwaffenkontrolle. Ein SALW-Ressortkreis könnte hier Abhilfe schaffen.

Introduction: Local anesthetic used for dental extraction is 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (1:200000). Lidocaine is cardiac depressant and adrenaline is cardiac stimulant; it decreases or increases blood pressure respectively. Methods: A total of 100 patients (50 controlled hypertensive and 50 non-hypertensive) were selected. The study was conducted over a period of 14 months from January 2020 to February 2021. Blood pressure was measured for patients who were planned for dental extraction by auscultatory method. Following that, 1.5-3 ml (depending upon the nerve block) 2% lidocaine with adrenaline (1:200000) was injected using a 3ml syringe (26 Gauge). Blood pressure was re-recorded after 10 minutes from the time of injection. Visual analog scale pain score was obtained during administration of local anesthesia. Paired t-test was applied to compare blood pressure change before and after administration of local anesthesia in controlled hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in non-hypertensive patients (p = 0.008, p = 0.017). This, however, was not the case with controlled hypertensive patients. There was statistically significant increase in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001). Pain on injection (50% in non-hypertensive and 48% in controlled hypertensive patients) was the only adverse drug reaction that was reported in both groups. Conclusion: 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (1:200000) increased systolic but not diastolic blood pressure in controlled hypertensive patients

This Knowledge Note provides an insight into current realities, behaviour and practices in arms and ammunition storage sites in north-western DR Congo. Tailored recommendations for strengthening ammunition and weapons safety by improving physical security measures and renovating infrastructural facilities are a central focus of this report and the corresponding technical studies. In light of these technical findings, and on the basis of on-site observations as well as interviews with community members and armed forces personnel, this Knowledge Note emphasises the importance of factoring in the socio-economic and humanitarian context of the weapons and ammunition storage sites. Through a range of case studies, an analysis of relevant legislative frameworks and how communication is channeled through relevant physical security and stockpile management (PSSM) authorities as well as an examination of the difficulty of translating existing PSSM knowledge into action, the study highlights some of the behavioural practices - and challenges - that underlie the development of an effective PSSM culture. The objective of this Knowledge Note is to help order and prioritize some of these factors, identifying how the national government of the DRC can enhance its efforts to establish a more responsible culture of PSSM-related practices. By highlighting areas of work where targeted interventions would be most useful, the recommendations of this baseline study aim to help guide ongoing regional and national efforts to implement more responsible PSSMrelated practices in a limited resource environment.

Cette Knowledge Note fournit un aperçu des réalités, comportements et pratiques actuels dans les dépôts d’armes et de munitions du nord-ouest de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Le rapport et les études techniques correspondantes sont centrés sur des recommandations sur mesure visant à renforcer la sûreté des armes et des munitions en améliorant les mesures de sécurité physique et en rénovant les infrastructures. A la lumière de ces conclusions techniques et sur la base d’observations de terrain ainsi que d’entretiens avec les membres des communautés et le personnel des forces armées, cette Knowledge Note met l’accent sur l’importance de la prise en compte du contexte socioéconomique et humanitaire des sites de stockage d’armes et de munitions. A travers une série d’études de cas, une analyse des cadres législatifs pertinents et de la façon dont la communication entre les autorités chargées de la sécurité physique et de gestion des stocks (PSSM) fonctionne ainsi qu’un examen de la difficulté à traduire en action les connaissances en PSSM existantes, l’étude souligne certaines des pratiques comportementales - et défis - qui sont à la base du développement d’une culture efficace de la PSSM. L’objectif de cette Knowledge Note est d’aider à ordonner et établir des priorités parmi certains de ces facteurs en identifiant comment le gouvernement national de la RDC peut améliorer ses efforts afin d’établir une culture plus responsable des pratiques liées à la PSSM. En mettant l’accent sur les domaines de travail où des interventions ciblées seraient les plus utiles, les recommandations de cette étude de base visent à aider à orienter les efforts nationaux et régionaux en cours pour la mise en œuvre de pratiques en matière de PSSM dans un environnement aux ressources limitées.

Wildlife and wildlife products constitute a high-value ‘conflict resource: When trafficked together with small arms and light weapons (SALW), this resource proliferation reinforces a cycle of armed violence impeding development, eroding state institutions and threatening community security. Deploy technical advisors and systematically share intelligence between wildlife conservation and SALW control programmes to map, identify, trace and track networks and flows of arms, ammunition and high value wildlife trafficking (HVWT). Prioritize trainings on customs and border management, physical security and stockpile management (PSSM) of weapons and ammunition, record-keeping and targeted capacity-building of wildlife authorities and rangers. The illicit trade in wildlife and weapons takes place across sovereign borders and cannot be dealt with by states in isolation. Sharing intelligence, strengthening legislation and conducting joint operations at the regional level is crucial. Assist member states to co-ordinate action, tailor standards and design and implement coherent strategies that explicitly recognize the relationship between eradicating HVWT, countering SALW proliferation and achieving wider development goals. Poverty, conflict, weak governance and high demand are key drivers of both HVWT and SALW proliferation. Participatory solutions, including education, advocacy and livelihood creation, are key to eradicating demand and nurturing development in order to eliminate the trade.