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Dairy products, which have been used for many years in the nutrition of individuals, have many benefits for human health. Due to recent developments such as climate changes, raw material deficiency and increased population, humankind has been forced to seek alternative resources from the space in the latest decades. Yet, in the space, feeding has for so long been world-centered and effectuated short term. Due to swift rise of 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional printer technologies at the end of 20th century, onset of 21st century, quick expansion, and wide use of such technologies, their use in space missions and space-food production has come to the surface. Within the context of this study, data related to utilizing dairy products as a space food and data on using 3-dimensional (3D) and 4-dimensional (4D) printers to generate these products in space mission were collected and evaluated in the review. © 2022 Sidas Medya A.S. All rights reserved.

AIM: To compare the effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the motor outcome, gait and balance function, fall risk (FR), and non-motor symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).

WOS: 000427318900338

Aim: The aim of this study was to expose three-dimensional anatomy and projection of brain arteries used by injection-corrosion cast's technique. Although corrosion method previously was used to expose coronary and testicular arteries, this is the first study that was applied to human brain arteries in details. Methods: Internal carotid arteries and basilar artery of fresh human brain cannulised and irrigated with warm water, after that filled with colored polyester mixture. For corrosion process, brains were kept in diluted sulphuric acid and then carefully cleaned with water. By this way tree-dimensional anatomy of brain arteries were exposed. Results: Injection-corrosion cast's technique resulted in deeper penetration of colored solutions into small cerebral vessels and provided good three-dimensional vision. Conclusion: Vascular structures are usually discovered by cadaveric dissection method. By cadaveric dissection method, could obtain information about the origin of vascular structure but it is not possible for the anatomic position and projection. With the method of injection-corrosion, vascular structure could be exposed as tree-dimensional projection, even in the smallest branch look like it is in cranium position. From our point of view this technique will provide significant contribution to neurosurgery training and subsequent studies.

Background: The pedunculopontine nucleus has recently been proposed as an alternative target for deep brain stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable Parkinson's disease. The suggested indication for pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation is severe and medically intractable axial symptoms such as gait and postural impairment. Objective: Our goal in this study was to describe the effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on pedunculopontine nucleus electrophysiological activity. Methods: Fourteen male Wistar rats were divided into a sham stimulation group and an experimental group. In both groups, electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the subthalamic nucleus and into the right pedunculopontine nucleus. Microelectrode recordings were carried out in both groups prior to and during sub thalamic nucleus stimulation. Results: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation produced no clear inhibition of neuronal firing in the pedunculopontine nucleus. However, we found that stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus at 60 Hz produces some entrainment of pedunculopontine nucleus neuronal firing and a shift of subthalamic nucleus firing patterns to more tonic and random patterns. These results are consistent with the effects of deep brain stimulation on neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus. Conclusion: The result of this study provides additional evidence to improve our understanding of the mechanism of subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation, and its physiological consequences. (C) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel

BACKGROUND: The pedunculopontine nucleus has recently been proposed as an alternative target for deep brain stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable Parkinson's disease. The suggested indication for pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation is severe and medically intractable axial symptoms such as gait and postural impairment. OBJECTIVE: Our goal in this study was to describe the effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on pedunculopontine nucleus electrophysiological activity. METHODS: Fourteen male Wistar rats were divided into a sham stimulation group and an experimental group. In both groups, electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the subthalamic nucleus and into the right pedunculopontine nucleus. Microelectrode recordings were carried out in both groups prior to and during subthalamic nucleus stimulation. RESULTS: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation produced no clear inhibition of neuronal firing in the pedunculopontine nucleus. However, we found that stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus at 60 Hz produces some entrainment of pedunculopontine nucleus neuronal firing and a shift of subthalamic nucleus firing patterns to more tonic and random patterns. These results are consistent with the effects of deep brain stimulation on neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus. CONCLUSION: The result of this study provides additional evidence to improve our understanding of the mechanism of subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation, and its physiological consequences.

