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Çalışma rüzgâr enerji tesisinin bir bölgede kurulmasıyla ortaya çıkan ekonomik faaliyetler ile yerel topluluğun tesisi kabul etme ilişkisine odaklanmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere rüzgâr enerji santralleri kurulduğu bölge için bir kalkınma aracı ve bu yönüyle de yerel halkın desteğini aldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çerçevede ekonomik etkilerin kolay takip edilebileceği, küçük ölçekli kırsal ekonomiye sahip Kırşehir iline bağlı Mucur ilçesinde yer alan Geycek rüzgâr santrali ve çevresinde yer alan yerleşimler araştırma sahası olarak seçilmiştir. Anket ve görüşme tekniğiyle toplanan verilerin analiz edilmesi sonucunda santralin ekonomik etkilerinin sınırlı olduğu, bölge için bir kalkınma enstrümanı olmaktan uzak olduğu ve bu nedenle ekonomik etki demetlerinin kabul süreçleri ile düşük düzeyde etkileşiminin olduğu görülmüştür. Çevre yerleşimlerden santralin inşaat aşamasında sağlanan vasıfsız işgücünün bölge için gerçekleşen en büyük ölçekli fakat dönemlik ekonomik etkinlik olduğu, işletim aşamasında sınırlı sayıda istihdamın devam ettiği ve bunun dışında sürekliliği olmayan alışverişler, kiralamalar ve az miktarda gerçekleşen arazi kamulaştırmalarının ekonomik faaliyetleri oluşturduğu bulunmuştur.

Subjective well-being is comprised of two components: affective experience and life satisfaction. Older adulthood is marked by changes and challenges that have the potential to diminish well-being. As the proportion of older adults in the population rises, it is becoming increasingly important to identify factors that may be protective against these potentially detrimental events. Mindfulness and acceptance constructs have been shown to be associated with affective experience across the lifespan. However, little work has examined which facets of mindfulness drive these associations. The current study aimed to explore the associations between acceptance and mindfulness processes and positive and negative affect in older adults. Eighty-five healthy older adults completed self-report measures of mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and positive and negative affect. Results from linear regression analyses indicated that the act with awareness and nonreactivity facets of mindfulness were particularly important in their contribution to positive affect. Additionally, higher levels of experiential avoidance accounted for significant variance in negative affect. These findings help to elucidate how mindfulness and acceptance processes play a role in affective experience in older adults. Future studies should explore these facets in clinical populations to help create more targeted clinical goals.

Taking pictures of food and sharing them on social networking services has now become a general consumer trend. In particular, many companies are interested in Instagram marketing due to the increase in users and word-of-mouth effect generated by using hashtags. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate Instagram users’ food-content acceptance processes by applying the information adoption model. Sample data for this study was collected by an online survey company and a total of 333 valid responses were analyzed. The study found significant relationships between food-content quality—accuracy, relevance, and conciseness—and information usefulness. Among the factors constituting source credibility, source trustworthiness and hashtag scalability were found to have a significant relationship with information usefulness. Information adoption mediated the relationship between information usefulness and continued use of food-content Instagram/information sharing intentions. The theoretical and managerial implications based on these findings can contribute to designing marketing strategies.

In the last 20 years, alternative approaches to the identification of skin sensitisation hazards have been at the forefront of the 3Rs and have helped refine the validation and acceptance processes. However, experience with the local lymph node assay showed that, post-validation, challenges still occurred, particularly when a wider diversity of chemical substances was addressed, a situation which will arise with validated in vitro alternatives. In the present work, a range of substances potentially challenging to assess in current nonanimal OECD test guidelines were evaluated in several of the emerging in vitro alternatives. Twelve such substances (of which just over half were known skin sensitisers) were assessed in 4 assays, all based on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models. For hazard identification, the overall predictive accuracy ranged around 70% for three assays, although for one (SensCeeTox), it fell below 50% when human data was used as the benchmark. In most cases, sensitivity was high, such that sensitisation was overpredicted. As the substances were challenging to assess in other nonanimal methods, the results indicate that the 3D RHE models may be a useful tool for assessing skin sensitisation potentials without needing to revert to animal use.

The EC (European Council) Directive on radiation protection of patients requires that criteria for acceptability of equipment in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy be established throughout the member states. This study reviews the background to this requirement and to its implementation in practice. It notes and considers parallel requirements in the EC medical devices directive and International Electrotechnical Commission standards that it is also important to consider and that both sets of requirements should ideally be harmonised due to the global nature of the equipment industry. The study further reviews the types of criteria that can be well applied for the above purposes, and defines qualitative criteria and suspension levels suitable for application. Both are defined and relationships with other acceptance processes are considered (including acceptance testing at the time of purchase, commissioning and the issue of second-hand equipment). Suspension levels are divided into four types, A, B, C and D, depending on the quality of evidence and consensus they are based on. Exceptional situations involving, for example, new or rapidly evolving technology are also considered. The publication and paper focuses on the role of the holder of the equipment and related staff, particularly the medical physics expert and the practitioner. Advice on how the criteria should be created and implemented is provided for these groups and how this might be coordinated with the supplier. Additional advice on the role of the regulator is provided.

The EC (European Commission) Directive on radiation protection of patients requires that Criteria for Acceptability of Equipment in Diagnostic Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy be established throughout the member states. This paper reviews the background to this requirement and to its implementation in practice. It notes parallel requirements in the EC medical devices directive and International Electrotechnical Commission standards. It is also important to be aware and that both sets of requirements should ideally be harmonised due to the global nature of the equipment industry. The paper further reviews the type of criteria that can be well applied for the above purposes, and defines qualitative criteria and suspension levels suitable for application. Both are defined and relationships with other acceptance processes are considered (including acceptance testing at the time of purchase, commissioning and the issue of second-hand equipment). Suspension levels are divided into four types, A, B, C and D, depending on the quality of evidence and consensus on which they are based. Exceptional situations involving, for example, new or rapidly evolving technology are also considered. The publication and paper focuses on the role of the holder of the equipment and related staff, particularly the medical physics expert and the practitioner. Advice on how the criteria should be created and implemented and how this might be coordinated with the supplier is provided for these groups. Additional advice on the role of the regulator is provided.

As a result of gradual shifts in the market for audit services, we expect financially stressed public companies to be increasingly audited by regional firms, who, in turn, will be increasingly likely to issue going concern reports to their financially stressed public companies. Our expectations challenge the view that larger audit firms, in order to avoid exposure to litigation, report more conservatively. To address these issues, we examine the 22 years between 1989 and 2010, which we classify into four ERAs (e.g., 1989–1994, 1995–2001, 2002–2005, and 2006–2010). We initially document that over time, financially stressed public companies are shifting to regional audit firms, partly due to the actions of larger audit firms shedding these clients, which represent ex-ante conservatism. In contrast, audit firm reporting represents ex-post conservatism. We next show that over time, for their financially stressed public clients, regional audit firms are increasingly more likely to issue going concern reports, and BigN audit firms are increasingly less likely to issue going concern reports. We also show that in more recent ERAs, regional audit firms have been more likely than BigN and national audit firms to issue a going concern report to their financially stressed pubic clients. Overall, our evidence suggests that more recently, larger audit firms, relative to regional audit firms, acted more proactively to lessen their litigation risks through increasing centralization of client selection and acceptance processes. However, our evidence suggests that more recently, to lessen their litigation risks, regional audit firms, relative to BigN and national audit firms, acted more conservatively by issuing more going concern reports to their financially stressed public clients.

Internet-based learning systems are being used in many universities and firms but their adoption requires a solid understanding of the user acceptance processes. The technology acceptance model (TAM) has been used to test the acceptance of various technologies and software within an e-learning context. This research aims to discuss the main factors of a successful e-learning adoption by students. A conceptual research framework of e-learning adoption is proposed based on the TAM model.

目的：長期入院統合失調症患者の家族が，退院を受け入れる心理プロセスを明らかにすることを目的とした．方法：研究協力者10名を対象に半構成的面接を行い，修正版グラウンデッド・セオリー・アプローチを用いて分析した．結果：家族が退院を受け入れる心理プロセスから，29の概念と6つのカテゴリーを見出した．受け入れるプロセスは，患者との同居の有無によって差異があった．別居の家族は，家族自身が振り回されないことが退院の決め手となったが，現在は患者の病状改善に対する喜びを感じていた．一方同居の家族は，家族自身の家庭内が落ち着いたことが決め手となったが，現在は病状悪化の不安があり，患者との保てない距離感や付きまとう家族共倒れの心配を抱いていた．結論：同居の家族は，別居の家族に比べ，より多くの援助を必要としていることが明らかとなった．看護師は，家族の思いを受容し，患者や家族のQOLの向上のために継続的な支援が必要であることが示唆された．

AOL Instant Messenger (IM) is a widely used Internet chat technology. There are indications that users initially do not find it easy to use, and this concerns AOL management; they consider that if popular applications are not easy to use, the ability of AOL to attract and hold loyal customers will be impeded. In this paper, the acceptance of IM technology is investigated within the familiar framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), in which ease of use plays a pivotal role in promoting acceptance and subsequent use of a given technology. Computer Self Efficacy (CSE) is examined for possible antecedent roles in structural models of acceptance processes. It is determined that CSE does operate in a mediating relationship among some of the critical subcomponents of the TAM model but that it does not operate within the strictly defined theoretical boundaries established for general antecedents to the overall TAM process.

This chapter deals with the manufacturing technologies of Chinese high-speed turnouts. Certain typical facilities for high-speed turnout manufacturing, such as CNC planer-type milling machines and welders for rails of dissimilar materials, as well as manufacturing processes are introduced. The key production processes for turnout rail members and plates are explored in detail. The forging process of heel zones, quality control process, heat-treatment process, quality control technologies for rails, and control technologies for line types of switch rail during the milling process are elaborated, using the example of 60D40 rail. Finally, the assembly and acceptance processes for high-speed turnouts in China are introduced.

Chronic musculoskeletal ‘non-specific’ pain is still highly prevalent, despite advances of the biopsychosocial model in pain care and interprofessional rehabilitation. According to national and international reports, one of the areas in need of empirical evidence and development is the selection of patients to appropriate rehabilitation programs. Pain assessment instruments are often packaged without consideration of underlying models, and this mixture can create further confusion in the field. Furthermore, the instruments used do not indicate to potentially modifiable variables, and thus clinicians are still left guessing when assessing and planning rehabilitation for patients with chronic pain. In order to improve the selection of patients to the appropriated rehabilitation program, this thesis investigates which widely used pain instruments are pragmatic and useful to identifying rehabilitation needs, provide clear guide for therapeutic actions to take in the rehabilitation program. To be clinically relevant, indicators may be also sensitive to capture differential response to treatment and have a good predictive value. The thesis describes four studies that used existing data, gathered in clinical practice, by the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP) as routine monitoring of assessment and outcome in pain rehabilitation settings. The SQRP data from one big rehabilitation clinic was analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques, including cluster analysis and general linear models. Since the SQRP made changes in the package of instruments, of packages were used, the old one (for Study I) and the new for Studies II to IV. Results based on the older data (instruments from the 1980’s and 1990’s), results showed that signs and symptoms such as pain intensity, anxiety and depression, emerged as variables that correlated with quality of life and functioning. These results were consistent with the pain models in force at that time. Signs and symptoms express a topography that is clinically linked to diagnostic considerations, and further expected to be indicators that will lead to effective treatment. These topographical (formistic) variables indicated a certain level of utility at the primary care to identify patients in need for referral. However at the rehabilitation clinic, signs, symptoms or diagnoses were not useful to find distinct groups that indicate their needs or predicted of response to rehabilitation. On the other hand, clustering the patients according to the core therapeutic processes of Pain Acceptance, from the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) emerged as the most useful indicator for rehabilitation when investigating the new package of instruments of the SQRP. Combining the two behaviors and therapeutic processes of pain acceptance (Pain Willingness and Activity Engagement) effectively differentiated four groups with differential pattern of psychosocial status and needs and response to rehabilitation. Pain acceptance could also distinguish differences between the sexes before rehabilitation, suggesting clinical utility in terms of treatment matching and potentially developing alternative treatment modalities for each group and each sex. Finally, given the number of items in the SQRP and its burden for the individual and the organization, this study also investigated the properties of a shortened version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) as a step towards a scientific approach to streamlining assessment procedures. The data showed that the CPAQ-8, with less than half the length of the full version, carried similar information, demonstrating good predictive value and sensitivity to track rehabilitation changes. In conclusion, this thesis presents several methods for investigating indicators that could be used to identify clinically relevant and distinct groups. The usefulness of these indicators depends upon their function and setting. The overall aim was to bring a scientific focus to assessment and triage. Although primarily pragmatic in its focus, the thesis inevitably touches upon the ‘usefulness’ of different forms of knowing and understanding in the assessment and treatment of pain. These are discussed in relation to psychological theories and their philosophical roots. SWEDISH Denna avhandling undersöker kliniskt användbara indikatorer för att gruppera patienter utifrån deras rehabiliterings-behov, och på så sätt säkra urvalsprocessen till rätt rehabiliteringsprogram samt för att kunna predicera utfall. Avhandlingen visar att det finns ett vetenskapligt grundat och pragmatiskt sätt att utföra en säker och effektiv ’triage’ inför smärt-rehabilitering med stöd av registerdata och att indikatorer kan potentiellt användas för att planera rehabiliteringsprogram för dessa distinkta grupper. Långvarig smärta är ett av de största hälsoproblemen nationellt och internationellt, såväl för individen som för vården och samhället. Utveckling och uppbyggnad av smärtvården är därför prioriterat. Ett exempel är Rehabiliteringsgarantin, en insats i miljardklass som syftar till att öka tillgängligheten till så kallad ’multimodal smärtrehabilitering’. Denna har visats ge goda resultat för somliga patienter, dock inte för alla. Utvärderingar visar att man framöver måste bli bättre på att selektera vilka patienter som kan bli hjälpta av de specificerade insatserna . Empirisk evidens och systematik i hur man bedömer och väljer patienter till olika rehabiliteringsprogram är i princip obefintlig. Smärtforskning utifrån den biopsykosociala modellen och med en beteendeterapeutisk inriktning har under de senaste 30 åren varit omfattande och har visat goda effekter av kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT). För att förklara och förstå det multidimensionella vidden av långvarig smärta har KBT forskare ständigt utvecklat nya begrepp och det finns mer än 200 frågeformulär som skattar dessa begrepp. Traditionellt används ett batteri med flera instrument i tron att ju fler variabler som bedöms desto bättre kan patienten förstås och behandlas. Det Nationella kvalitetsregister över Smärtrehabilitering (NRS) inkluderar ett gediget batteri av frågeformulär som omfattar mer än 250 variabler som patienten fyller in före- och efter rehabilitering samt ett år efter avslutad rehabilitering. Syftet med NRS är att erbjuda ett underlag för kvalitetsförbättring och stimulera till forskning för de deltagande rehabiliteringsklinikerna. Frågeformulären kombineras av kliniker eller forskare, ofta utan större hänsyn till vilka teorier som ligger till grund för de frågor som ställs. Blandning av olika instrument som inte stämmer överens med de terapeutiska processerna i rehabiliteringen kan skapa förvirring i det kliniska sammanhanget. I beteendeinriktad rehabilitering är det först och främst individens funktion som ska bedömas och som sedan ska rehabiliteras genom beteendeförändring. Det är då inte symptom och symptomlindring som står i fokus. Indikatorer ska inte enbart identifiera en funktionsnedsättning, utan de ska även tydligt identifiera ett beteende som ska ändras, och helst också synliggöra den relaterad terapeutiska processen under rehabiliteringen. Detta är högt ställda krav och därför brukar alla i rehabteamet göra egna professionella bedömningar som därefter diskuteras i teamet. Genom att det saknas underlag för en systematisk beslutsprocess selekteras patienter med stöd av ’kvalificerade gissningar’ hos personalen (som i och för sig ofta har goda kunskaper). I syfte att säkra och systematisera bedömnings- och urvalsprocessen, utforskar denna avhandling registerdata. Två batterier av instrument från NRS används, ett äldre som användes före 2009 dels ett nyare som används sedan dess. I avhandlingen utforskas instrumentens förmåga att användas som pragmatiska och kliniskt relevanta indikatorer för smärtrehabilitering. Med hjälp av linjära statistiska modeller och klusteranalys grupperades patienter efter olika potentiella indikatorer för att testa de olika grupperingsalternativ förmågan att identifiera rehabiliteringsbehov hos patienterna i varje grupp samt gruppens respons på rehabilitering. Det äldre batteriet av instrument analyserades med Principal Component Analysis som visar att när det används variabler som tillhör äldre smärtmodeller, erhålls resultat i enlighet med dessa modeller. Resultat i Studie I framhäver att smärtintensitet, ångest och depression är viktiga variabler att använda som indikatorer och grupperingsalternativ. Dessa är redan kända riskfaktorer för ”kronifiering” av smärta och potentiellt användbara i primärvården för att identifiera patienter som är i behov av vidare remittering till andra instanser. Smärtintensitet, ångest och depression beskriver dock inte vad patienter gör eller inte gör, det vill säga deras beteende. Rehabilitering påverkar beteende och de tre variablerna är därför otillräckliga som indikatorer till rehabilitering. Att gruppera patienterna i 8 grupper genom en kombination av dessa variabler är tveksam ur kliniskt perspektiv. När det nyare batteriet av instrument undersöks förändras bilden. Smärtacceptans framträder som en pragmatisk indikator, som visar på ett beteende som kan förändras genom en tydlig och empiriskt testad terapeutisk strategi, en av processerna som ingår i Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, känd som ACT. I Studie II visas att instrumentet som skattar smärtacceptans, The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire kan kortas från 20 till 8 frågor med fortsatt bibehållna goda egenskaper för att användas både som bedömning och processinstrument for en ACT-baserad rehabilitering. Studie III påvisar hur smärtacceptansens två underliggande beteende- och terapeutiska processer; ’Öppenhet för smärta’ och ’Engagemang i aktiviteter’ kan generera fyra distinkta kluster, en grupp med höga värden i båda, en grupp med låga värden i båda och de andra två grupper med ojämnt fördelade kombinationer. Dessa grupper samvarierar i sin tur med andra variabler såsom smärta, ångest, depression, livskvalitet och funktionsmått. I studie IV, kunde även smärtacceptans identifiera kliniskt relevanta skillnader mellan könen. Tillsammans visar dessa resultat att smärtacceptans tydligt kan differentiera behov hos olika patientgrupper och kön och kan därmed stödja selektering av patienter till rätt vård och rehabilitering. Detta kan i framtiden leda till bättre utformning av anpassade och acceptansbaserade rehabiliteringsprogram utifrån varje patientgrupps behov. Avhandlingen visat att olika resultat kan erhållas, beroende på vilka instrument som inkluderas i studien och tolkningen är också beroende av instrumentets underliggande smärtmodell och kunskaper hos den som tolkar resultaten. Dessutom, indikatorer användbarhet kan vara beroende av dess funktion, bland annat var och hur de ska användas. Denna avhandling omfattar främst klinisk forskning och implementering, men diskuterar också hur olika förförståelse av smärta kan påverka klinisk och vetenskaplig praxis. Resultatet ramas in och relateras till olika psykologiska modeller utifrån filosofiska teorier.

With the rapid change in working environment, there is a need to implement e-learning systems but their adoption requires a fully understanding of the user acceptance processes. Our mainly effort is to integrate two constructs, perceived flexibility and computer self-efficacy, to examine the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in explaining employees' decisions to accept e-learning. Based on a sample of 233 employees taken from 16 high-tech companies at Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan, the results significantly support the extended TAM in predicting employeespsila behavioral intention to use e-learning.

This Paper attempts to study the acceptance process for women with nuclear power by means of POSA; Partial Order Scalogram Analysis. E. M. Rogers has asserted that the acceptance process of technological innovation consists of five steps such as awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption. However, as we think the trial and adoption process are inappropriate for nuclear power technology, we left out them.Evaluation process is so important for this study that we point out three views which are safety, management system and economical merits to site. In order to ascertain this hypothesis, we made a research for the attitude test to women about nuclear power in four points where the sites of nuclear power station and urban areas only consuming the energy.After analysis, we extracted five acceptance processes, and the main process was interest, awareness, evaluation with safety, management system and economical merits to site. Finally, POSA is a very effective method dealing with such a problem.