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Practical management of the accounting process at Ukrainian enterprises requires the formation of their own accounting policy at each of them, which is the basis of the organization of the accounting process and the most important management tool. The article reveals the essence and procedure of development of accounting policies by domestic enterprises. It is proposed to define the accounting policy as a set of principles, methods, procedures, ways of organizing and maintaining accounting, compiling and submitting financial statements, which are chosen by the economic entity independently, taking into account the peculiarities of its activity over a long period and are reflected in the internal regulatory document of the enterprise. As a result of the research, the factors affecting the formation of accounting policy in the conditions of martial law and their reflection in accounting are summarized. New operations and new business risks were considered, which influenced the formation of the accounting policy, which in the conditions of martial law in most enterprises does not meet the requirements of the law and does not provide an opportunity to form a holistic view of the peculiarities of the accounting methodology and organization of a certain enterprise. Changes to the basic principles of the accounting policy and new components of the accounting policy are proposed, which may require changes in the conditions of martial law. Based on the analysis of the practical aspect of the development of the accounting policy of enterprises in Ukraine the peculiarities of the disclosure of the tax policy of the enterprise are determined and the standards are given: the taxation system used by the enterprise; method of accounting of income and expenses in the organization's activities; the procedure for calculating the tax base for taxation. Criteria for selecting and changing accounting policy, accounting approach to disclosure of information about changes in accounting policy, accounting estimates and correction of errors are established., Розкрито економічну сутність і порядок розробки облікової політики підприємствами України. Запропоновано визначення облікової політики, як сукупність методів, прин­ципів, процедур, організації та ве­дення бухгалтерського обліку, складання і подання фінан­сової звітності, що обираються суб'єктом господарювання самостійно з врахуванням особливостей його діяльності і впливають на ефективність його діяльності та знаходять своє відображення у наказі про облікову політику. В результаті проведеного дослідження розкрито чинники, що впливають на формування та розробку облікової політики, представлено складові облікової політики та основні підходи її положень, систематизовано принципи і ключові елементи облікової політики, обгрунтовано причини зміни облікової політики в умовах воєнного стану і їх відображення в бухгалтерському обліку.

For the effective development of an enterprise, a complete information environment must be created. Financial accounting and reporting provide information about the facts of economic activities that cannot be influenced. The information base for enterprise management is not limited to financial statements, which has led to the emergence of a new concept – management reporting. There is still no conceptual framework for its preparation. Management reporting contains accounting and calculation indicators that are calculated using methods that are not only related to accounting (methods of planning, analysis, control). It allows the company’s managers to set their own requirements for the content, structure, detail, presentation, etc.

The article discusses the concept, nature and role of valuation as a monetary expression of the property and its impact on the results of the company. This will reveal the different interpretations of the concept of valuation in the works of domestic and foreign scholars. The opinion was expressed that the valuation traditionally serves as one of the main elements of accounting, which allows to get a generalized view of the state of the property and the results of the company. The method of accounting determines the place of valuation in the list of elements using examples.

Según datos de declaraciones del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA), entre los años 2016 al 2018, proporcionados por el Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI), ente el administrador de los tributos en el Ecuador, 89% de las grandes empresas comerciales de la ciudad de Quito - Ecuador, aplicaron el método del factor de proporcionalidad en el cálculo del uso del crédito tributario por el IVA pagado en compras, lo que los lleva a pagar un valor más alto en las declaraciones de IVA. El artículo 66 de la Ley de Régimen Tributario Interno, permite además del método del factor de proporcionalidad, la aplicación del método contable. En el estudio se evidenció que 11% de las grandes empresas comerciales de Quito que aplicaron el método contable tuvieron un ahorro de $ 91.086.778,71, en la declaración del IVA durante el período de análisis. According to data from Value Added Tax (VAT) declarations, between the years 2016 and 2018, provided by Ecuador’s Internal Revenue Service (SRI), 89% of large commercial companies in the city of Quito - Ecuador, applied the proportionality factor method in calculating the use of tax credit for the paid VAT purchases, leading them to pay a higher value in tax returns. Article 66 of the Internal Tax Regime Law allows—in addition to the proportionality factor method—the application of the accounting method. The study showed that 11% of the large commercial companies in Quito that applied the accounting method saved $91,086,778.71 in tax returns during the analysis period. 100-122 miguelangeltr10@gmail.com