Objective: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an effective bariatric procedure on weight loss and obesity-related comorbidities. The most important complication of LSG is the staple line leaks (SLL). This study aims to report the SLL rate and its management with self-expandable stent in a series of 422 LSGs. Material and Methods: A total of 422 patients underwent LSG from January 2010 to June 2015. A retrospective study was performed to the patients who were diagnosed as staple line leak at department of obesity surgery of a university hospital. The gastric resection was started from the antrum with a distance of 4-6 cm to the pilorus, by a 60mm staples. A 36F bougie was used to calibrate the gastric tube. The staple line was routinely reinforced with running sutures. The patients who developed SLL were treated endoscopically with self-expandable metalic stent (SEMS) placement. Results: The mean age of patients were 41.8 (29-55) years, and female/male ratio was 7/5. Mean body mass index of 44.1 kg/m2 in patients, one of the cases has a gastric banding history. SLL rate was 12/422 (2.8%). Leak area was near the gastroesophageal junction in all cases. SLL was treated with self-expandable metalic stents. All patients were received medical support, including parenteral nutrition and antibiotics. The stent treatment modalities were successful in all cases. Conclusion: SLL was the most common complication of LSG accounting for half of the overall complications. Self-expandable stents combined with antibiotics and parenteral nutrition are effective for SLL and should be proposed as first-line treatment in stable patients. © 2016 by Türkiye Klinikleri.

The aim of the present report was to present the patient with an anterior cranial base fracture who developed post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, which recovered after onset of meningitis complication. A 26-year-old male patient who had a traffic accident one week ago was sent to our clinic because of his rhinorrhea persisting for 4 days. On cranial computed tomography, fracture of the left frontal skull base and sinus walls, a fracture line on temporal bone, parenchymal bleeding in the vicinity of the frontal sinus, subarachnoidal bleeding and left temporal extradural hematoma were detected. Then he underwent sinus wall repair and extradural hematoma was drained through bifrontal craniotomy. However, rhinorrhea persisted which resulted a deterioration in consciousness and he entered into a deep somnolent state. When his symptoms of meningitis became apparent, rhinorrhea of the patient disappeared. The patient transferred in intensive care unit and re-connected to a lumbar drainage system. On cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, regression of contrast-enhanced lesions localized in the left anterotemporal and frontal and in the regions lateral to the right trigon and medial to the right thalamus and in the right posteroparietal regions was observed. Despite repair of the anterior cranial fracture and lumbar drainage, rhinorrhea may persist. Herein, development of meningitis caused disappearing of rhinorrhea symptoms without any need for surgical intervention.

The aim of our study is to examine the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery on severity of dystonia, mobility, emotional status, and health-related quality of life (QOL) in patient with dystonia. This study was carried out on a case of 41-year-old female with complaints of neck and arm pain, involuntary contraction for 30 years. GPI-DBS was applied to the patient bilaterally in 2010. Global Dystonia Scale (GDS) was used to assess the severity of the patient's dystonia, effects on body parts and functions. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was applied to detect emotional status. 12-Meter Walking Test (mobility) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to evaluate quality of life. All assessments were repeated prior to surgery, after surgery 1st year and 3rd years. Prior to surgery, GDS was 112. Postoperative 1st and 3rd years, GDS was respectively 69/84. Prior to surgery, the total BDI score was 31. Postoperative 1st and 3rd years, GDS was respectively 28/40. 12-Meter Walking Test results were respectively 18/10/15 sec. for the prior to surgery, postoperative 1st. and 3rd years. General health status and physical function subscales of SF-36, respectively, prior to surgery were 30/75, postoperative 1st year was 60/85 and 3rd years were 20/35. GPI-DBS is a surgical procedure, which has positive effect on mobility, emotional status and QOL, in patient with dystonia.

AIM:The molecular mechanism of epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy is still unclear. Experimental studies have suggested that matrix metalloproteinases have important roles in this process, but human studies are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of MMP-9, MMP-2 and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS).