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This research focuses on tackling the issue of fertile land turning into desert in arid regions. It proposes a solution involving financial incentives based on payment for ecosystem services (PES) to encourage the transformation of privately owned sand dunes into agroforestry systems. Under the proposed mechanism, farmers plant Acacia nilotica trees along with pearl millet on sand dunes, which provides resilient economic returns in regions with harsh climatic conditions. In addition, acacia trees help to prevent crop damage on neighboring farms through stabilizing sand dunes and serving as shelterbelts. A dynamic optimization model of land-use decisions between open millet farming and acacia-based agroforestry derives optimal afforestation of sand dunes under varying PES payments, crop incomes, and farm size endowments. Results suggest that such agroforestry systems can be effective towards preventing the spread of desertification in arid regions. Further, PES incentives can improve agroforestry uptake as well as augment farmers' livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosemosis is one of the most devastating diseases of Apis mellifera (Honey bees) caused by the single-celled spore-forming fungi Nosema apis, N. ceranae and N. neumanii, causing a severe loss on the colony vitality and productivity. Fumagillin, a MetAP2 inhibitor, was a certified treatment for controlling nosemosis, nevertheless, due to its deleterious effects on honey bees and humans, it is prohibited. So, searching for novel biological agents with affordable selectivity to target Nosema species infecting Apis mellifera, with nil toxicity to bees and humans is the main objective of this study. Nosema species were isolated from naturally infected honey bees. The methanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica, Elaeis guineensis, and Catharanthus roseus were tested to selectively control the growth of Nosema spp of honeybees. The spores of Nosema species were molecularly and morphologically identified. Among the tested plant extracts, the methanolic extracts (0.1%) of A. nilotica had the most activity towards Nosema spp causing about 37.8 and 32.5% reduction in the spores' load at 5- and 9-days post-infection, respectively, compared to the untreated control. At 0.1%, the A. nilotica methanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect for Nosema spores, without any obvious bee mortality. Catharanthus roseus displayed a reduction of spores by 27.02%, with bee mortality rate of 27.02%. At 1% for 5 dpi, the A. nilotica extracts led to 18.18% bee mortality, while the C. roseus extracts resulted in 100% mortality, as revealed from the toxicity and quantification bioassays. So, the extracts of A. nilotica and C. roseus had a significant effect in controlling the N. apis and N. ceranae titer compared to the infected untreated control at both time points. The titer of N. apis and N. ceranae was noticeably decreased by more than 80% and 90%, in response to A. nilotica, compared to the control. From the metabolic profiling by GC–MS analysis, the most frequent active compounds of A. nilotica were 2,4,6-trihy-droxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, myristic acid, and linoleic acid. These compounds were analyzed in silico to assess their binding affinity to the ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema species as target enzymes. The compound 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid had the lowest energy to bind with ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema, followed by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and myristic acid, compared to fumagilin. So, from the experimental and molecular docking analysis, the extracts of A. nilotica had the highest activity to attack the cellular growth machinery of Nosema species without an obvious effect to the honeybees, ensuring their prospective promising application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a preliminary in vitro study, leaves of Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena leucocephala and seed kernel of Mangifera indica were identified as potential candidates in mitigating ruminal methane (CH4) production. The objective of the current study was to investigate the combination efficiency of these unconventional feeds with concentrate mix (CM) or Chloris gayana grass in CH4 reduction. Two feed combinations in different proportions were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid at Hohenheim Gas test. In combination 1, C. gayana and CM were included as basal substrates, while in combination 2, A. nilotica, P. juliflora, C. cajan, L. leucocephala or M. indica seed kernel were included as CH4 reducing supplements at different proportions. The CH4 reducing potentials of feed combinations were presented as the ratio of CH4 to net gas production and expressed as percentage (pCH4). The pCH4 for CM and C. gayana was 16.7% and 16.9%, respectively, while it ranged from 3.18% in A. nilotica to 13.1% in C. cajan. The pCH4 was reduced (p < 0.05) from 14.6% to 9.39% when A. nilotica was combined with CM. In combination of L. leucocephala or C. cajan with CM, the pCH4 (p < 0.05) was reduced from 16.5% and 16.6% with the lowest proportion to 15.1% and 15.2% with the highest inclusion rate respectively. The combination of C. gayana with L. leucocephala or C. cajan reduced (p < 0.05) the pCH4 from 16.3% and 16.4% to 15.1% and 14.9% respectively. The pCH4 was reduced (p < 0.05) from 13.4% to 7.60% when A. nilotica was combined with C. gayana. Estimated digestible organic matter (dOM) and metabolizable energy (ME) increased (p < 0.05) with increasing proportions of M. indica seed kernel with CM or C. gayana. In conclusion, the combination of the basal substrates with unconventional supplements resulted in CH4 reduction without affecting the dOM and ME at lower inclusion rates. Animal‐based experiments await to validate in vitro findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the dawn of time, people have used herbal medications to both prevent and treat a variety of illnesses. Numerous illnesses, including diabetes, skin conditions, and most seriously cancer, have been claimed to be successfully treated by Acacia Arabica. According to Indian traditional medicine, the fresh sections of Acacia Arabica have beneficial nutritional properties as well as astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal properties. The ethnobotanical and therapeutic benefits of Acacia Arabica are briefly reviewed in this article along with information about the plants. This is an attempt to gather and record data regarding many facets of Acacia Arabica and its prospective applications. Before using Acacia Arabica's therapeutic potential, more research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common pathologies that leads to severe systemic complications. In this article, we studied the regenerative processes of an infected wound in hyperglycemia using dosage forms based on plant raw materials Acacia nilotica, Cyperus rotundus, Trigonella foenumgraecum, and Cymbopogon proximus. A model of dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia was experimentally reproduced, followed by the creation of a wound and double application of Streptococcus epidermidis-infected material from a patient with streptoderma to the wound area. During the study, we found that the use of aqueous emulsions containing Acacia nilotica, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Cyperus rotundus, and Cymbopogon proximus has a positive effect on dysmetabolic disorders that occur during experimental dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia (activity of hepatic transaminases decreases, blood glucose levels normalize), peripheral blood composition is optimized (the level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, leukopenia is leveled). Such shifts create a favorable background for the course of reparative processes against the background of dexamethasone-induced damage, which inhibits the course of regenerative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil aggregate formation and stability are crucial in safeguarding soil carbon pools, as they form the basic unit of soil structure in terrestrial ecosystems. The impact of different land uses on soil aggregation pattern has widely been studied but is limited under tropical dry climate conditions. This study aimed to determine