Search

Background: Hypertension is the leading cause of death globally due to its complications, including coronary heart disease and stroke. In 2018, hypertension cases in West Java were the second highest among all populations in Indonesia. Genetics is one of the unmodifiable risk factors for hypertension. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphism could affect ACE production in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is linked to the regulation of blood pressure. Aims: To analyze ACE I/D gene polymorphism as a risk factor for hypertension in Cirebon. Methods: An observational analysis with a case-control design was used in this study. Blood samples were collected from 30 hypertensive patients and 30 healthy individuals at Talun Health Center. DNA extraction was performed to evaluate polymorphisms using ARMS-PCR. Statistical analyses, including the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis test, were conducted to compare the case and control groups. The odds ratio was calculated to see the risk of the assessed variables, including genotype, allele frequency, and the presence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism. Results: In the case group, the frequency of the II genotype was 2 (6.7%), the ID genotype was 25 (83.3%), and the DD genotype was 3 (10.0%). In the control group, the frequency of the II genotype was 2 (6.7%), the ID genotype was 26 (86.7%), and the DD genotype was 2 (6.7%). Statistically, there was no significant association between ACE I/D gene polymorphisms in essential hypertension patients and healthy people (p=0.500; OR=1.556; 95% CI=0.241-10.049). Conclusion: ACE I/D gene polymorphism was not significantly associated with essential hypertension in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. Received: 25 September 2024 | Reviewed: 21 October 2024 | Revised: 23 November 2024 | Accepted: 30 November 2024.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a critical condition affecting pregnancies worldwide. Understanding its etiology, particularly the genetic factors, is vital. This study aims to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphisms, specifically the ACE G2350A (rs4343) variant, and the predisposition to PE, offering insights into the genetic predisposition towards this complex condition. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 140 participants without PE (Control Group) and 128 participants diagnosed with PE (PE Group). The study focused on comparing the prevalence of the rs4343 polymorphism between the groups. Results: The analysis identified a significantly reduced risk associated with the AG genotype and an insignificant increase in risk with the AA genotype. Statistically significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, such as BMI and marital status, were observed between the groups, suggesting a multifaceted risk profile for PE that includes genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Conclusions: The study highlight the significant role of genetic variations, specifically the ACE G2350A (rs4343) polymorphism, in influencing PE predisposition. It highlights the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and other risk factors in the development of PE. Further research is encouraged to expand on these findings and explore a wider range of genetic polymorphisms and their interactions with environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Mitral valve prolapse is a cardiac condition affecting the valve between the heart's left chambers, with genetic factors playing a significant role. This study aimed to assess the relationship between ACE gene deletion/insertion polymorphism and mitral valve prolapse in Mazandaran Province, located in northern Iran. Methods: This case-control study included 90 patients with mitral valve prolapse and 95 healthy individuals as the control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes, and genotypes and allelic frequencies were determined using the GAP-PCR method. Results: The frequencies of II, ID, and DD genotypes of the ACE gene in patients were 22.22%, 42.22%, and 35.46%, respectively, while in the control group, they were 32.63%, 45.26%, and 22.1%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of the DD genotype in patients compared to the control group (P=0.048, CI=1.00-3.70, OR=1.92). The odds ratio indicated that the D allele increased the probability of mitral valve prolapse by 1.58 times more than the I allele (OR=1.58). Furthermore, the frequency of the DD genotype was significantly higher in patients with high blood pressure (33.9%) compared to those without high blood pressure (12.7%) (P=0.02). Conclusion: The results suggest a potential association between the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and mitral valve prolapse. However, further studies involving larger populations are necessary to confirm these findings.

Background: Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system by SARS-CoV-2 binding changes the balance between ACE and ACE2, which affects blood pressure regulation. The ACE gene polymorphisms in intron 16 are associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with hypertension. Objective: This study analyzed the ACE gene polymorphism distribution and determined the probability of infection and severity of hypertension in COVID-19 patients. Methods: One hundred and six adult subjects were involved in this cross-sectional study, comprising 95 COVID-19 subjects and 91 non-COVID-19 subjects from two parts of Indonesia in 2021, i.e. Palu City, Central Celebes, and Lahat District, South Sumatra, DNAs extracted from whole blood were analyzed for I/D polymorphisms by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: Distribution of ACE genotypes were found as follows; II (53%), ID (38%), and DD (9%). The percentage of hypertension and the severity of COVID-19 in the Palu population were higher than those in Lahat District, i.e., 44% vs. 14% and 80% vs. 46%, respectively. Although there was no significant association between the I/D genotypes and susceptibility or severity of COVID-19 (p> 0.05), it appeared that subjects with hypertension and dyspnea symptoms were five times more susceptible to a moderate-severe symptom that required hospitalization and was associated with a fivefold increase in the risk of dyspnea symptoms that required hospitalization. However, comorbid hypertension was associated with moderate to severe COVID-19 (p=0.007). Conclusion: It can be assumed that in our studied population, ACE gene I/D polymorphisms and hypertension are not associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the presence of comorbid hypertension is a risk factor for more severe COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Genetic polymorphisms in ACE and ACE2 genes are involved in the RAS regulation of blood pressure and their activity may confer susceptibility to hypertension. In addition, they may play a role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the severity of COVID-19. This study aims to determine the effect of genetic variations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes with hypertension comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19 in the Indonesian population. Result 186 patients were enrolled and assigned into the COVID-19 group (n = 95) and non-COVID-19 group (n = 91) in this cross-sectional study. GG genotype frequency was dominant in ACE gene, but there were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.163). The two groups had a significant difference (p = 0.000) for the CC genotype frequency (0,37 vs. 0.01) in the ACE2 gene. The proportion of women with COVID-19 is higher (51%), but men with hypertension had more severe symptoms (44%). Men with hypertension comorbidity, GG (ACE), and TT (ACE2) genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (25%). Similarly, women with hypertension as well as GG and CT genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (21%). We conclude that hypertension and mutations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes affect the severity of COVID-19.

Objective & Background: The exact cause of hypertension is unknown in about 90 to 95% patients, known as essential hypertension. Genes may play a crucial role in the pathology of essential hypertension. Gene for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is found on long arm of chromosome 17q23, where 287 base pair insertion or deletion (I/D) polymorphism may occur. This study was aimed to assess the association of I/D polymorphism of ACE gene with blood pressure (BP) in Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Methods: This Descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st June 2021 to 30th September 2021 at Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. The genomic DNA was extracted from lymphocytes and PCR was performed for identification of ACE I/D polymorphism. Results: Total 181 individuals (121 Hypertensive and 60 normal) were enrolled in the study. The measured systolic and diastolic BP in cases were 153.91mmHg±12.65 and 92.94mmHg±5.72, respectively while in control were 118.20±17.13 and 74.12mmHg±7.58, respectively. The Deletion Homozygous (DD), Insertion Homozygous (II) and Deletion and Insertion Heterozygous (DI) genotypes in hypertensive patients were 47 (38.84%), 17 (14.04%) and 57 (47.10%) respectively while in Control group the DD, II and DI were 4 (6.66%), 25 (41.66%) and 31 (51.66%) respectively. This study showed association of DD genotypes of the ACE gene with hypertension as compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion: Individuals with DD genotype may have association with hypertension. polymorphism of ACE gene was proved to be an important genetic marker for essential hypertension in Patients of KPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Studies have shown that individual constraints such as IQ positively affect the efficacy of motor development interventions, but the role of genes in this field has not been studied so far. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the effect of ACE genotypes on the effectiveness of the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) program in developing fundamental movement skills. Methods The study population consists all boys aged 6-8 years (Mean age: 7.4±1.45 years) in Tehran (district 4), Iran, of whom 50 were selected as samples by a simple random sampling method. The instrument was Ulrich's gross motor development test III. The DNA extraction was also done from the saliva of participants. After determining genotypes II (n=11), ID (n=25), DD (n=14), pre-test assessment was conducted. Then, the groups received the SPARK motor intervention for 8 weeks at 24 sessions. Finally, post-test assessment was performed, and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software using analysis of covariance. Results The effect of different ACE genotypes on the effectiveness of the SPARK program on children's locomotor skills was significant (P=0.005), but it was not significant regarding ball skills (P=0.14). Children with genotype DD showed more improvement in locomotor skills than those with genotype II. Conclusion Our results support Newell's theory that individual constraints play a role in learning and development. In this study, the ACE gene, as an individual constraint, has an effective role in the effectiveness of the SPARK program in improving locomotor skills in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Genetic polymorphisms in ACE and ACE2 genes are involved in the RAS regulation of blood pressure and their activity may confer susceptibility to hypertension. In addition, they may play a role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the severity of COVID-19. This study aims to determine the effect of genetic variations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes with hypertension comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19 in the Indonesian population. Result: 186 patients were enrolled and assigned into the COVID-19 group (n = 95) and non-COVID-19 group (n = 91) in this cross-sectional study. GG genotype frequency was dominant in ACE gene, but there were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.163). The two groups had a significant difference (p = 0.000) for the CC genotype frequency (0,37 vs. 0.01) in the ACE2 gene. The proportion of women with COVID-19 is higher (51%), but men with hypertension had more severe symptoms (44%). Men with hypertension comorbidity, GG (ACE), and TT (ACE2) genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (25%). Similarly, women with hypertension as well as GG and CT genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (21%). We conclude that hypertension and mutations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes affect the severity of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a critical condition affecting pregnancies worldwide. Understanding its etiology, particularly the genetic factors, is vital. This study aims to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphisms, specifically the ACE G2350A (rs4343) variant, and the predisposition to PE, offering insights into the genetic predisposition towards this complex condition. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 140 participants without PE (Control Group) and 128 participants diagnosed with PE (PE Group). The study focused on comparing the prevalence of the rs4343 polymorphism between the groups. Results: The analysis identified a significantly reduced risk associated with the AG genotype and an insignificant increase in risk with the AA genotype. Statistically significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, such as BMI and marital status, were observed between the groups, suggesting a multifaceted risk profile for PE that includes genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Conclusions: The study highlight the significant role of genetic variations, specifically the ACE G2350A (rs4343) polymorphism, in influencing PE predisposition. It highlights the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and other risk factors in the development of PE. Further research is encouraged to expand on these findings and explore a wider range of genetic polymorphisms and their interactions with environmental factors.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex and multifactorial pathology encompassing environmental, metabolic, and polygenic influences. Among the genes possibly involved in the development and progression of DR, the Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene stands out, which presents an insertion (I) or deletion (D) polymorphism of a 287 bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16. Thus, this study aimed to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to elucidate the relationship between the ACE gene (I/D) polymorphism (rs1799752) and the development and progression of DR in type 2 diabetic patients. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically searched to retrieve articles that investigated the association between ACE gene (I/D) polymorphism in DR patients. Sixteen articles were included in the systematic review. The results describe no significant association between the polymorphism and DR risk (OR = 1.12; CI = 0.96–1.31; and p = 0.1359) for genotypic analysis by the dominant model (II vs. ID+DD). Moreover, we also observed no significant association between the D allele on the allele frequency analysis (I vs. D) and the DR risk (OR = 1.10; CI = 0.98–1.23; and p = 0.1182). Forest plot analysis revealed that the discrepancy between previous studies most likely arose from variations in their sample sizes. In conclusion, I/D polymorphism appears to be not involved in the susceptibility to and progression of the DR in type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme, regulates the blood pressure which is encoded by 21kb gene that consists of 26 exons and is located on chromosome 17, contains a polymorphism in the form of either Insertion (I) or Deletion (D). The aim was to study the effect of antihypertensive drugs in patients of essential hypertension associated with ACE gene polymorphism. Methods: Hypertensive patients were recruited followed by genetic test was done for detecting ACE gene polymorphism, then patients were divided as Group-A & B. Group –A and B patients were treated with atenolol (25mg) and azilsartan (40 mg) for three months respectively. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was recorded in both the groups before and after commencement of treatment. Among 88 patients of newly diagnosed hypertension, majority of study population belongs to genotype D/D (38.63%) followed by I/D (31.81%) and II (29.54%) genotype. Significant difference was found in systolic blood pressure (p0.05). Conclusion: The rate of control of blood pressure was high in I/I genotype followed by D/D genotype irrespective of treatment group. Overall better prognosis was observed with azilsartan 40mg compared to atenolol 25mg treatment in patients with ACE gene polymorphisms.

Ischemic stroke, a prevalent neurological disease, is the major reason of serious disability and death worldwide. Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms increase homocysteine levels which also raise the risk of vascular diseases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms can cause vascular reorganization and disrupt arterial wall stability. The aim of this study was to explore how the MTHFR and ACE gene polymorphisms are related to acute ischemic stroke. A total of 200 individuals (102 acute ischemic stroke patients and 98 healthy controls) were included in this case–control research. MTHFR gene C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) polymorphisms were studied through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays, ACE gene I/D polymorphism (rs1799752) was studied by PCR. The MTHFR C667T and ACE I/D polymorphisms did not show any statistically meaningful differences between healthy controls and acute ischemic stroke patients (P > 0.05). However, compared to healthy controls, acute ischemic stroke patients had almost nine-fold higher prevalence of the CC genotype based on the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism (P=0.024, OR=8.8, 95%Cl=1.27–208.2). Additionally, individuals with acute ischemic stroke had greater frequencies of the combined genotypes of MTHFR and ACE gene polymorphisms in the forms of CC/CC (C667T/A1298C), CC/DD (A1298C/ACE I/D) and CC/CC/DD (C677T/A1298C/ACE I/D) (P = 0.027, P = 0.015 and P = 0.037, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was assessed between MTHFR gene A1298C polymorphism and acute ischemic stroke. Additionally, it was discovered that the genotype combinations of CC/CC (C667T/A1298C), CC/DD (A1298C/ACE I/D) and CC/CC/DD (C677T/A1298C/ACE I/D) have risk-increasing effects on acute ischemic stroke. To employ these genetic variations as alternative treatments for ischemic stroke, these findings should be validated by more research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To reveal the association of the INS/DEL polymorphism of the angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) gene with acute and long-term complications of elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).Material and methods. This prospective study included 286 patients with chronic coronary artery disease who underwent elective endovascular myocardial revascularization in accordance with current guidelines. The ACE gene INS/DEL (I/D) polymorphism was determined in patients using polymerase chain reaction. Acute periprocedural complications were recorded. Acute myocardial injury (AMI) was detected in 30,4% of patients. Type 4a acute myocardial infarction developed in 3,1% of patients. A significant decrease in the glomerular filtration rate by more than 30% due to periprocedural acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed in 6,5% of patients. Outcomes of elective PCIs were assessed after 4 years via telephone interviews. Cardiovascular and any-cause mortality was 3,6% and 5,1%, respectively. Acute coronary syndrome during the follow-up period developed in 15,2%, while cerebrovascular accident — in 5,4% of patients. Any-stent thrombosis was detected in 10%, and restenosis ≥30% — in 21,8% of patients. Statistical analysis was carried out using the STATISTICA 10. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval.Results. Analysis of the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with acute and long-term complications of the PCI revealed that the presence of I allele is associated with the risk of periprocedural AKI (p=0,017; OR, 2,627 (1,161- 5,947)), as well as long-term cardiovascular events, vascular complications such as acute coronary syndrome (p=0,045; OR, 1,610 (1,007-2,573)) and stent thrombosis (p=0,01; OR, 2,073 (1,178-3,650)). The presence of genotype II further increases the risk of AKI (p=0,029; OR, 5,138 (1,022-25,824)), any acute clinical complications of PCI (p=0,041; OR, 1,996 (1,024-3,980)), and stent thrombosis (p=0,018, OR, 3,498 (1,178-10,392)).Conclusion. In patients with chronic coronary artery disease, the carriage of allele I and genotype II of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism is associated with the risk of acute clinical complications of elective PCI, periprocedural AKI, as well as the risk of stent thrombosis and acute coronary syndrome within 4-year follow-up period after PCI.

Introduction - Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and the most common and serious complication of diabetes. Its exact pathogenesis is complex and not completely elucidated. Several factors and mechanisms contribute to the development and the outcome of this pathology. The objectives of our work are to determine the frequency of the Insertion (I) / Deletion (D) polymorphism of the ACE gene (angiotensin-converting enzyme) in diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and to establish the relationship between this polymorphism and nephropathy diabetic in a population of eastern Algeria. Patients and methods - To this end, we recruited twenty-nine diabetic subjects with nephropathy and thirty diabetic controls without nephropathy. DNA extraction was performed on fresh blood by the NaCl method and the I / D polymorphism of the ACE gene was determined by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results - The average duration of diabetes in our patients is 19.21 ± 9.31 years; that of the controls is 10.67 ± 7.66 years. Type 1 diabetes is more common in nephropaths (72.41%), in controls the frequency of type 2 diabetes is higher (73.33%). Macroangiopathic complications are more prevalent in nephropaths. In addition, the association of two or more complications is frequently found. The frequencies of alleles I and D are respectively 13.79% and 86.21% in the control subjects while the allelic frequencies in the subjects with nephropathy are respectively 19.64% and 80.36%. Conclusion - No significant association between this polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy has been demonstrated.

Background: Some studies have suggested that the insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene may be associated with human longevity, especially in centenarians. However, this association is still controversial. Besides, there have been no studies in Peruvians. Aim: To describe the age distribution of the ACE polymorphism in a convenience sample of Peruvian older people. Subjects and methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 104 Geriatric Day Hospital patients in Lima, Perú. The ACE polymorphism was determined in all patients. For the purpose of association with age, the sample was divided into four categories: young (< 65), youngest-old (65–74), middle-old (75–84) and oldest-old (85 or more). Results: The distribution of genotype frequencies was consistent with a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.62). The number (%) of D/D, I/D and I/I genotypes in the young was 2 (14.3%), 3 (21.4%) and 9 (64.3%), respectively; in youngest-old: 4 (11.4%), 15 (42.9%) and 16 (45.7%); in middle-old: 6 (12.2%), 20 (40.8%) and 23 (46.9%); and in oldest-old: 0 (0.0%), 4 (66.7%) and 2 (33.3%). A chi-square analysis showed no significant differences in genotype distribution between age groups (p = 0.647). Conclusion: No significant age differences were found in the distribution of the ACE polymorphism in this sample. Further studies with greater statistical power are recommended.

Background: This study investigated the association of angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE I/D) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2-344C/T) gene polymorphisms in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Tunisian population. Materials and Methods: The study population included 120 patients with AF and 123 age-matched controls. Genotyping of the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene and the -344C/T polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-RFLP methods, respectively. Results: The genotype distribution of the ACE I/D and CYP11B2-344C/T polymorphisms was significantly different between AF patients and control participants (p < 0.01 and p < 0.006 respectively). In addition, ACE I/D increased the risk of AF significantly by 3.41-fold for the DD genotype (OR = 3.41; 95% CI [1.39–8.34]; p < 0.007), and after adjusting for confounding factors (age, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), the risk was higher (OR = 5.71; 95% CI [1.48–21.98]; p < 0.01). Likewise, the CYP11B2-344C/T polymorphism increased the incidence of AF for the TT genotype (OR = 3.66; 95% CI [1.62–8.27]; p < 0.002) and the CT genotype (OR = 2.68; 95% CI [1.22–5.86]; p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors (age, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia), the risk remained higher for the TT genotype (OR = 3.58; 95% CI [1.08–11.77]; p < 0.03). Furthermore, the haplotype–based association of the ACE I/D and CYP11B2-344C/T polymorphisms showed that the D-T haplotype increased the risk for AF. Conclusion: Our study suggests a significant association of the ACE (I/D) and CYP11B2-344C/T polymorphisms with AF in the Tunisian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo is a rare skin condition caused by an immune reaction. Vitiligo can occur anywhere on the body. This proposed explanation of vitiligo makes it clear that vitiligo is not linked to any other autoimmune diseases. The polymorphisms of some genes present in the immune system play a major function in susceptibility of vitiligo. Meta-analysis studies have shown that the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion and deletion polymorphism is closely associated with vitiligo in many ethnicities. The connection between ACE gene and vitiligo is connected through the auto immune diseases and there are no genetic polymorphism studies have been carried out with ACE gene with vitiligo in the Saudi population. Previous studies show that vitiligo patients are more likely to also have an autoimmune disorder. The current study aims to investigate the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene with diagnosed patients with vitiligo subjects. This is a case-control study carried out in the Saudi population with 100 vitiligo cases and 100 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed through polymerase chain reaction followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype and allele frequencies were carried out with genetic mode of inheritances. Statistical analysis was performed considering p < 0.05 as significant association. There was a substantial difference in allele frequency distribution between vitiligo patients and healthy controls (OR-1.70 (95%CI: 1.14–2.53); p = 0.008). Additionally, DD genotype (OR-4.71 (95%CI: 1.42–15.61); p = 0.008) and recessive model (OR-2.66 (95%CI: 1.41–5.02); p = 0.002) was strongly associated. Both dominant and co-dominant showed the negative association (p > 0.05) when compared between the vitiligo cases and controls. The correlation between age and genotyping was performed with Anova analysis and current study results confirmed the substantial link between 11 and 20 years (p = 0.01) and 31–40 years (p = 0.04) with the defined age groups. In conclusion, in Saudi populations, the ACE gene I/D polymorphism was identified as being correlated with vitiligo. This is the first study in Saudi Arabia to report the risk factors of vitiligo with the ACE gene polymorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ACE gene, responsible for blood regulation, cell growth, and maintaining balance within the body, impacts an individual’s physical performance. Variations in this gene, such as allele I (insertions) and allele D (deletions), lead to differing effects. Allele I decrease ACE activity, prolonging bradykinin’s presence, boosting heart and skeletal muscle contraction, beneficial for endurance training. On the other hand, allele D heightens angiotensin II activity, promoting muscle growth and cell proliferation, advantageous for strength-focused training. This study compares six-week endurance training results in subjects with different ACE ID and ACE DD genotypes. Methods: 17 non-athletic students aged between 20 and 22 were the focus of this research, split into two groups: 10 individuals with the ACE ID genotype and 7 with the ACE DD genotype, identified through PCR analysis of buccal cell samples. Initial data collection involved recording the number of push-up and sit-up completed in 3 minutes and the duration of a plank exercise. After a six-week endurance training program, final data was collected, allowing observation of the changes in performance metrics. Results: All participants showed progress, with a collective of 4 individuals achieving notable improvements: 3 with the ACE ID gene surpassed 20 push-up repetitions, while 1 with the ACE DD gene achieved the same; 2 ACE ID gene carriers exceeded 35 sit-up repetitions; and another 2 ACE ID gene carriers surpassed 1 minute in plank duration. Conclusion: The ACE ID genotype has more significant potential to increase endurance than ACE DD. Genetic data can be used to determine training orientation preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohanad Yasir Al-Radeef,1 Hayder Adnan Fawzi,2 Ali Abdulmajid Allawi31Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Baghdad Medical City Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq; 3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Baghdad ‎University, Baghdad, IraqPurpose: To evaluate the frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism in ‎Iraqi hemodialysis patients and to examine the association ‎between this polymorphism and ‎serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels.Methods: In this study, 70 chronic renal failure Iraqi patients on ‎maintenance ‎hemodialysis (patient group) and 20 healthy subjects (control ‎group) were genotyped for ‎angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. The distribution of genotype and allele ‎frequencies of this polymorphism in ‎these subjects were also evaluated.Results: The distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes between ‎groups was ‎similar, and the ID genotype was the most frequent, followed by DD and II ‎genotypes (‎50%‎, ‎37%‎, and ‎13%). The control group ‎had a nonsignificant difference in serum ‎erythropoietin levels among different angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, ‎while patients with ID and DD genotypes displayed significant ‎elevation in ‎serum erythropoietin with time. No significant differences in hemoglobin ‎levels ‎were observed in patient and control groups. A significant positive correlation ‎was ‎observed between serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin in the control group ‎with different ‎angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, while a nonsignificant ‎negative correlation was ‎observed in the patient group throughout the study. Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease did not significantly alter angiotensin-converting enzyme ‎genotypes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism had a significant effect on ‎serum erythropoietin levels and a non‎significant effect on hemoglobin levels. Keywords: ACE gene, polymorphisms, hemodialysis, erythropoietin, hemoglobin

The research objective was to study the association of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with essential hypertension (EH) and metabolic risk factors among indigenous people of the northern territory of Yakutia. The obtained data show that representatives of indigenous people of the North of Yakutia with the ACE ID genotype are characterized with high levels of systolic blood pressure. The carriage of DD genotype in EH patients is associated with a high frequency of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia. The carriage of ID genotype in EH patients, compared to subjects without EH, is characterized by higher blood levels of TC, LDL-C, TG, and FPG and associated with a high frequency of obesity. Thus, the ACE I/D polymorphism was found to be associated with metabolic risk factors in indigenous EH patients of the North of Yakutia.

Background: Hypertension and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the other hand, homozygous ACE deletion polymorphism (DD) has been associated with these two diseases and risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of the study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the association between ACE gene I/D polymorphism (DD, II and DI) and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients. Material and methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2020 and April 2021. We included case-control studies evaluating the association between ACE I/D and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients, were there was sufficient genotype or allele frequency data to calculate IRR (incidence rate ratio) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Five studies were included (mean age 58.5 years and 61% men), combining to a total of 786 patients. Four studies were conducted in Caucasians. Overall, patients who had homozygous co-dominance genotype DD were at 47% higher risk of severe COVID-19 compared with II or ID (IRR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.15-1.89; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The ACE DD genotype may confer a greater risk of severe COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Further studies including more diverse ethnic groups are necessary to fully establish this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research aimed to investigate whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase of eNOS intron 4 polymorphism and ACE gene I/D polymorphism have a role in the enhancement of the progressive of ADPKD with regards to hypertension. Materials and methods: The research was executed on 50 members with ADPKD presented in some dialysis centers in Baghdad city/Iraq and 50 similar age healthy controls individuals. The eNOS gene polymorphisms (intron 4 VNTR 4a/b) and ACE gene polymorphism were determined by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: In the current research shows the ACE gene polymorphism is independent factors for hypertension in the ADPKD patients with high significant factors (DD p<0.001); also for eNOS intron 4 gene polymorphisms were expressively different between ADPKD patients whose with hypertensive and whose with normotensive (4a p<0.001). Conclusion: This research investigated that ACE and eNOS gene polymorphisms are associated with ADPKD patients concerning hypertension. For future studies, it must investigate other gene polymorphisms that responsible for hypertension to reveal the relation effect on the progressive of ADPKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the major diabetes associated microvascular complications. The current study was designed to elucidate the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistani population. The study was comprised of 320 DPN patients, 202 diabetic patients without complication and 240 unrelated healthy individuals as control subjects. Blood samples were collected and phenol chloroform method was applied for the extraction of genomic DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine ACE gene I/D polymorphism. In order to visualize the DNA polymorphic fragments, the amplicons were further subjected to gel electrophoresis. The results for I/D polymorphism of ACE gene rs 179975 revealed that the homozygous "DD" genotype was found significantly greater in patients with DPN in comparison to controls (OR: 1.5818; 95% CI 1.1053-2.2638, p=0.012). In the same way, the allele frequency was also analyzed and D allele was declared as vulnerability/ susceptibility/ risk factor for DPN (p=<0.05). ACE gene I/D polymorphism in diabetic patients is associated with DPN and significant steps should be taken to avoid DPN in Pakistani population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and/or the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ACEI in individuals with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after stent implantation. Methods: The total population of this study consisted of 200 Egyptian individuals divided into 2 groups - in-stent restenosis (ISR) and non ISR group). Genomic DNA was withdrawn from EDTA whole blood applying a spin column approach and ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Carriers of allele D of ACE gene were significantly more liable to ISR occurrence. However, carriers of allele I were significantly more liable to ISR occurrence after administration of ACEI. There is a negative interaction between DD genotype of ACE gene and ACEI administration on ISR after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there is a positive interaction between II and ID genotype of ACE gene and ACEI administration on ISR after PCI with bare metal stents (BMS). Conclusion: It is beneficial to implement ACEI in therapeutic regimen in individuals with ID or II genotypes of ACE gene, especially with BMS implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most recent studies have stressed a high risk of thromboembolism in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Counterbalance between angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 activities in COVID-19 disease may be crucially involved in the thrombo-inflammatory process. Currently, no study has investigated ACE I/D polymorphism involvement in COVID-19 disease complicated by pulmonary embolism, hence the aim of the present pilot study. This is a retrospective, single-center observational case-control study, conducted at the Sub-Intensive Care Unit of A.O.R.N. Ospedali dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples (Italy). We included 68 subjects with severe/critical COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 patients were divided according to occurrence of PE (PE+, n = 25) or absence of thromboembolic complications (PE−, n = 43). Assessment of ACE I/D polymorphisms showed a statistically significant difference between PE+ and PE− patients (p = 0.029). Particularly, prevalence of D/D homozygous polymorphism was significantly higher in PE+ COVID-19 patients than in PE− (72 vs. 46.5%; p = 0.048), while heterozygote I/D polymorphism was significantly lower expressed in PE+ patients than in PE− (16 vs. 48.8%; p = 0.009). Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography showed predominantly mono/bilateral sub-segmental embolisms. In conclusion, our findings let us hypothesize a genetic susceptibility to thromboembolism in COVID-19 disease. ACE D/D polymorphism might represent a genetic risk factor, although studies on larger populations are needed.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the (i) cardiac biomarker (cTnI and NT-proBNP) responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in the middle-aged and young groups, (ii) relationship of post-exercise cardiac biomarker release between these two age groups, and (iii) investigate whether insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with predisposition to cardiac damage after exercise in Iranian men.MethodsWe examined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 29 middle-aged (54.5 ± 4.6 years) and 28 young (22.7 ± 4.2 years) soccer players before and after HIIE and MICE running tests.ResultsThe middle-aged soccer players had higher baseline cTnI (0.015 ± 0.007 ng/ml vs. 0.010 ± 0.006 ng/ml; P = 0.01) and NT-proBNP (30.7 ± 13.6 ng/L vs. 18.4 ± 8.3 ng/L; P < 0.001) values compared with the young group. The changes with exercise (ΔcTnI: 13 vs. 11 ng/ml and ΔNT-proBNP: 18 vs. 11 ng/L) were also higher in the middle-aged group. No subject exceeded the upper reference limit for cTnI and NT-proBNP. Considering three ACE genotypes, the mean cTnI and NT-proBNP values of middle-aged and young groups did not show any significant difference.ConclusionMarked differences in baseline and post-exercise cTnI and NT-proBNP values were observed, which were related to age differences but not to ACE genotypes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the (i) cardiac biomarker (cTnI and NT-proBNP) responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in the middle-aged and young groups, (ii) relationship of post-exercise cardiac biomarker release between these two age groups, and (iii) investigate whether insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with predisposition to cardiac damage after exercise in Iranian men. Methods: We examined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 29 middle-aged (54.5 ± 4.6 years) and 28 young (22.7 ± 4.2 years) soccer players before and after HIIE and MICE running tests. Results: The middle-aged soccer players had higher baseline cTnI (0.015 ± 0.007 ng/ml vs. 0.010 ± 0.006 ng/ml; P = 0.01) and NT-proBNP (30.7 ± 13.6 ng/L vs. 18.4 ± 8.3 ng/L; p < 0.001) values compared with the young group. The changes with exercise (ΔcTnI: 13 vs. 11 ng/ml and ΔNT-proBNP: 18 vs. 11 ng/L) were also higher in the middle-aged group. No subject exceeded the upper reference limit for cTnI and NT-proBNP. Considering three ACE genotypes, the mean cTnI and NT-proBNP values of middle-aged and young groups did not show any significant difference. Conclusion: Marked differences in baseline and post-exercise cTnI and NT-proBNP values were observed, which were related to age differences but not to ACE genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some studies have suggested that the insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene may be associated with human longevity, especially in centenarians. However, this association is still controversial. Besides, there have been no studies in Peruvians. Aim: To describe the age distribution of the ACE polymorphism in a convenience sample of Peruvian older people. Subjects and methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 104 Geriatric Day Hospital patients in Lima, Perú. The ACE polymorphism was determined in all patients. For the purpose of association with age, the sample was divided into four categories: young (< 65), youngest-old (65–74), middle-old (75–84) and oldest-old (85 or more). Results: The distribution of genotype frequencies was consistent with a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.62). The number (%) of D/D, I/D and I/I genotypes in the young was 2 (14.3%), 3 (21.4%) and 9 (64.3%), respectively; in youngest-old: 4 (11.4%), 15 (42.9%) and 16 (45.7%); in middle-old: 6 (12.2%), 20 (40.8%) and 23 (46.9%); and in oldest-old: 0 (0.0%), 4 (66.7%) and 2 (33.3%). A chi-square analysis showed no significant differences in genotype distribution between age groups (p = 0.647). Conclusion: No significant age differences were found in the distribution of the ACE polymorphism in this sample. Further studies with greater statistical power are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial cells of the endothelial surfaces incorporate a gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that encodes metallopeptidase proteins. In this work, molecular characterization of the ACE gene by investigating the presence of two specific variants of 287 bp fragment (Alu element), have been studied. Therefore, the insertion (I allele) and the deletion (D allele) of this gene fragment were controlled. A group of Jordanian patients with Type-I and Type-II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was selected for this study. The investigated sample contains 26 subjects with Type-I DM, 45 subjects with Type-II DM in addition to a control group of 44 healthy subjects. ACE genotypes of the patients and control groups were achieved using PCR of the DNA amplification. Results reveal no significant statistical differences in ACE genotype distribution among the focus group and the control one. Therefore, there is no significant association between DM and ACE genotype distribution variants of the proposed insertion. The ACE gene polymorphism is not directly correlated to diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The correlation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with pediatric asthma risk was assessed in this meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CNKI databases were systematically searched for relevant literature, followed by application of odds ratios (OR) along with 95% confidence interval (CI) for determining the strength of relationship.Results: Seven articles with 802 cases and 632 controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria. As a result, the ACE I/D polymorphism was related to elevated pediatric asthma risk (D vs I: OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.59-2.20; dominant model: OR =1.53, 95% CI = 1.28-1.81; recessive model: OR =1.54, 95% CI = 1.28-1.85; DD vs II: OR =2.95, 95% CI = 2.19-3.98; DI vs II: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.78-1.19). Subgroup analysis stratified by race revealed significant interrelation in Asians.Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the ACE I/D polymorphism might be related to the risk of pediatric asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive renal disease characterized by persistent albuminuria that leads to end-stage renal disease in both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a major role in the onset and progression of DN. Objectives: The present meta-analysis is intended to synthesize evidence on the association between ACE gene insertion and deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism and the risk of DN. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Embase were searched to retrieve relevant publications. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and DN risk. The Cochrane Q test and I2 statistic were used to detect heterogeneity. To assess between-study heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to estimate publication bias. Results: Around 45 articles (47 studies) with 6124 patients of DN and 2492 T2DM patients (controls) were ultimately considered for meta-analysis. Overall, the ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with DN under three different genetic models (allelic model: OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.20- 1.49; P 50%) was present in the analysis for all ethnic groups. Further, there is no evidence for publication bias in this meta-analysis. Conclusion: The current meta-analysis provided confirmation that the ACE I/D polymorphism is correlated with an increased risk of DN in patients with T2DM and the D allele of ACE I/D was a susceptible factor.

Introduction: The insertion (I allele) deletion (D allele) polymorphism of ACE gene (rs4646994) may influence the etiopathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). ACE gene is expressed in bone marrow cells and encodes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). It converts angiotensin I to active peptide angiotensin II, which stimulates proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. This suggests possible association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with MM. The aim of our study was to check possible impact of this polymorphism on risk of development and outcome of MM, as well as, sensitivity to bortezomib in cell cultures derived from MM patients.Objects and Methods: Genomic DNA from 98 newly diagnosed MM patients and 100 healthy blood donors were analyzed by PCR method. Chromosomal aberrations were detected by use of cIg-FISH. In a subgroup of 40 MM patients nucleated bone marrow cells were treated with bortezomib in vitro.Results: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that genotypic frequencies diverged significantly from the equilibrium. The differences between I and D allele frequencies in control and study population were significant (p = 0.046). We observed the association between DD genotype and more than 2-fold risk of MM - OR = 2.69; p < 0.0001. We did not detect any significant differences among studied genotypes regarding clinical and laboratory parameters. Moreover, we did not observe the association between survival of MM patients and I/D genotypes. Bortezomib increased number of apoptotic and necrotic cells, but the only statistically significant differences were observed in the number of viable cells at 1 nM between ID and DD genotypes (p = 0.026).Conclusion: Presented results confirmed the significant relationship between ACE (I/D) polymorphism and risk of MM development. We did not observe the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with disease outcome and bortezomib in vitro sensitivity.

Physical ability is influenced by two factors, namely environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors that influence are exercise intensity, nutritional intake, and age. Another factor that is not less important in influencing cardiovascular endurance is genetic factors. One of gene variation that is considered to determine the athlete's potential is the variation in the ACE gene symbolized by I and D. The ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D) has an important relationship with cardiovascular fitness with genotype II which shows a lower level of cardiorespiratory fitness with VO2max than the Non II genotype (ID and DD). The purpose of this study was to assess how the role of the ACE gene in male cardiovascular endurance aged 13-14 years. This study provides a three-month fartlek training program and conducts cardiovascular endurance tests before and after taking a three-month fartlek training program. In group II genotype subjects showed the results of increased cardiovascular endurance compared to the Non II genotype subject group. Research can conclude a strong relationship between the variation of the angiotens in converting enzyme gene II genotype against male cardiovascular age 13-14 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic, immune and environmental factors are involved in preeclampsia (PE) etiopathogenesis. Considering that hypertension and poor placental perfusion are important features in PE, polymorphisms in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and estrogen nuclear receptor 1 (ESR1) genes could be involved in the predisposition and/or development of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate if polymorphisms in ACE and ESR1 genes were associated with PE occurrence. This case-control study included 209 Brazilian pregnant women (107 with severe PE and 102 normotensive controls). The polymorphisms were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No significant difference between PE versus normotensive pregnant women, as well as early versus late PE, was observed when compared the allelic and genotypic frequencies of insertion/deletion polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs - rs2234693 and rs9340799) of the ESR1 gene. This pioneer study involving Brazilian women showed no association among the studied polymorphisms and PE, which suggests that ins/del ACE and SNPs ESR1 do not contribute to this disease occurrence in Brazil. • Hypertension and poor placental perfusion are important features in preeclampsia (PE). • Ins/del polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is not associated with PE in Brazilian pregnant. • Frequency of Estrogen nuclear receptor1-ESR1 gene polymorphisms/rs2234693 and rs9340799 is not altered in Brazilian PE women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The insertion (I allele) deletion (D allele) polymorphism of ACE gene (rs4646994) may influence the etiopathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). ACE gene is expressed in bone marrow cells and encodes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). It converts angiotensin I to active peptide angiotensin II, which stimulates proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. This suggests possible association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with MM. The aim of our study was to check possible impact of this polymorphism on risk of development and outcome of MM, as well as, sensitivity to bortezomib in cell cultures derived from MM patients. Objects and Methods: Genomic DNA from 98 newly diagnosed MM patients and 100 healthy blood donors were analyzed by PCR method. Chromosomal aberrations were detected by use of cIg-FISH. In a subgroup of 40 MM patients nucleated bone marrow cells were treated with bortezomib in vitro. Results: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that genotypic frequencies diverged significantly from the equilibrium. The differences between I and D allele frequencies in control and study population were significant (p = 0.046). We observed the association between DD genotype and more than 2-fold risk of MM - OR = 2.69; p < 0.0001. We did not detect any significant differences among studied genotypes regarding clinical and laboratory parameters. Moreover, we did not observe the association between survival of MM patients and I/D genotypes. Bortezomib increased number of apoptotic and necrotic cells, but the only statistically significant differences were observed in the number of viable cells at 1 nM between ID and DD genotypes (p = 0.026). Conclusion: Presented results confirmed the significant relationship between ACE (I/D) polymorphism and risk of MM development. We did not observe the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with disease outcome and bortezomib in vitro sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive fruit fly (olf) Bactrocera oleae is the most damaging olive pest. The intensive use of organophosphates (OPs) to control it, led to an increase in resistance in field populations. This study assesses the presence and distribution of three mutations at the ace gene related to target site insensitivity to OPs in Spain. Samples from other Mediterranean countries were included as external references. Resistance-conferring alleles (from exons IV and VII of the ace gene) reached almost an 80% frequency in olf Spanish populations. In total, 62% of them were homozygous (RR/RR), this being more common in eastern mainland Spain. High frequencies of RR/RR individuals were also found in North Mediterranean samples. Conversely, in Tunisia, only sensitive alleles were detected. Finally, the exon X mutation ∆Q3 had an extremely low frequency in all samples. The high frequency of genotype RR/RR in Spain indicates high fitness in an agroecosystem treated with pesticides, in contrast to ∆Q3. At exon IV all flies carried the same haplotype for the allele conferring resistance. The sequence analysis at this exon suggests a unique origin and fast expansion of the resistant allele. These results provide evidence that OPs appropriate use is needed and prompt the search for alternative methods for olf pest control.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is indispensable for endothelial control and vascular tone regulatory systems, usually affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism may influence the progress of SLE. Earlier studies have investigated this association without any consistency in results. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the precise association between ACE I/D polymorphism and SLE susceptibility. The relevant studies were searched until December, 2017 using Medline (PubMed), Google-Scholar and EMBASE search engines. Twenty-five published studies involving 3,308 cases and 4,235 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Statistically significant increased risk was found for allelic (D vs. I: p = 0.007; OR = 1.202, 95% CI = 1.052–1.374), homozygous (DD vs. II: p = 0.025; OR = 1.347, 95% CI = 1.038–1.748), dominant (DD+ID vs. II: p = 0.002; OR = 1.195, 95% CI = 1.070–1.334), and recessive (DD vs. ID+II: p = 0.023; OR = 1.338, 95% CI = 1.042–1.718) genetic models. Subgroup analysis stratified by Asian ethnicity revealed significant risk of SLE in allelic (D vs. I: p = 0.045; OR = 1.238, 95% CI = 1.005–1.525) and marginal risk in dominant (DD+ID vs. II: p = 0.056; OR = 1.192, 95% CI = 0.995–1.428) models; whereas, no association was observed for Caucasian and African population. Publication bias was absent. In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism has significant role in overall SLE risk and it can be exploited as a prognostic marker for early SLE predisposition.

Introduction: Migraine is a complex, recurrent headache disorder that is one of the most common complaints in neurology practice. The role of various genes in its pathogenesis is being studied. We did this study to see whether an association exists between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and migraine in our region. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 patients diagnosed with migraine and 121 healthy controls. The study subject were age and gender matched. The analysis was based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and included following steps: DNA extraction from blood, PCR and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Results: Out of 100 cases, 69 were females and 31 were males. Fifty-seven were having migraine without aura and 43 had migraine with aura. 45 of the cases had II polymorphism, 40 had ID polymorphism and 15 had DD polymorphism in ACE gene. Conclusion: We were not able to find a statistically significant association between ACE gene I/D polymorphism with migraine. The reason for difference in results between our study and other studies could be because of different ethnicity in study populations. So a continuous research is needed in this regard in order to find the genes and different polymorphism that increase the susceptibility of Kashmiri population to migraine.