Using a novel empirical approach and newly available administrative data on US tax filings, we estimate the corporate elasticity of taxable income and determine how such tax responsiveness varies depending on accounting method, firm size, and interest rate. In response to a 10 percent increase in the expected marginal tax rate, private US firms decrease taxable income by 9.1 percent, which indicates a discernibly more elastic response than prevailing estimates. This response reflects a decrease in taxable income of 3.0% arising from real economic adjustments to a firm's scale of operations and 6.0 percent arising from tax adjustments via (e.g.) revenue and cost timing. Responsiveness to the corporate tax rate is more elastic if a firm uses cash (9.9%) rather than accrual accounting (7.4%), if the firm is small (9.9%) rather than large (8.6%), and if the firm has relatively high-cost access to capital.

We examine the effect of capitalization vs expensing on UK firms’ R&D expenditures. Our investigation is motivated by the UK’s mandatory switch from UK GAAP to IFRS in 2005. Under UK GAAP, firms could elect to expense or capitalize development expenditures, but IFRS mandates capitalization. Thus, “capitalizers” maintained their accounting method, while “switchers” were required to change from expensing to capitalization. Using a difference-in-difference design, we examine the effect of the rule change on the amount and riskiness of the two groups’ R&D expenditures. Consistent with arguments that expensing’s deleterious effect on income causes firms to reduce their R&D outlays, we find that switching firms increased their R&D expenditures more than firms that continued to capitalize. We subject our results to numerous robustness tests, using propensity score matched samples, comparing early vs late switchers, switchers with high vs low R&D expenditure growth, examining R&D behavior in the last year before IFRS adoption, and a placebo test in which we alter the switch date. Across all of these tests, our results support the conclusion that the accounting method affects the amount that firms invest in R&D. Our results attest to the real effects of accounting policy on firms’ R&D investments.

The objective of this research is to study the impact of applying the AAOIFIs in Islamic banks, while referring to the impact of applying the AAOIFIs in Arab countries, the focus being on the Iraqi Islamic banks. The major responsibility of the AAOIFIs is to guarantee that accounting methods comply with Sharia – Islamic law, which is only used by a few financial institutions in Islamic countries especially Islamic banks. The AAOIFIs are an enchanting prospect coming from the holy scripts. The researchers obtained the data for the study through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, distributed to 68 workers in the field of Islamic banks. The researchers received 52 responses from several Islamic banks. The study concluded with the set of results that Islamic banks are seeking for the profitability without increasing the security for their deposits or attracting more investors, and the customers of Islamic banks are seeking for “legal benefits” by their investment. The study led to the conclusion that the adoption of the AAOIFIs in Islamic banks will not help attracting foreign investments. The study suggested there is an urgent and actual need to adopt and implement the IFRSs instead of the AAOIFIs within the sample of the study and include other institutions with a similar environment like Islamic banks.

As a result of carbon-pricing policies, a number of jurisdictions across the world claim to be decoupling their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their gross domestic product (GDP). In British Columbia (BC), Canada, in what appears to be decoupling from 2007 to 2018, GHGs with respect to GDP declined by 16% ( BC Government 2020 ). This finding, however, is the result of a production-based method of accounting—the predominant global approach for allocating emissions—and not a consumption-based method. In this study, we compare these two accounting methods with respect to British Columbian decoupling. We calculate consumption-based emissions through a multi-regional input-output analysis from 2010 to 2015. In our results for 2015, we find total consumption emissions of 82.5Mt of CO2e; when compared to the total production emissions of 73.7Mt of CO2e, we find BC to be a net consumer of emissions by 8.8Mt of CO2e for 2015. Although BC has had this net consumer status since at least 2004 ( Dobson and Fellows, 2017 ), this orientation is in decline primarily due to the decarbonizing trends of China and the USA. In short, for BC from 2010–2015, on a per capita basis, both production and consumption accounts of emissions declined (even as GDP rose), but per capita consumption accounts declined more than production accounts and mostly due to emissions reductions from trade partners. Finally, this study may be of interest to policymakers and scientists, and like other scholars, we recommend that consumption-based inventories accompany production-based accounts when designing and assessing global GHG mitigation policy.

Understanding interactions between complex human and natural systems involved in urban carbon cycling is important when balancing the dual goals of urban development to accommodate a growing population, while also achieving urban carbon neutrality. This study develops a systems breakdown accounting method to assess the urbancarbon cycle. The method facilitates greater understanding of the complex interactions within and between systems involved in this cycle, in order to identify ways in which humans can adapt their interactions to reduce netgreenhouse gas emissionsfrom urban regions. Testing the systems breakdown accounting method in Stockholm County, Sweden, we find that it provides new insights into the carbon interactions with urban green-blue areas in the region. Results show how Stockholm County can reduce its emissions and achieve its goal of local carbon net-neutrality, if the green areas protect itscarbon sequestrationpotential and maintain it to offset projected remaining active emissions. Results also show that the inland surface waters and innerarchipelagowaters within Stockholm County are a considerable source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. A better understanding of these water emissions is necessary to formulate effective planning and policy measures that can reduce urban emissions. The insights gained from this study can also be applied in other regions. In particular, water bodies could play a significant role in the urban carbon cycle and using this knowledge for more complete carbon accounting, and a better understanding of green-blue interactions could help to reduce net urban emissions in many places. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305421000199#ack0005

The current paper investigates the sustainability growth problem in the USA and evaluating the co-integration relationship among all variables, including oil, carbon emission, and consumption of energy. We also determine the impacts of energy consumption on the USA economic growth, government spending, and trade openness. We used the co-integration and popular lag model (ARDL) to find the long-term and short-term relationships between all study variables. The empirical results show that (1) the crude oil prices increase and adverse impact on energy demand and government expenditure during the study periods, and CO2 emission negatively affects USA economic growth. In addition, (2) the innovative accounting method (ICA) results, we used further research to research the causality between study variables. The empirical results propose that oil prices affect the country’s economy responsible for more energy consumption, and the causal effect between consumption of energy and economic growth is not relevant. Wastage of energy allows the system to produce more CO2 emissions. Model results find that the one-sided causal effects of economic growth and CO2. We see during the analyses that (CO2) emissions will negatively impact the country’s economy. Therefore, country policymakers are expected to change fossil fuel energy to non-fossil fuel energy as an essential component of the USA’s economic growth policies.

The normative-legal regulation of accounting of formation and use of reserve capital is established. Legislative regulation of the minimum size of reserve capital for different types of companies has been clarified. For joint-stock companies, in contrast to other types of companies, the legislation provides for the possibility of reducing the minimum deductions (including up to 0 %) when the reserve capital reaches the minimum size. A statistical analysis of the structure of equity by type of economic activity is made. It is established that out of 15 types of economic activity, only three (agriculture, forestry and fisheries; education; provision of other services) have profitable activity. Profitable types of economic activity are characterized by the dominance of retained earnings or additional capital in the structure of equity, with reserve capital occupying a small share. The common features and differences of additional and reserve capital are established. Common one is the creation of various funds, the source of which is net income. A distinctive feature is the ability to use funds. Additional capital provides for the creation of a fund for the renewal of non-current assets, employee motivation, etc. and the use of funds for these needs. Unlike additional capital, reserve capital is formed to eliminate crisis moments in the enterprise, reaches a certain size and may not be used for years, because it has a clear purpose – to cover losses, pay dividends on preferred shares and guarantees to creditors in liquidation. The method of accounting of reserve capital, which allows distinguishing the minimum level defined by the legislation and the sum exceeding the minimum size is offered.

This paper explains the trade-offs between the relevance and faithful representation of accounting information analyzed in the contexts of the cash-basis, accrual-basis, and fair value accounting methods used to prepare financial statements for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and tax reporting. Discussion of the role of the relevance and faithful representation of accounting information is generally separate from any discussion of the trade-offs between cash-basis, accrual-basis, and fair value accounting methods, and the different needs and priorities of the users of GAAP and tax reporting information. The study contributes to the literature by suggesting how the importance of relevance and faithful representation differs between GAAP reporting and tax reporting, and how the allowable accounting methods for GAAP and tax reporting align with the differing emphasis on relevance and faithful representation. We review the reporting requirements established by regulators in light of these trade-offs and discuss how the needs of external users of the reporting information shape the allowable accounting methods for GAAP and tax reporting. Key words: Relevance, faithful representation, cash-basis, accrual-basis, fair value, GAAP, tax reporting.

The aim of this article is to present the main similarities and differences between the method of accounting for an LLC and the double-entry accounting method used for NGOs in the case of intangible and tangible assets. Thus, we will highlight aspects related to existing particularities in the case of start-up costs, disposal of tangible and intangible assets, value depreciations, amortizations and trade discounts, so that there will be no room for confusion with regard to the correct application of an accounting treatment.

Ovaj rad prikazuje teoretske odrednice vrednovanja poduzeća te samu važnost tržišnog vrednovanja poduzeća u informacijsko-tehnološkoj industriji u Republici Hrvatskoj. U radu se nastojalo, kroz analize financijskih izvještaja, financijskih pokazatelja i metode vrednovanja, utvrditi tržišna vrijednost odabranih poduzeća. Informacijsko tehnološka industrija postaje sve važnija za gospodarstvo Republike Hrvatske. Hrvatska IT industrija napreduje i to zbog domaće ali i izvozne potražnje od strane razvijatelja softvera. Činjenica da je IT industrija u posljednjih pet godina rasla četiri puta brže negoli BDP Hrvatske govori o važnosti te industrije i time predstavlja perjanicu hrvatskog gospodarstva. Kako bi se procijenila vrijednost odabranih informacijsko tehnoloških poduzeća u ovom radu, koristili su se financijski izvještaji poduzeća kao što su bilanca, RDG te novčani tijek, financijski pokazatelji likvidnosti, zaduženosti, aktivnosti, ekonomičnosti i profitabilnosti te se metoda knjigovodstvene vrijednosti. Prilikom analize financijskih izvještaja, pokazatelja i metode knjigovodstvene vrijednosti, nastojalo se komparacijski prikazati poslovanje i uspješnost svakog poduzeća a tako i njihova tržišna vrijednost. Za kraj će se i dinamičkom metodom putem P/B multiplikatora odrediti vrijednost Asseco SEE grupe., This thesis presents the theoretical determinants of company valuation and the importance of market valuation of companies in the information technology industry in the Republic of Croatia. The thesis talks about market value of selected companies through the analysis of financial statements, financial indicators and valuation methods. The information technology industry is becoming increasingly important for the economy of the Republic of Croatia. The Croatian IT industry is advancing due to domestic and export demand from software developers. The fact that the IT industry has grown four times faster than Croatia's GDP in the last five years speaks of the importance of that industry and thus represents the flagship of the Croatian economy. In order to assess the value of selected IT companies in this thesis, the financial statements of companies such as balance sheet, profit and loss statement and cash flow, financial indicators of liquidity, indebtedness, activity, economy and profitability and the method of book value were used. During the analysis of financial statements, indicators and the method of book value, an attempt was made to compare the business and performance of each company and thus their market value. Finally, the value of the Asseco SEE group will be determined by a dynamic method using a P / B multiplier.

This study aims to determine changes in public sector accounting from cash basis to accrual basis and which one is better than the two bases. This study uses a qualitative method through literature study that combines a number of reliable data sources such as journals, books, articles, legislation, research results and those relevant to the problem being studied, where 12 of the 42 articles were selected and published between the 2013-2018 period. . The change in cash basis reform towards accruals consists of 3 phases, namely the pre-autonomy era, the transition era and the post-regional autonomy era. Of the two bases, the accrual basis is better because the accrual basis produces more transparent accounting reports for the sake of realizing good governance.

The scale and significance of the waste problem in the Ukrainian economy is associated both with the domination of resource-intensive technologies, technologies with a large amount of production waste, and due to the absence, over a long period of time, of an effective waste management policy. The issues of ecologically-oriented waste management have been studied by domestic and foreign scientists. However, the methods of environmental assessment and the level of detail of accounting and analytical information for such assessment still need to be improved. Large amounts of waste and a low percentage of their use as reusable raw materials have led to a situation where a significant amount of waste has accumulated in Ukraine, much of which is accumulated in landfills. In developed countries, in contrast to Ukraine, there is a clearly defined waste management infrastructure. In the absence of such infrastructure in our country, significant amounts of resources are lost, and at the same time the environmental situation is deteriorating. The lack of an effective state audit in Ukraine in the field of waste generation, use and disposal has led to landfills that are not unauthorized and numerous violations of the law during waste management, including hazardous waste. Ukraine has a very low level of waste processing and utilization and a high percentage of landfills. Most of the landfills in Ukraine can no longer accept waste and do not meet environmental or sanitary standards. The methods of environmental assessment and the level of detail of accounting and analytical information for such an assessment require improvement. The article examines the dynamics of waste formation in Ukraine. The main directions of the National Waste Management Strategy are considered. Both national and regional significance of the development of an effective information system at the stage of implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy has been substantiated. The need for the formation of reliable data by enterprises of various forms of ownership for the formation of transparent and objective information about waste for the implementation of a five-level hierarchy of waste management is emphasized. The necessity of settling the concepts of "waste" and "irrecoverable waste" in normative acts has been substantiated. The method of accounting for normative and excess non-returnable waste at enterprises has been clarified.

The main objective of the study is to determine the effect of audit quality on earnings management in insurance companies in Nigeria with special consideration on accruals and performance measures of earning manipulations using insurance companies in Nigeria. Preliminary analyses were conducted, such as descriptive statistics and correlation matrix. In analyzing the data, the study adopted panel multiple regression to identify the possible effects of audit quality on earnings management of financial institutions in Nigeria We interpreted fixed effect analysis after using Hausman test. The result shows that audit quality had a significant effect on earnings management. We conclude that longer stay of auditors in financial institutions increases accrual and performance manipulation. However, financial institutions audited by the Big 4 auditing firms are associated with less accrual and performance earnings manipulation while financial institutions that have executive and non-executive directors as members of audit committee have greater accrual and performance earnings manipulations. Higher number of financial experts in audit committee increases accrual manipulation while higher number of experts with accounting background in audit committee reduces performance manipulating. Finally, increase in auditors’ fee leads to choices of using accounting methods to manipulate both accrual and performance earnings. Therefore, the study recommends that, financial institutions should have maximum number of years for auditors to stay. They should focus more on increasing the number of experts with accounting background in audit committees. Accounting bodies should regulate auditors’ fee in line with the size of the financial institution. (JEL M42) Keywords: Audit Fees, Audit Committee Independence, Audit Firm Size, Audit Quality, Earnings Management, Financial Literacy of Audit Committee Members, Length of Audit Tenure.

In China, under the premise that the water quantity allocation and water quality control targets for transboundary rivers have been determined, ecocompensation between upstream and downstream areas is urgently needed in management practice when targets cannot be met in the transboundary section. A dynamic accounting method for ecocompensation standards needs to be established at the scientific level. However, the accounting method of the existing ecocompensation standards is not sufficient. The purpose of this study is to propose a transboundary compensation standard accounting method based on water quantity allocation and water quality control targets and to establish ecocompensation standard accounting formulas for the Shaying River watershed. The accounting process is as follows: the water quantity compensation standard in different water quantity scenarios is calculated from the perspective of the water resource value. By using the comprehensive pollution index method, the water quality compensation standard is calculated in different water quality scenarios, and the ecocompensation standard calculation formulas for watersheds are determined. As an application, 27 types of ecocompensation standard formulas for the Shaying River watershed were determined for 3 hydrological frequencies (50%, 75% and 95%), 3 water quantity scenarios (equal-quantity, excess-quantity and reduced-quantity discharging) and 3 water quality levels (equal-quality, inferior-quality and better-quality discharging). The results not only provide a compensation standard for the Shaying River but also provide a reference for the calculation of ecocompensation standards for other transboundary rivers in China with definite water quantity and water quality management objectives.

The goals of this examination are (1) to break down the impact of organization size on the decision of stock bookkeeping strategies, (2) to dissect the impact of monetary influence on the decision of inventory accounting methods (3) to investigate the impact of benefit before charge on the decision of inventory accounting methods (4) to examine the impact of size organization, monetary influence and benefit before charge on the determination of inventory accounting methods. This exploration is an experimental investigation led on assembling organizations recorded on the Indonesian stock trade during 2015-2018 and there are 78 organizat

Em julho de 2006, o FASB e o IASB iniciaram um projeto conjunto a fim de desenvolver um padrao comum para registrar todas as operacoes de leasing no Balanco Patrimonial e reduzir as divergencias que afetavam a qualidade da informacao contabil. A nova forma de contabilizacao do leasing entrou em vigor em 1o de janeiro de 2019, por meio das normas: IFRS 16, emitida pelo IASB, e ASU 2016-02 “ Leases ” (Topic 842), emitida pelo FASB. Este trabalho buscou analisar como a American Airlines tratou a adocao antecipada do novo metodo de contabilizacao do leasing em suas demonstracoes contabeis. A referida empresa e considerada a maior companhia aerea do mundo por numero de frota, receita e passageiros. A analise descritiva dos formularios 10-K de 2016 e 2017 demonstrou que a American Airlines apenas mencionou a existencia de uma nova norma de leasing . Ao analisar as demonstracoes contabeis em 2018, notou-se um impacto de USD 10 bilhoes em passivos de arrendamentos e ativo de direito de uso no Balanco Patrimonial, USD 197 milhoes de credito de ajuste com efeito acumulado na DMPL e USD 16 milhoes a menos na receita antes dos impostos. Alem disso, verificou-se que, em 2018, com a contabilizacao do leasing operacional no balanco, as obrigacoes da empresa aumentaram 34% aproximadamente. Palavras-chave : Topic 842. FASB; Leases. Leasing operacional. Leasing financeiro. ABSTRACT In July 2006, the FASB and IASB initiated a joint project in order to develop a commom standard for the register of all leasing operations in the balance sheet and reduce divergences that affect the quality of accounting information. A new form of lease accounting came into effective on January 1, 2019, through IFRS 16, approved by IASB and ASU 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842), as issued by FASB. A report released by IFRS Foundation in 2016 verified the effects of the standard on various sectors and identified that the companies with the most impact will be the airlines companies. Thus, this paper sought to analyze how American Airlines tried to anticipate the new leasing accounting method in its financials reports. This company is considered the largest airline in the world by fleet number, revenue and passengers. A descriptive analysis of the 2016 and 2017 10-K forms showed that American Airlines only mentioned the presence of a new leasing standard. Looking at accounting statistics in 2018, there is a $ 10 billion impact on lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on the Balance Sheet, $ 197 million in cumulative DMPL adjustment credit, and $ 16 million less in revenue. before tax. In addition, it was found that in 2018, with operating lease accounting being register on the balance sheet, the company's obligations increased by approximately 34%. Keywords : Topic 842; FASB. Leases. Operating leasing. Finance leasing.

Nowadays accounting statements is one of the most dynamic accounting method elements. First and foremost it is related to the correspondence of its subject-matter to the demands of different users willing to know economic conditions in reality changing rapidly. Thus, applying methods of economic analysis on the basis of accounting data it is possible to calculate a range of figures giving an opportunity to estimate both financial condition and economic potential of the enterprise in the future and the past. That is why to calculate such figures in the copes of accounting there should be information about emergency consequences cases affecting the production processes, product cost and further the enterprise’s financial results. This condition will allow estimate their influence on the financial figures and economic potential of the enterprise. The directions of financial statement’s expanding in content and form are articulated. Financial statement is improved in order to reflect information about emergency consequences through expanding factors in already existing chapters (as a part of other costs) and formation of the new chapter V «External and internal risks environmental impact» containing information about separation of emergency consequences from activity costs. Fragments of notes to the annual financial statement are developed giving an opportunity to estimate the impact of emergency consequences on noncurrent and current assets and the production process. Building specific information for internal use about emergency consequences is performed on the basis of justified directions of internal reporting formation and development of ways and mechanisms of their factors formation. It allowed to increase quality of information space of business activity management in emergency conditions. The use of suggestions in practice contributed to increasing the information space quality in users’ decision-making and developing a complex of measures to prevent and address the emergency consequences. In its turn analytical measures calculated on the basis of their facts will take into account a number of factors allowing to fully estimate the financial condition and economic potential.