the soil aggregation pattern at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30cm) in three different plantations (Peltophorum pterocarpum, Eucalyptus globulus, and Acacia nilotica) established in degraded land under tropical dry climate. The soil aggregates were categorized into microaggregate, mesoaggregate and macroaggregate based on their size fractions which were determined by the wet sieving method. The percent of macroaggregate, mesoaggregate, and microaggregate fractions at 0-15 cm depth ranged from 62.2 - 82.6%, 31.6 - 36.7%, and 1.1 - 4.9 % respectively whereas at 15-30 cm depth, it ranged from 69.7 - 81.7%, 17.1 - 31.6%, and 1.2 - 2.8%. The mean weight diameter values at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm soil depth ranged from 2.27-3.37mm and 2.85-3.35 mm respectively. The higher percentage of macroaggregate fractions in Peltophorum pterocarpum plantation compared to Eucalyptus globulus, and Acacia nilotica plantations indicated that the Peltophorum pterocarpum plantation has slightly more potential to improve aggregate formation and soil structure in the degraded lands under tropical dry climate. In addition, appropriate land use practices can increase soil aggregate stability in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biographene was prepared through the pyrolysis of Acacia nilotica waste using diverse temperatures and time spans. The obtained materials were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The data obtained indicated that when the temperature and time increased, the texture of the biographene became more porous with greater carbon content. The effect of various variables on Cd(II) adsorption, using the optimized biographene product, was investigated, and the results revealed that the optimum pH was 4 and the maximum adsorption capacity was 118.9 mg/g. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fit the equilibrium data, indicating the adsorptive behavior of the as-prepared biographene implying a homogenous monolayer surface. The recyclability investigation elucidates the remarkable potentiality of up to five consecutive cycles. As such, the biographene-based Acacia nilotica could be considered a sustainable candidate for cadmium removal from polluted water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabica Acacia leaves store robust phytochemicals responsible for several therapeutic efficacy. Hence, it is a rich source of useful components that have medicinal properties, and the main application is in controlling bleeding. Thus, the current study investigates the "Protective effect of chloroform leaf extract of Arabica acacia and strong anticoagulant properties". The antioxidant potential of extract was assessed by antioxidant activity using 2,2-Diphenyl,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. The CEAAL (500µg) was found to have 88.88% of DPPH scavenging activity compared to the positive control ascorbic acid 81.34% at 50µg. Preliminary phytochemical screening was analysed by instrumentation methods such as RP-HPLC. The level of lipid peroxidation, (LPO) protein, Carbonyl content, (PCC), Endogenous antioxidant. Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, (SOD), catalase, (CAT) activity were measured and the level of LPO and PCC in sodium nitrate induced oxidative stress in RBC. The pre-treatment of CEAAL is found to protect the RBC from NaNO2 induced oxidative stress by normalised the raised oxidative stress marker. CEAAL showcased anticoagulant effect as increased the clotting time of PRP in a dose dependent manner from control 240s to 1800s at 500µg comparing with standard anticoagulant Heparin (0.8mg/ml) from control 240s to 2000s by inhibiting the blood clotting time. CEAAL devoid of haemolysis up to the maximum concentration 500µg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It seems that gentamicin's toxicity to the liver is caused by reactive oxygen species production. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Acacia nilotica extract (AN) have been demonstrated in recent studies. This research focused on how AN's extract affected gentamicin-induced liver damage in rats. Twenty-four Wister rats of male type were divided into four groups: first group received saline as a control, second group received AN (5%) for fifteen days, group three received daily intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin (100 mg/kg) for fifteen days, and group four, as mentioned in groups 2 and 3, also received gentamicin injections and AN extraction (5%) for fifteen days. In order to conduct biochemical analysis, serum was extracted. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry analyses for hepatic toxicity were all performed on the collected tissue samples. Serum levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, and GGT were all elevated after using gentamicin. The inflammatory cytokines)IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6(, all were increased in gentamycin-injected group. There were showing deformity of bile duct, hepatocellular necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells congestion of portal vein, and hepatic sinusoids besides fibrosis of portal area (white arrows), hypertrophy in gentamycin-injected group compared to AN plus gentamycin administered rats. There were upregulation in the immunoreactivity of COX-2, IFNkB and TGF-beta1 (TGF-β1) in gentamycin intoxicated rats. When gentamicin and AN were administered together, hepatic biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, histological, and immunohistochemical markers were all ameliorated by AN administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nosemosis is one of the most devastating diseases of Apis mellifera (Honey bees) caused by the single-celled spore-forming fungi Nosema apis, N. ceranae and N. neumanii, causing a severe loss on the colony vitality and productivity. Fumagillin, a MetAP2 inhibitor, was a certified treatment for controlling nosemosis, nevertheless, due to its deleterious effects on honey bees and humans, it is prohibited. So, searching for novel biological agents with affordable selectivity to target Nosema species infecting Apis mellifera, with nil toxicity to bees and humans is the main objective of this study. Nosema species were isolated from naturally infected honey bees. The methanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica, Elaeis guineensis, and Catharanthus roseus were tested to selectively control the growth of Nosema spp of honeybees. The spores of Nosema species were molecularly and morphologically identified. Among the tested plant extracts, the methanolic extracts (0.1%) of A. nilotica had the most activity towards Nosema spp causing about 37.8 and 32.5% reduction in the spores’ load at 5- and 9-days post-infection, respectively, compared to the untreated control. At 0.1%, the A. nilotica methanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect for Nosema spores, without any obvious bee mortality. Catharanthus roseus displayed a reduction of spores by 27.02%, with bee mortality rate of 27.02%. At 1% for 5 dpi, the A. nilotica extracts led to 18.18% bee mortality, while the C. roseus extracts resulted in 100% mortality, as revealed from the toxicity and quantification bioassays. So, the extracts of A. nilotica and C. roseus had a significant effect in controlling the N. apis and N. ceranae titer compared to the infected untreated control at both time points. The titer of N. apis and N. ceranae was noticeably decreased by more than 80% and 90%, in response to A. nilotica, compared to the control. From the metabolic profiling by GC–MS analysis, the most frequent active compounds of A. nilotica were 2,4,6-trihy-droxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, myristic acid, and linoleic acid. These compounds were analyzed in silico to assess their binding affinity to the ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema species as target enzymes. The compound 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid had the lowest energy to bind with ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema, followed by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and myristic acid, compared to fumagilin. So, from the experimental and molecular docking analysis, the extracts of A. nilotica had the highest activity to attack the cellular growth machinery of Nosema species without an obvious effect to the honeybees, ensuring their prospective promising application.

The current trend is the ecological consciousness of replacing synthetic fibers with natural fiber. However, several restrictions exist on using natural fibers/fillers, including compatibility, hydrophobicity, and locality. The natural material chosen for the present investigation, Acacia nilotica, is short and cylindrical; the same has been used as reinforcement after being chemically treated with silane and grinded into fillers in the present study. Grinded silane-treated A. nilotica fillers were added in a range of 0, 2, 4, and 6 weight percent to the epoxy matrix. Conventional hand layup was used to manufacture composite materials using epoxy resin and hardener. The manufactured composite's tribological properties were evaluated according to ASTM G99-17 using the pin-on-disk machine under two-body abrasive wear conditions. L-16 orthogonal arrays were used to conduct the research. Load, sliding distance, and material were the process input parameters, and the results were evaluated using the Specific Wear Rate (SWR) and Coefficient of Friction (COF). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the significant variables. EDAS was used to optimize the output. The abraded surfaces were finally studied using worn surface morphology. According to the findings, silane-treated A. nilotica filler is a new and promising resource as a sustainable raw material for reinforcement in polymer composites manufacturing lightweight materials. Results revealed that the optimized values were 6 wt%, load at 20 N, and sliding distance of 225 m. SWR values decreased by 61.2%, and COF values decreased by 34.3% in the case of 6 wt% composites compared to the unreinforced fiber composites. The rank of the sample was assigned according to performance by the EDAS process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its therapeutic use as an effective aminoglycoside. Herbal drugs have a distinct place in the world of pharmaceuticals since they are safe, effective, and cost-efficient. Acacia nilotica (L.) has long been recognized for its antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet aggregatory benefits in traditional medicine. Still, the protective effect of Acacia nilotica on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity is still unknown. Thus, the goal of this research was to examine the protection of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica (ANE) against nephrotoxicity triggered by Gentamicin.Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into six groups containing six rats in each group. The distilled water were given in control group. The rats in groups two and three were administered metformin and gentamicin respectively. In groups five and six, rats were administered ANE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Ten days of daily treatments were given. The urea, creatinine, uric acid, and LDH levels were analyzed on serum, whereas histological evaluation, MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, TNF-α, IL-6, and caspase-3, were performed on kidney tissue on day 11. The gentamicin-treated group exhibited a significantly elevated MDA, and lower levels of antioxidant enzymes. Kidney function markers, inflammatory markers and caspase-3 expression were significantly elevated in the gentamicin-treated group. ANE significantly restored kidney function biomarkers, upregulated biochemical levels, inhibited TNF-α, caspase-3, cytokine expression, and reduced histological lesions.In conclusion, ANE has the ability to prevent gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and reduce nephrotoxic damage. As such, it may represent an effective therapy for patients receiving gentamicin treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar possesses unique characteristics, including a substantial surface area, a high carbon content, sufficient capacity for cation exchange, and a robust structure. However, biochar contains hazardous pollutants like volatile organic compounds that harm soil properties and functionality. Although several studies on biochar production from various feedstocks have been undertaken in recent years, several issues about feedstock preparation, economic feasibility, influencing factors, and the proper utilization of biochar production processes need to be addressed. This paper thus addresses these issues by providing potential solutions identified through a comprehensive review. Slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and Acacia nilotica yields biochar from 20 to 52 wt% at various temperatures and residence times. Biochar yield varies from 29 to 48.3 wt% when waste tires and corn stalks are rapidly pyrolyzed at higher temperatures and for shorter periods. Torrefaction of algal biomass at moderate temperatures with different residence times can result in a substantial yield of 50–60 wt%. However, the variability and heterogeneity of waste feedstocks pose potential challenges affecting biochar's quality and properties. Given its widespread use in carbon sequestration, soil remediation, wastewater purification, and organic waste composting, the mechanisms of biochar production in environmental usage need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to optimize the microwave-assisted synthesis of the acrylamide graft copolymer of Acacia nilotica gum (AM-co-ANG). Furthermore, graft copolymer was used for the formulation of a nanoparticulate system using a novel top to bottom solvent antisolvent technique for the delivery of melatonin. Grafting of ANG was optimized by using 32 factorial design, where concentrations of polymer and monomer (acrylamide) were used as independent variables and swelling index in acidic (0.1 N HCl) and basic (1 N NaOH) pH. Grafted polymers were further used to develop and optimize nanoparticulate system using concentration of the graft copolymer and concentration of drug as independent variables. The size of the nanoformulation and entrapment efficiency were selected as dependent variables. Difference in infrared spectrum and absorbance maxima in the ultraviolet region confirm that grafting has taken place. Porous structure and a higher contact angle confirmed hydrophobic nature of AM-co-ANG as compared with the native polymer. Acrylamide graft copolymers show more swelling in 1 N NaOH as compared with 0.1 N HCl. In vitro toxicity studies in hepatic (HepG2 cell line), brain (SHSY5Y cell line), and skin (HaCaT cell line) cells easily predict that synthesized polymer have no cytotoxicity. The entrapment efficiency ranged from 55.24 ± 1.35% to 73.21 ± 1.83%. A nonlinear correlation was observed between independent and dependent variables, as confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance, surface regression, and the correlation report. The prepared formulations were able to release drug up to 12 h. The regression coefficient easily predicted that most of the formulations followed Baker–Lonsdale drug release kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are enormously popular semi-conductor metal oxides with diverse applications in every field of science. Many physical and chemical methods applied for the synthesis of ZnONPs are being rejected due to their environmental hazards. Therefore, ZnONPs synthesized from plant extracts are steered as eco-friendly showing more biocompatibility and biodegradability. Additionally, various synthesis conditions such as the type of precursor salt also play a role in influencing the physicochemical and biological properties of ZnONPs. In this study, green synthesis of ZnONPs from Acacia nilotica was carried out using zinc acetate (ZA-AN-ZNPs), zinc nitrate (ZN-AN-ZNPs), and zinc sulfate (ZS-AN-ZNPs) precursor salts. Surprisingly, characterization of ZnONPs using UV–visible spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, and EDX revealed the important role precursor salts played in influencing the size and shape of ZnONPs, i.e., 20–23 nm spherical (ZA-AN-ZNPs), 55–59 nm triangular (ZN-AN-ZNPs), and 94–97 nm nano-flowers (ZS-AN-ZNPs). FTIR analysis showed the involvement of alkaloids, alcohols, carboxylic acid, and phenolic compounds present in Acacia nilotica extract during the synthesis process. Since different precursor salts showed different morphology of ZnONPs, their biological activities were also variable. ZN-AN-ZNPs showed the highest cytotoxicity towards HepG2 cells with the lowest cell viability (28.92 ± 0.99%), highest ROS/RNS production (3425.3 ± 184.58 relative DHR123 fluorescence), and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (1645.2 ± 32.12 relative fluorescence unit) as well as induced significant caspase-3 gene expression. In addition to this, studying the zone of inhibitions and minimum bactericidal and inhibitory concentrations of ZnONPs showed their exceptional potential as antibacterial agents. At MIC as low as 8 µg/mL, ZA-AN-ZNPs and ZN-AN-ZNPs exhibited significant bactericidal activities against human pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase, DNA/RNA leakage, and phosphate ion leakage studies revealed that a damage to the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall is involved in mediating the antibacterial effects of ZnONPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant gums are useful excipient materials for preparation of different health care formulations. Gums are generally carbohydrates, which consist of long chain polysaccharides. Traditionally, plant gums have been utilized for preparation of different drug delivery systems. A. nilotica seed has nutritional and ethnobotanical values, which has been traditionally used as food and folk medicine. Thus, the purpose of this study was separation of A. nilotica seed endosperm and isolation of endospermic gum for exploration of their physicochemical properties. Result revealed that isolated endospermic gum was amorphous in nature based on SEM and XRD analysis. Elements C, K and Mg were found to be attached on gum surface in EDS analysis pH, tapped and true density were found to be closer in seed endosperm and their isolated gum. Hygroscopicity, water holding capacity, porability, swelling index, angle of repose and porosity were enhanced in isolated gum. Tensile strength and viscosity of isolated gum i.e., 60.93 mN.m-1 and 5-200 cP respectively, were increased as compared to seed endosperm i.e., 55.73 mN.m-1 and 4-100 cP respectively. Thus, isolated endospermic gum was found to be suitable in terms of physicochemical properties and may be used as plant based safe, non-toxic and eco-friendly excipient material in pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of plants in the treatment of microbial diseases is increasing worldwide; especially with the increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the development of new diseases that have no cure in modern medicines. Aim: This research was designed to determine the antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds isolated from Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Methods: Acacia nilotica samples (i.e., leaves, pods, and back) were collected within Aliero local government area, in Nigeria. Metabolite extraction was performed through maceration. The obtained extract was tested in vitro against multi-drug resistant bacteria that cause diarrhea: Salmonella typhimurium, S. paratyphi, Salmonella sp, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sp, and Shigella flexneri, using the agar well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the micro-plate serial dilution method. The synergistic (Pod + Leave Steam back) ethanolic crude extract was subjected to column and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses. The obtained fractions were tested against multi-drugs resistance bacteria, and MIC and MBC of the fractions were also determined. Results: The results showed that the synergistic A. nilotica crude extract had the highest mean antibacterial activity recording inhibition zones that ranged from 15.0± 0.58 to 22.7± 0.33 mm. The MIC of ethanolic crude extracts ranged from 100 to 200 mg/ml, while the MBC ranged from 100 to > 400 mg/ ml. Conclusion: The antibacterial potential of the synergistic ethanolic fractions recorded higher activity that ranged from 16.7± 1.20 to 31.0±1.00 mm against all the tested bacteria, compared to the crude extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannin was extracted from different subspecies of Acacia nilotica, Acacia nilotica nilotica (Ann), Acacia nilotica tomentosa (Ant) and Acacia nilotica adansonii (Ana). The aim was to elucidate their structure and evaluate their reactivity as bioadhesives in the wood industry. The extracts were prepared by hot water extraction (90°C temperature). Their gel time with paraformaldehyde was used at first to compare their reactivity. The tannin contents and the percentage of total polyphenolic materials in different solutions of the extracts spray dried powder were determined by the hide powder method. Concentrated solutions (47%) were tested by both MALDI ToF, CNMR. The thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was performed to evaluate their modulus of elasticity (MOE) at different pHs. The gel times of all the three tannin extracts showed that their reactivity and it was comparable to other known procyanidin/prodelphinidin tannin extract types. Ana, Ann and Ant showed highest percent of total polyphenolic materials at 70%, 64%, and 57%, respectively. The 13CNMR spectra showed that the three subspecies of condensed tannins were mainly constituted of procyanidins (PC) and prodelphinidins (PD) in slightly different ratios. Ann (56.5% PC and 43.4% PD), Ant (57%PC and 43% PD) and Ana (58% PC and 42% PD). MALDI–TOF spectra showed the presence of flavonoid monomers, and oligomers some of which linked to short carbohydrates monomers or dimers. TMA revealed that the three types of tannins had high MOE at their initial pH (5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium recognized for its resistance to various antimicrobial agents. This organism is associated with the failure of endodontic treatments, even when potent antimicrobial irrigants are employed. Numerous medicinal plants have demonstrated antimicrobial properties that could be potentially effective against this bacterium. Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial properties of six medicinal plants in comparison to sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial susceptibility tests against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) were performed for 200 mg/ml ethanolic extracts of Acacia Senegal, Capparis decidua, Capparis micracantha, Acacia nilotica/Adansonia, Dobera glabra, and Moringa oleifera by Agar Disc Diffusion method. Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Sodium hypochlorite 1% were used as positive controls, and ethanol 20% as a negative control. The diameters of the inhibition zones were measured. Results: Acacia nilotica/adansonii leaves showed the largest inhibition zone diameter against E. faecalis. It displayed a significantly greater inhibitory effect against E. faecalis than Acacia Senegal (p-value =0.005), Capparis decidua (p-value =0.02), Capparis micracantha branches (p-value =0.000), Dobera glabra leaves (p-value =0.008), and Moringa olifera leaves (p-value =0.000). Acacia nilotica leaves displayed a similar inhibition zone diameter against E. faecalis as chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, but it showed no statistical significance. Acacia nilotica leaves (L) and pods (P), as well as Dobera glabra branches (B), displayed a larger inhibition zone diameter against E. faecalis than Sodium hypochlorite 1%, but with no statistical significance. Conclusion: The leaves of Acacia nilotica exhibit the most potent antibacterial properties against E. faecalis when compared to other plants parts. They outperform the antibacterial effectiveness of 1% sodium hypochlorite and demonstrate a similar antibacterial impact to that of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Therefore, Acacia nilotica leaves could serve as an ideal irrigant potentially substituting the chemical options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It became necessary to employ safer and more efficient alternatives to plant pathogenic bacteria and land snails control due to the growing issues these snails and bacteria were causing on various crops. Green nanoparticles have been used because of their stability, low-cost feasibility and antimicrobial characteristics and snails. The current work intends to investigate the effectiveness of green synthetic silver and iron oxide nanoparticles of an aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica pods Ag-NPs (AEANP-AgNPs) and FeO-NPs (AEANP-FeONPs) against two identified plant pathogenic bacterial strains (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) and to land snails (Monacha cartusiana and Eobania vermiculata) collected from sandy loam soil. AEANP-AgNPs and AEANP-FeONPs were made and characterized using a TEM, Zeta potential, FTIR and EDX. Different concentrations of AEANP-AgNPs (1700, 3400, and 5100 ppm) and AEANP-FeONPs (2700, 5400, and 8100 ppm) were tested. The concentration (5100 ppm) of Ag-NPs was higher in the inhibition against P. syringae pv. tomato while (5400 ppm) and (8100 ppm) concentrations of FeO-NPs were equal to inhibition against X. euvesicatoria. In planta, the treated strain of X. euvesicatoria exhibited low severity while the treated strain of P. syringae pv. tomato didn't exhibit a significant difference severity. So, M. cartusiana snails were more sensitive to the toxic effect of Ag-NPs and FeO-NPs than adult snails, E. vermiculata. The mortality for adult snails was increased with increasing concentration of both nanoparticles. The LC50 concentrations of Ag-NPs for adult snails M. cartusiana and E. vermiculata were (1.885×103and 7.618×10³) and (4.066×10³ ppm and 10.776×10³ ppm) for FeO-NPs respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acacia nilotica var. cupressiformis is an evergreen multipurpose leguminous tree species which is suitable to agroforestry purposes and mainly distributed in Western parts of Rajasthan in India particularly Pali and its adjoining areas. The species has many advantages, however the natural germination in wild is very limited due to its hard seed coat dormancy. Methods: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of presowing treatment on seed coat of A. nilotica var. cupressiformis seeds with ten treatments in completely randomized block design at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Pali Marwar. The treatments were replicated thrice. Result: Among the treatments, maximum germination and higher values was obtained in sand paper scarification with water soaking for 12 hrs (T2) followed by mechanical scarification with sand paper (T1), acid scarification (50% for 20 min) (T7) and acid scarification (98% for 10 min) (T5). Further, the present study aims to initiate the research areas for conservation and utilization of A. nilotica var. cupressiformis in Western parts of Rajasthan and other parts of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work was to investigate the influence of parameters such as particle size, mass/solvent ratio, temperature and spray drying on the tannin extraction process in order to develop cost-effective methods with better environmental and structural performance. The pods of Acacia nilotica ssp. tomentosa (ANT) were fractionated into three fractions, coarse fraction (C) (>2 mm), medium fraction (M) (1–2 mm), and fine fraction (F) < 1 mµ), and extracted with different water-to-pod ratios (2:1, 4:1 and 6:1) at different temperatures (30, 50 and 70 °C). The best results were scaled up using the three fractions of ANT, its bark and the bark of Acacia seyal var. seyal (ASS). Part of their extract was spray dried. The tannin content and total polyphenolic materials were evaluated using standard methods. Their adhesives were tested for their tensile strength. Tannins of ASS were characterized by 13C NMR and MALDI-TOF. The results revealed that the fine fraction (F) gave the highest percentage of tannins in both small and scaled-up experiments. The results of the tensile strength conformed to the European standard. The 13C NMR spectra of ANT and ASS showed that the bark contained condensed tannins mainly consisting of procyanidins/prodelphinidin of 70%/30% and 60%/40%, respectively. MALDI–TOF spectra confirmed the results obtained by 13C NMR and detailed the presence of flavonoid monomers and oligomers, some of which were linked to short carbohydrate monomers or dimers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The potential molluscicidal extracts, obtained from indigenous plants Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia, were tested for toxicity against freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. The organic extracts had a significant effect on young snails. Materials and Methods: All organic extracts and column-purified fractions gave median lethal concentrations (19–100.05 mg/L; 24 h) that fell well within the threshold level of 100 mg/L, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization. Results: The toxicity of T. cordifolia stem acetone extract (96 h LC50: 16.08 mg/L) was more pronounced compared with C. sativa leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 16.32 mg/L) and A. nilotica leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 24.78 mg/L). β-caryophyllene, gallic acid, and berberine were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal components. Co-migration of β-caryophyllene (retardation factor [Rf] 0.95), gallic acid (Rf 0.30), and berberine (Rf 0.23) with column-purified parts of Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia on thin-layer chromatography demonstrates same Rf value, that is, 0.95, 0.30, and 0.23, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicates that these extracts thus represent potential plant-derived molluscicides that are worthy of further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Alternative and affordable tick control strategies are crucial to control and prevent tick bites and tick-borne diseases. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of 35 aqueous plant extracts (17%) against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii. Results: The phytochemical profile indicated the presence of various secondary substances. Plants were classified into three groups according to their mortality percentage 15 days post-treatment with 17%. This highly effective group (91%–95%) comprised Ocimum basilicum, Mespilus germanica, and Viola alpine followed by Carum carvi, Cucurbita pepo (peel), and Peganum harmala. A moderately effective group (80%–90%) included Acacia nilotica, Apium graveolens, Capsicum annuum, Ceratonia siliqua, Cucurbita pepo (seeds), Equisetum arvense, Eruca sativa, Ginkgo biloba, Plantago psyllium, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, and Ziziphus spinachristi. The 20 remaining plants were assigned to the less effective group (< 80%). Viscum album (58.3%), which was the least effective reference plant. The high potency of six plant extracts as acaricides may be attributed to the high content of active principles, e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Conclusion: All of these highly effective plants are recommended for use as an acaricide, in case of facing acaricidal resistance or limited options for tick control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acacia nilotica Linn. is a widely distributed tree known for its applications in post-harvest and medicinal horticulture. However, its seed-based growth is relatively slow. Seed is a vital component for the propagation of A. nilotica due to its cost-effectiveness, genetic diversity, and ease of handling. Colchicine, commonly used for polyploidy induction in plants, may act as a pollutant at elevated levels. Its optimal concentration for Acacia nilotica's improved growth and development has not yet been determined, and the precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been established. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of optimized colchicine (0.07%) seed treatment on A. nilotica's morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical attributes under controlled conditions, comparing it with a control. Results: Colchicine seed treatment significantly improved various plant attributes compared to control. This included increased shoot length (84.6%), root length (53.5%), shoot fresh weight (59.1%), root fresh weight (42.8%), shoot dry weight (51.5%), root dry weight (40%), fresh biomass (23.6%), stomatal size (35.9%), stomatal density (41.7%), stomatal index (51.2%), leaf thickness (11 times), leaf angle (2.4 times), photosynthetic rate (40%), water use efficiency (2.2 times), substomatal CO2 (36.6%), quantum yield of photosystem II (13.1%), proton flux (3.1 times), proton conductivity (2.3 times), linear electron flow (46.7%), enzymatic activities of catalase (25%), superoxide dismutase (33%), peroxidase (13.5%), and ascorbate peroxidase (28%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activities(23%), total antioxidant capacity (59%), total phenolic (23%), and flavonoid content (37%) with less number of days to 80% germination (57.1%), transpiration rate (53.9%), stomatal conductance (67.1%), non-photochemical quenching (82.8%), non-regulatory energy dissipation (24.3%), and H2O2 (25%) and O−2 levels (30%). Conclusion: These findings elucidate the intricate mechanism behind the morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical transformative effects of colchicine seed treatment on Acacia nilotica Linn. and offer valuable insights for quick production of A. nilotica's plants with modification and enhancement from seeds through an eco-friendly approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia nilotica L., also known as babul, belonging to the Fabaceae family and the Acacia genus, is typically used for ornamental purposes and also as a medicinal plant found in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is a rich source of bioactive compounds. The current study aimed to elucidate the hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of A. nilotica's crude methanolic extract. The results of the in vitro antidiabetic assay revealed that methanolic extract of A. nilotica inhibited the enzyme α‐glucosidase (IC50: 33 μg mL−1) and α‐amylase (IC50: 17 μg mL−1) in a dose‐dependent manner. While in the anticholinesterase enzyme inhibitory assay, maximum inhibition was shown by the extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (637.01 μg mL−1) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (491.98 μg mL−1), with the highest percent inhibition of 67.54% and 71.50% at 1000 μg mL−1, respectively. This inhibitory potential was lower as compared to the standard drug Galantamine that exhibited 82.43 and 89.50% inhibition at the same concentration, respectively. Moreover, the methanolic extract of A. nilotica also significantly inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The percent inhibitory activity of 5‐LOX and COX‐2 ranged from 42.47% to 71.53% and 43.48% to 75.22%, respectively. Furthermore, in silico, in vivo, and clinical investigations must be planned to validate the above‐stated bioactivities of A. nilotica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the utilization potentials of some endangered savannah tree species in north-west Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed. Three Local Government areas were selected, from which 36 villages were selected. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 respondents and ten respondents were randomly selected in each village. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the collected data. Most (38%) were in the 30- to 39-year-old age range. The majority sex was 100% male, 75% were married and had a family size of at least one to ten people per home. 69% of the respondents have completed formal schooling. (65%) were primarily farmers and (49%) had inherited land. Sixty-five percent of the farms were smaller than one hectare. (40%) had been farmers for an average of 21-31 years. Most farmers (100%) utilized trees as boundary demarcation, 98% as shade and 93% as medicine and wind control. However, 99% utilized trees for medicine. The predominant tree families include Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Caeselpiniaceae. The most familiar tree species were Azadirachta indica, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Lawsonia inermis, Mangifera indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Jatropha carcus, Diospyros mespiliformis and Acacia nilotica used to treat and cure various ailments and diseases for optimum benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation explores the antibacterial potential of novel ZnO-NPs synthesized from Acacia nilotica pods extract and immobilized onto sodium alginate beads to control bacterial pollution in wastewater. Phenolics and flavonoids were major phytoconstituents acting as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. UV–Vis analysis showed strong absorption band at 340 nm. XRD and TEM revealed hexagonal crystalline structure for zincite of average particles diameter 33.87 and 32.74 nm, respectively. FTIR demonstrated several bands with functional groups (O–H, C-H, C = O, C = C, and C–O–C) involved in ZnO-NPs synthesis. SEM images showed NPs surface completely colonized by E.coli, while EDX spectrum showed signals for zinc (52.94%) and oxygen (26.58%) confirming NPs purity. Adhesion capacity studies revealed ZnO-NPs potential (0.5 g) to remove E.coli after 120 min. Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm were best fit describing adhesion mechanism. Electrostatic attraction between negatively charged E.coli and positively charged ZnO-NPs was followed by generation of H2O2 leading to cell apoptosis. Adhesion optimization using Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology was 99.8% at disinfectant dose 30 g/L, contact time 6 h, and E.coli concentration 150 × 107 cfu/mL. For application, real wastewater was treated with removal 98.2%, 97.2%, and 96.5% for total coliform, fecal coliform, and E.coli, respectively, after 6 h. ZnO-NPs showed sustainable efficiency during four consecutive cycles of treatment. The study concluded the efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness of phytofabricated ZnO-NPs as disinfectants for wastewater and recommended future studies on large scale for possible wastewater reuse in safe unrestricted irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer and diabetes represent significant challenges in the field of biomedicine, with major and global impacts on public health. Acacia nilotica, commonly called 'gum arabic tree,' is recognized for its unique biomedical properties. The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacological potential of A. nilotica-based zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in comparison to the ethanol and methanol-based extracts against cancer, diabetes, and oxidative stress. Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs was performed using barks of Acacia nilotica. Different techniques for the characterization of ZnO-NPs, including UV–Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transmission Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), were utilized. The morphological analysis of ZnO-NPs revealed that the fine NPs have mean particle sizes of 15 ± 1.5 nm. For the solvent based-extraction, leaves and barks were utilized and dissolved into ethanol and methanol for further processing. The MTT assay revealed that the optimum concentration of ZnO-NPs to inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cell line HepG2 was 100 μg/mL where 67.0 % inhibition was observed; and both ethanol- and methanol-based extracts showed optimum inhibition at 100 μg/mL. The DPPH assay further demonstrated that 250 μg/mL of ZnO-NPs and 1000 μg/mL of both ethanol- and methanol-based extracts, as the optimum concentration for antioxidant activity (with 73.1 %, 68.9 % and 68.2 % inhibition respectively). The α-Glucosidase inhibition assay revealed that 250 μg/mL of ZnO-NPs and 10 μg/mL of both ethanol- and methanol-based extracts as the optimum concentration for antidiabetic activity (with 95 %, 93.7 % and 93.4 % inhibition respectively). The study provided interesting insights into the efficacy and reliability of ZnO-NPs for potential pharmacological application. Further research should be focused on examining specific pathways and the safety of ZnO-NPs in comparison to solvent-based extracts.