Copyright of Al.Qadisiya journal for the Sciences of Physical Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is indispensable for endothelial control and vascular tone regulatory systems, usually affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism may influence the progress of SLE. Earlier studies have investigated this association without any consistency in results. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the precise association between ACE I/D polymorphism and SLE susceptibility. The relevant studies were searched until December, 2017 using Medline (PubMed), Google-Scholar and EMBASE search engines. Twenty-five published studies involving 3,308 cases and 4,235 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Statistically significant increased risk was found for allelic (D vs. I: p = 0.007; OR = 1.202, 95% CI = 1.052–1.374), homozygous (DD vs. II: p = 0.025; OR = 1.347, 95% CI = 1.038–1.748), dominant (DD+ID vs. II: p = 0.002; OR = 1.195, 95% CI = 1.070–1.334), and recessive (DD vs. ID+II: p = 0.023; OR = 1.338, 95% CI = 1.042–1.718) genetic models. Subgroup analysis stratified by Asian ethnicity revealed significant risk of SLE in allelic (D vs. I: p = 0.045; OR = 1.238, 95% CI = 1.005–1.525) and marginal risk in dominant (DD+ID vs. II: p = 0.056; OR = 1.192, 95% CI = 0.995–1.428) models; whereas, no association was observed for Caucasian and African population. Publication bias was absent. In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism has significant role in overall SLE risk and it can be exploited as a prognostic marker for early SLE predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 32‐week fetus conceived of consanguineous parentage which presented with severe early onset oligohydramnios and history of a similarly affected sibling in previous pregnancy. Ultrasonography and autopsy were inconclusive, prompting exome sequencing on fetal DNA. This resulted in identification of a homozygous novel 3′ splice‐site variation in intron 17 of the ACE gene (NM_000789.3:c.2642‐1G>A), confirming diagnosis of autosomal recessive renal tubular dysgenesis, and facilitating prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preterm birth is the largest contributor to newborn mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization in the first year of life worldwide. Previous studies have suggested the importance of genetic variation in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism, in association with preterm birth. The angiotensin-converting enzyme is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system that is involved in blood pressure homeostasis during pregnancy and also affects risk factors of preterm birth, including the regulation of fibrinolytic system, uteroplacental circulation, vascularization of the placenta, and inflammation.Objective: The results of previous studies investigating the association between the insertion/deletion polymorphism and susceptibility to preterm birth have been inconsistent, therefore, we have performed a case-control study and conducted a meta-analysis of related studies to clarify this association.Study Design: In a case-control genetic association study, performed on 217 women with a history of preterm birth and 158 women who experienced full-term pregnancy, the significances of associations between allelic and genotype frequencies and preterm birth were determined using Chi-square tests. Following the case-control study, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and HugeNavigator databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Altogether, four eligible studies involving 369 cases and 559 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The strength of the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism for preterm birth was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using a fixed-effects model (Mantel-Haenszel method).Results: In our case-control study we did not detect a significant association of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion alleles and genotypes with preterm birth. The results of the meta-analysis showed a significant association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion and the risk of preterm birth under allelic, dominant, and recessive comparison genetic models (D vs. I: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11-1.65, p = 0.0033; DD + ID vs. II: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.08-2.15, p = 0.0161; DD vs. ID + II: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.07-2.04, p = 0.0184).Conclusions: The present meta-analysis suggests that the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in mothers might be associated with preterm birth, however, further well-designed large replication studies involving various ethnicities are needed to confirm this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene associations with the clinical picture of the most frequent complications of acute myocardial infarction (MI). The study included 190 patients who underwent one or more MI included in the WHO Register of Acute Myocardial Infarction. All the patients underwent genetic research for the identification of allelic variants of the ACE gene (polymorphism I/D). It was found that the DD genotype of the ACE gene is associated with a more frequent occurrence of acute left ventricular aneurysm (ALVA) (OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.08-5.63, p = 0.037, χ2 = 4.73). In the group of patients with acute left ventricular failure (ALVF), the picture looked different: the genotype II of the ACE gene was more frequent (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.35-6.08, p = 0.007, χ2 = 7.81). Patients in the group without ALVF were carriers of the allele D more often (77.1%) (p = 0.007, χ2 = 7.81). Discovered genetic associations favor the consideration of the ACE gene as a genetic predictor of the development of ALVA in the acute period of MI. Further study of this gene in combination with other genetic markers of MI, as well as analysis of distribution of the genotypes of the ACE gene among deceased patients who underwent MI, will allow us to understand the genetic mechanisms of the development of other complications of MI, in particular, ALVF. All this will ensure the development of new highly effective personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of complications of acute MI and the improvement of immediate and remote prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To analyze spread of alleles and genotypes of ACE gene in CHD patients of different gender and age and to study their realtion with MI risk.Material and methods. Totally 326 individuals of both age, Tomsk city inhabitants, aged 34-79 y. o., included into the study. Of those 173 CHD patients having MI anamnesis and 153 healthy individuals. For the entire group the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene with PCR method using primers by AmpliKit Company (Saint-Petersburg). For the analysis of frequency spread of alleles and genotypes the χ2 criteria used, precise Fischer test and relative risk estimation.Results. By the results of statistic analysis there were no difference between control and patient groups by the prevalence of ACE genes and alleles. While studying women separately there were no siginificant differences between patients and controls in genotypes and alleles. In men with MI in anamesis there was increase of DD genes prevalence comparing to healthy individuals (p=0,038). The analysis of MI prevalence and I/D polymorphism in men and women was performed with relation to age. It is shown that in men younger than 50 y.o. homozygotes there are moreprevalent II and DD genotypes, than in men older than 50 y.o., whom ID genotype is more prevalent (p=0,031). In women group the difference between those younger and older than 55 y.o. the spread of genotypes was similar, but there were more prevalent MIs in older group (p=0,020).Conclusion. The important points of I/D polymorphism of ACE genes influence on MI risk was shown. Among women, sick and healthy, and of various age, there were no significant differences in genitypes prevalence. However there are statistically significant differences in the genotype spread was found in healthy men and men after MI, and in men with the age of 34-50 and 51-79 y.o.