The article investigates modern approaches to define the concept of investment climate. The latter is considered to remain unfavorable in Ukraine, although there are some positive changes in this direction. The factors which determine the state of investment climate are identified and structured in this paper. They include social, institutional, economic, integration and man-made ones. The key instruments which might influence the investment climate of Ukraine are determined. It is underlined that their effective use will improve the state of investment climate in the country nowadays. The change of investment position of Ukraine in the world’s top rankings is underlined. According to the most authoritative Ease of Doing Business ranking, the rate of Ukraine is 71st at the beginning of 2019. Ukraine has considerably improved its rate recently. The most significant changes have been observed in the field of customs policy whereas the most problematic one is the bankruptcy procedures. The research of the current state of investment activity in Ukraine has revealed an increase in the inflow of foreign direct investments, although their size compared to the needs of the real sector of the economy is still insignificant. The factors constraining the investment activity in Ukraine are formulated. The usage of the relevant crediting instruments influencing the investment climate of Ukraine in order to improve it and to increase the activity of domestic and foreign investors is suggested. It is proved that tax, budgetary and crediting instruments of currency regulation are currently the most essential. Positive influence of currency liberalization on the investment climate of Ukraine is revealed. The legalization of crypto currency operations is recommended. It is also necessary to implement modern electronic accounting methods (blockchain technology) into financial practice and accelerate the implementation of Basel III international standards. In Ukraine the legalization of cryptocurrencies will lead to a GDP growth, development of the new ways of running banking business and investment activity encouragement.

Around two‐thirds of the global population will live in cities by 2050 requiring large urban infrastructure development. Decision‐makers and planners usually rely on standard economic accounting methods for urban planning and investments on infrastructure assets. However, standard methods fail to account for the ecosystem services benefits that living infrastructure (e.g. urban forests, open spaces) provides to city dwellers. This could generate socially inefficient configurations of urban spaces and compromise the achievement of long‐term urban sustainability targets. In this analysis, we applied a stochastic whole‐of‐life benefit–cost analysis following the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) framework to compare alternative long‐term management strategies for living infrastructure in Canberra, Australia. Spatially explicit data, i‐Tree Eco and benefit transfer methods were used to estimate the stocks and flows ecosystem services benefits of urban forests and irrigated open spaces from 2018 to 2070. Our analysis suggests that a ’30 per cent canopy cover expansion’ scenario has the highest benefit–cost ratio, while the business as usual scenario, where a net loss of 400 trees is expected per year, offers the lowest benefit–cost ratio. Scenarios of expanding versus not expanding irrigated open spaces in the future both result in a benefit–cost ratio of approximately two.

The effectiveness of conventional accounting methods used for firm financial performance measurement and analysis has been criticized. Theorists started to put forward modern financial performance measures although their significance is still under examination by the researchers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of three contemporary economic based measures; economic value added (EVA), refined economic value added (REVA) and economic value added momentum (EVA Momentum) on firm financial performance in addition to finding out the economic value added based measure with the highest explanatory power relevant to firm financial performance via conducting relative and incremental information content analyses. Data were collected for companies listed in the Egyptian Stock Exchange over the period 2010-2019 excluding the financial sector. Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression is conducted using the statistical package of EViews-version 10. The results showed significant impact of all the economic value added measures on firm financial performance. In addition, it was found that REVA could be considered as the most effective economic measure in improving and explaining the financial performance.

Рассматривается факторы, влияющие на расчет осадки фундамента условного здания в связи с учетом природного порового давления в водоупорных слоях. Приведено сравнение расчета осадки фундамента условного здания с учетом и без учета порового давления методом послойного суммирования и методом конечных элементов. Определены основные факторы влияния порового давления на величину расчетной осадки: размер сжимаемой зоны, модуль деформации и параметры переуплотнения грунтов. Отмечено разнонаправленное действие факторов на величину расчетной осадки.

The rational organization of operational work largely depends on the train formation plan. A correctly calculated formation plan allows you to reduce operating costs and reduce the number of adjustments to the operation of stations and sections. The current practice of calculating the train formation plan does not take into account the variable nature of its design parameters. In this case, the decision to organize car traffic is not always optimal, and the train formation plan is subject to multiple adjustments during the life cycle. The purpose of the article is to describe the method of accounting for the variable nature of the calculated parameters of car traffic, which will increase the stability of the train formation plan. To achieve this goal, we suggest using fuzzy sets. The description of the method of accounting for fluctuations in car traffic and the parameters of the system of organization of car traffic that depend on it is given. Using the method of finding solutions in fuzzy conditions developed by Bellman and Zadeh, a method for determining the optimal threshold value of car traffic in uneven conditions is developed. The use of variable standards in the development of a train formation plan can increase its stability, which will lead to a reduction in the number of adjustments, as well as to a reduction in operating costs for its implementation. A calculated example showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach is given.

