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[ES] Método y sistema para calibración de un sistema de inspección mediante ultrasonidos, que comprende un sistema de desplazamiento no cartesiano y un módulo de adquisición conectado al módulo de desplazamiento, donde el método comprende las etapas de proveer un mapa de sincronismo inicial; generar una imagen de un elemento conocido mediante ultrasonidos, haciendo uso del mapa de sincronismo inicial, realizando disparos de ondas ultrasónicas hacia el elemento, siguiendo el mapa de sincronismo inicial, y obtener una posición corregida del módulo de adquisición en cada punto y un mapa de sincronismo corregido, separando la imagen en una imagen de líneas pares y una imagen de líneas impares; añadiendo un retardo inicial a la secuencia de disparos, determinando en las imágenes N funciones sync y sus máximos, situados en la posición de los defectos, obtener la posición y el tiempo de cada defecto y obteniendo el mapa de sincronismo corregido., [EN] Method and system for calibrating an ultrasonic inspection system, comprising a non-Cartesian displacement system and an acquisition module connected to the displacement module, where the method comprises the steps of providing an initial synchronism map; generate an image of a known element by means of ultrasound, making use of the initial synchronism map, shooting ultrasonic waves towards the element, following the initial synchronism map, and obtain a corrected position of the acquisition module at each point and a map of corrected sync, separating the image into an even line image and an odd line image; adding an initial delay to the sequence of shots, determining in the images N sync functions and their maximums, located in the position of the defects, obtaining the position and time of each defect and obtaining the corrected synchronism map.

Recovery of soil conditions in ecosystems that have been modified by human activities can happen in time, but empirical data indicating how soil development influences plant growth are limited. Here, we studied the changes in 23 properties of jarrah-forest soils restored after bauxite mining (1.5, 7, 22 years post-restoration) and their correlative effects on the growth of bossiaea, a plant that grows in the jarrah-forest of Western Australia. We found that physico-chemical and biological properties of restored soils were different compared with properties of unmined soils, and were correlated with time post-restoration. In turn, biomass produced by bossiaea seedlings was correlated with time post-restoration. Differential correlative effects of restored soils properties translated into higher biomass produced by bossiaea in soils aged 22 years compared with biomass produced in younger soils and in unmined soils. Biomass variation of bossiaea seedlings grown in restored soils was matched to the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soils to detect correlative effects of individual soil properties on plant growth. We found that biomass produced by bossiaea seedlings was positively correlated with the number of bacterial-feeding nematodes in soils, a likely consequence of increased microbial biomass, and with the rate of CO2 produced by microbial respiration of phenolic compounds. Our data suggest recovery of physico-chemical and key biological properties of soil through restoration after bauxite mining, but overall, at 22 years soils were not recovered to reference conditions. Our study has implications for restoration projects aiming to promote soil development in addition to plant growth.

Aims There is potential for altered plant-soil feedback (PSF) to develop in human-modified ecosystems but empirical data to test this idea are limited. Here, we compared the PSF operating in jarrah forest soil restored after bauxite mining in Western Australia with that operating in unmined soil. Methods Native seedlings of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), acacia (Acacia pulchella), and bossiaea (Bossiaea ornata) were grown in unmined and restored soils to measure conditioning of chemical and biological properties as compared with unplanted control soils. Subsequently, acacia and bossiaea were grown in soils conditioned by their own or by jarrah seedlings to determine the net PSF. Results In unmined soil, the three plant species conditioned the chemical properties but had little effect on the biological properties. In comparison, jarrah and bossiaea conditioned different properties of restored soil while acacia did not condition this soil. In unmined soil, neutral PSF was observed, whereas in restored soil, negative PSF was associated with acacia and bossiaea. Conclusions Soil conditioning was influenced by soil context and plant species. The net PSF was influenced by soil context, not by plant species and it was different in restored and unmined soils. The results have practical implications for ecosystem restoration after human activities.

Plant species can condition the physico-chemical and biological properties of soil in ways that modify plant growth via plant–soil feedback (PSF). Plant growth can be positively affected, negatively affected or neutrally affected by soil conditioning by the same or other plant species. Soil conditioning by other plant species has particular relevance to ecological restoration of historic ecosystems because sites set aside for restoration are often conditioned by other, potentially non-native, plant species. We investigated changes in properties of jarrah forest soils after long-term (35 years) conditioning by pines (Pinus radiata), Sydney blue gums (Eucalyptus saligna), both non-native, plantation trees, and jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata; dominant native tree). Then, we tested the influence of the conditioned soils on the growth of jarrah seedlings. Blue gums and pines similarly conditioned the physico-chemical properties of soils, which differed from soil conditioning caused by jarrah. Especially important were the differences in conditioning of the properties C:N ratio, pH, and available K. The two eucalypt species similarly conditioned the biological properties of soil (i.e. community level physiological profile, numbers of fungal-feeding nematodes, omnivorous nematodes, and nematode channel ratio), and these differed from conditioning caused by pines. Species-specific conditioning of soil did not translate into differences in the amounts of biomass produced by jarrah seedlings and a neutral PSF was observed. In summary, we found that decades of soil conditioning by non-native plantation trees did not influence the growth of jarrah seedlings and will therefore not limit restoration of jarrah following the removal of the plantation trees.