The paper considers the solution to the problem of accounting method transformation under the influence of the accelerating economy digitalization that requires transition to new methods of working with information: in addition to reflecting the history of business activities, accounting statements should allow making decisions for the future at any time and at any production process stage; that is, it should be re-oriented from the control function to the informative one. This, in turn, requires integration based on digital standards of reporting information with information reflecting other aspects of the business and the external environment through developing new indicators, new methods of collecting and processing data. We have shown that a solution to this problem could be creating a single digital economy management platform consisting of two specialized sub-platforms: an aggregator sub-platform for collecting and accumulating primary data and an application sub-platform for production management tasks. In this case, a widespread introduction of a single digital platform in any production process allows to migrate to a new type of manufacturing enterprises: from the quality control phase after the production phase towards the principle of current control over all production operation, which should also affect the entire taxation system. This system will become more efficient by increasing tax collection, reducing the cost of maintaining the financial and accounting service and actively including it in the production management system. In addition, such a digital platform will release a significant number of IT specialists, who are sorely lacking in the country, especially in agriculture, from the financial and accounting service with their reorientation to the introduction of new digital technologies in the form of mathematical models, artificial intelligence, big data, neural networks, which will give an additional impetus to the accelerated digitalization of the economy.

With the development of big data and information technology, the possibility of enhance the control of exchange rate risk in Chinese multinational corporations is increasing. A large of papers have already discussed exchange rate risk management, however the methodology used in accounting remain to be elucidated. This thesis focuses on China Hainan Rubber Industry Group Co. Ltd, analyzes problems of exchange rate management in its financial statements from 2015 to 2019, calculates the impact of exchange gains and losses with different accounting methods, and then discusses the policy implication. We set up a model to explain the details of exchange gains and loss, then subdivide (A) actual exchange gains and losses and (B) financial accounting exchange gains and losses to reflect the enterprise’s business status, and verify the feasibility of this model for practical use. Finally, we provide new policy implications, such as suggestions for accounting entries with classified exchange gains and losses, strengthen enterprise communication management by using IT, and pay attention to the development trend of CNY’s internationalization.

The article determines that one of the main indicators of the consumer’s attitude to the brand is loyalty. The indicators that can be used to determine the degree of consumer loyalty to the brand are considered. The general characteristics of the brand are determined, in particular: the brand exists in the mind of the consumer, it has a unique set of values intended to identify the goods or services of the manufacturer; a brand is an object of intellectual property consisting of a set of tangible, intangible elements, reflects the characteristics of a product, its unique features; a brand is a marketing tool that has a certain value for sellers and consumers of goods, contributes to the economic development of the enterprise and the formation of mutually beneficial relationships with partners; unlike a trademark, a brand cannot be registered and controlled, and cannot be tied to any geographic location. The existing approaches to the construction of accounting methods for trademarks and brands are established, which may differ depending on whether the acquired assets were created by the enterprise itself. The issue of depreciation of acquired rights to a trademark is clarified. The procedure for transferring exclusive ownership rights to a trademark is disclosed. The business transactions for the acquisition of exclusively property rights to a trademark are proposed.

The study aims to study the role of management accounting methods in reducing the risks of strategic decisions in the business organization environment. For achieve the study goals the extrapolation method was used in the conceptual study and prepare the field aspect on the questionnaire list that directed to the items sampled which amount to 106 item sample and the statistical analysis is used in ascertain the veracity of the study assumptions. The study reached the following results: 1) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the first subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between the use of effective management accounting methods to reduce the risks associated with strategic decisions. 2) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the second subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between the environment surrounding business organizations (internal or external environment) and effective decision-making in organizations. 3) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the third subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between the use of effective management accounting methods to increase efficiency in business organizations. The most important recommendations of the researcher include the following: 1) Attention to use management accounting methods when making strategic decisions. 2) Attention to the environmental factors surrounding the organizationbefore starting to make strategic decisions. 3) Attention to the strategic decision-making process because it leads to risks that threaten the organization.