Abstract The present investigation explores the antibacterial potential of novel ZnO-NPs synthesized from Acacia nilotica pods extract and immobilized onto sodium alginate beads to control bacterial pollution in wastewater. Phenolics and flavonoids were major phytoconstituents acting as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. UV–Vis analysis showed strong absorption band at 340 nm. XRD and TEM revealed hexagonal crystalline structure for zincite of average particles diameter 33.87 and 32.74 nm, respectively. FTIR demonstrated several bands with functional groups (O–H, C-H, C = O, C = C, and C–O–C) involved in ZnO-NPs synthesis. SEM images showed NPs surface completely colonized by E.coli, while EDX spectrum showed signals for zinc (52.94%) and oxygen (26.58%) confirming NPs purity. Adhesion capacity studies revealed ZnO-NPs potential (0.5 g) to remove E.coli after 120 min. Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm were best fit describing adhesion mechanism. Electrostatic attraction between negatively charged E.coli and positively charged ZnO-NPs was followed by generation of H2O2 leading to cell apoptosis. Adhesion optimization using Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology was 99.8% at disinfectant dose 30 g/L, contact time 6 h, and E.coli concentration 150 × 107 cfu/mL. For application, real wastewater was treated with removal 98.2%, 97.2%, and 96.5% for total coliform, fecal coliform, and E.coli, respectively, after 6 h. ZnO-NPs showed sustainable efficiency during four consecutive cycles of treatment. The study concluded the efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness of phytofabricated ZnO-NPs as disinfectants for wastewater and recommended future studies on large scale for possible wastewater reuse in safe unrestricted irrigation.

Abstract Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest and most hazardous animals on Earth, where they transmit several diseases that kill millions of people annually. There is an ongoing search almost everywhere in the world for more effective and contemporary ways to control mosquitoes other than pesticides. Phytochemicals are affordable, biodegradable biological agents that specialize in eliminating pests that represent a risk to public health. The effectiveness of Acacia nilotica methanol and aqueous leaf extracts against 4th instar larvae was evaluated. The results revealed that the methanol extract of A. nilotica had a noticeable influence on the mortality rate of mosquito larvae, especially at high concentrations. Not only did the mortality rate rise significantly, but the hatching of the mosquito eggs was potentially suppressed.Terpenes, fatty acids, esters, glycosides, pyrrolidine alkane, piperazine, and phenols were the most prevalent components in the methanol extract, while the aqueous extract of A. nilotica exclusively showed the presence of fatty acids. The insecticidal susceptibility tests of both aqueous and alcoholic extract of A. nilotica confirmed that the Acacia plant could serves as a secure and efficient substitute for chemical pesticides because of its promising effect on killing larvae and egg hatching delaying addition to their safety as one of the natural pesticides. Molecular docking study was performed using one of the crucial and life-controlling protein targets, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and the most active ingredients as testing ligands to describe their binding ability. Most of the structurally related compounds to the co-crystallized ligand, OLA, like hexadecanoic acid furnished high binding affinity to the target protein with very strong and stable intermolecular hydrogen bonding and this is quite similar to OLA itself. Some other structural non-related compounds revealed extraordinarily strong binding abilities like Methoxy phenyl piperazine. Most of the binding reactivities of the majortested structures are due to high structure similarity between the positive control, OLA, and tested compounds. Such structure similarity reinforced with the binding abilities of some detected compounds in the A. nilotica extract could present a reasonable interpretation for its insecticidal activity via deactivating the FABP protein. The FABP4 enzyme inhibition activity was assessed for of both methanolic and aqueous of acacia plant extract and the inhibition results of methanol extract depicted noticeable potency if compared to orlistat, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.681, and 0.535 µg/ml, respectively.

Background: Acacia pods are non-conventional protein rich feed resources that could be harnessed as a feed ingredient in sheep production. Though many workers have observed the utility of raw Acacia nilotica pods as a noteworthy feed for small ruminants, the information on nutritive value of urea treated pods is lacking. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional potential of urea treated Acacia nilotica pods at different dietary levels for supporting growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs. Methods: Acacia nilotica pods were collected, sun dried and ground in a hammer mill. The ground pods and seeds were treated in bulk with urea. Then the urea treated pods (UTP) was incorporated in three experimental concentrate mixtures @ 0, 15 or 30 per cent (R1, R2, R3) replacing deoiled rice bran. The concentrate mixtures were made isoproteinic and isocaloric. Napier Bajra hybrid grass (CNCO4) was provided as the basal roughage component in the rations. The ingredient and proximate composition of concentrate mixtures. Fifteen ram lambs of native Kilakarsal breed of about six months of age and with an average initial body weight of 9.39 kg were divided on the basis of body weight into three groups with five lambs per dietary group in a completely randomized design. Daily record of feed consumption was maintained. The lambs were weighed at fortnightly intervals. At the end of the feeding experiment, digestion trial was conducted using the same ram lambs. The samples were analysed for proximate composition and the digestibility of nutrients in the three experimental rations were determined. Result: Based on the data analyzed the DMI worked out to be 64.90, 65.84 and 65.43 g/kg W0.75 in lambs fed with rations containing 0, 15 and 30% UTP in the concentrate mixture respectively. The corresponding values for ADG in the present study were 48.14, 47.43 and 48.57 g. The feed efficiency in terms of DMI required to gain one kg body weight were 8.28, 8.58 and 8.35 kg which did not vary between the treatment groups. DCP of experimental rations increased significantly (P0.05) as the level of UTP in the concentrate mixture increased which could be attributed to the increased crude protein digestibility. The TDN decreased significantly (P0.05) at 15% and level and was unaffected thereafter. Hence, it was concluded that Acacia nilotica pods treated with 5% urea at 40% moisture and stored for 14 days could safely be included up to 30 per cent level in the concentrate mixture of growing lamb ration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to analyze the physiological behavior of Acacia arabica in relation to concentration of phenolic compounds during drought and subsequent recovery. Methods: Seedlings were exposed to water shortage during 32 days and then rehydrated and allowed to recover during 15 days. Parameters related to plant water status, photosynthesis and oxidative stress were quantified after 7, 15 and 32 days of stress, and after 7 and 15 days of recovery. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and enzyme activities involved in their synthesis were quantified. Results: 88% of plants remained alive during the stress period and 10% died during recovery. Drought reduced water and osmotic potentials, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, instantaneous transpiration, non-photochemical quenching and flavanols concentration and increased proline, malondialdehyde, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) activities, DPPH scavenging, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols concentration. Genes coding for PAL and chalcone synthase (CHS) were slightly downregulated at the end of drought while gene coding for C4H was upregulated at the beginning of drought. Parameters related to oxidative stress as well as hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols remained at high values throughout the recovery period. Genes coding for C4H and CHS were up-regulated during recovery. Conclusions: Acacia arabica is resistant to water stress at the seedling stage and able to recover after stress relief. Recovery induces a specific physiological status in terms of transpiration rates and management of oxidative stress in relation to flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acids concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major problems encountered in establishing axenic cultures are contamination and browning of explants and media. Contamination is initiated in explants excised from soil-borne tissues or adult trees. Several sterilizing agents (Tween 20, chlorine water, silver nitrate, mercuric chloride, etc.) or a wash in antibiotic solution are recommended to reduce this. Establishing in vitro cultures of Acacia nilotica old tree nodal explants was a serious problem. The present study was undertaken to create a suitable protocol for in vitro micropropagation of nodal explants of Acacia nilotica subsp. indica. Contamination was controlled by sterilizing the explants by washing in polysan (5%, v/v along with 500mg/l PVP), thorough washing under tap water, 70% alcohol treatment and 0.1% HgCl2 treatment. Plant tissues release phenolic substances through their cut ends, which turn the media dark brown and toxic. Addition of various antioxidants or/and transfer of explants to fresh medium twice or thrice, at a few days' intervals may overcome the problem. Collection of explants in antioxidant solution and a wash in antioxidant solution prior to inoculation was helpful in reducing the phenolic exudation in the present investigations. The addition of antioxidant (citric acid) to the medium also checked browning to some extent. The rate of infection and browning of explants varied in different seasons, the maximum being during winters and the minimum during summers of 2019. This was inversely related to the morphogenic response of explants i.e. maximum caulogenesis occurred in vitro during July (6.3±1.4 shoots per explant). The in vitro raised shoots showed 100% rooting on 2mg/l IBA augmented Nitsch's (N) medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy of the Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. vaginal suppository in addressing heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and their impact on participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Method: A total of 62 participants were enrolled in a double-dummy, singlecenter study. They were randomly assigned to either the suppository group (SG), receiving a formulation prepared with Acacia arabica gum (Gond Babul) and camphor from Cinnamomum camphora (Kafoor) through two vaginal suppositories (each weighing 3,500 mg) for 7 days at bedtime along with oral placebo capsules, or the tranexamic group (TG), receiving oral tranexamic acid (500 mg) twice a day for 5 days and two placebo vaginal suppositories during menstruation at bedtime for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The primary outcome was the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) for HMB, and secondary outcomes included hemoglobin level and SF-36 HRQoL questionnaire scores. Additionally, machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), AdaBoost (AB), naive Bayes (NB), and random forest (RF) classifiers were employed for analysis. Results: In the SG and TG, the mean PBLAC score decreased from 635.322 ± 504.23 to 67.70 ± 22.37 and 512.93 ± 283.57 to 97.96 ± 39.25, respectively, at postintervention (TF3), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of participants in the SG achieved normal menstrual blood loss compared to the TG (93.5% vs 74.2%). The SG showed a considerable improvement in total SF-36 scores (73.56%) compared to the TG (65.65%), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Additionally, no serious adverse events were reported in either group. Notably, machine learning algorithms, particularly AB and KNN, demonstrated the highest accuracy within cross-validation models for both primary and secondary outcomes. Conclusion: The A. arabica and C. camphora vaginal suppository is effective, costeffective, and safe in controlling HMB. This botanical vaginal suppository provides a novel and innovative alternative to traditional interventions, demonstrating promise as an effective management approach for HMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the semi-arid plains of Southern India, outside the protected area network, sacred groves forests and the barren lands invaded by Prosopis juliflora are reckoned to be the major greenery, but have homogenous and heterogeneous vegetation respectively. This study attempted to compare 50 Sacred Groves Stands (SGS) and 50 monodominant Prosopis juliflora Stands (PJS) for the functional diversity, evenness, floral diversity, carbon stock and dynamics, carbon-fixing traits, dendrochronology of trees, soil nutrient profiles, and soil erosion. Quadrat sample survey was adopted to record stand density, species richness, abundance, basal area and leaf area index; composite soil samples were collected at depths 0–30 cm for nutrient profiling (N, P, K, and OC). Photosynthesis rate (µmole co2 m2/sec), air temperature (°c), leaf intracellular co2 concentration (ppm), ambient photosynthetic active radiation (µmole m2/sec), transpiration rate (m. mole H2O m2/sec) were determined for the 51 tree species existed in SGS and PJS using Plant Photosynthesis system. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied to derive the carbon sequestering potential and photosynthetic efficiency of eight dominant tree species using vital input parameters, including eco-physiological, morphological, and biochemical characterization. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, in conjunction with ArcGIS Pro and ArcGIS 10.3, was adopted to map soil loss. Carbon source/sink determinations inferred through Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) assessments showed that mature SGS potentially acted as a carbon sink (0.06 ± 0.01 g C/m2/day), while matured PJS acted as a carbon source (−0.34 ± 0.12 g C/m2/day). Soil erosion rates were significantly greater (29.5 ± 13.4 ton/ha/year) in SGS compared to PJS (7.52 ± 2.55 ton/ha/year). Of the eight selected tree species, SEM revealed that trees belonging to the family Fabaceae [Wrightia tinctoria (estimated coefficient: 1.28, p = 0.02) > Prosopis juliflora (1.22, p = 0.01) > Acacia nilotica (1.21, p = 0.03) > Albizia lebbeck (0.97, p = 0.01)] showed comparatively high carbon sequestering ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the control and treatment of African trypanosomiasis are limited by the number of chemotherapeutic drugs with associated side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a non-toxic herbal treatment for African trypanosomiasis. Leaf, stem, and root bark extracts of Acacia nilotica L. and Guiera senegalensis J. F. Gmel and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A. Rich were sequentially extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents and evaluated for in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities against Trypanosoma brucei, and phytochemical contents. Results revealed that out of the 36 extracts, Methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis, aqueous leaf extract of G. senegalensis, methanol leaf extract of A. nilotica and methanol leaf extract of Z. abyssinica leaf extract (MIC 3.93±2.88, 10.98±3.21, 16.91±3.21 and 18.88±3.44 µg/ml respectively), gave the best in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei compare to the control. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the 4 most trypanocidal plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, quinines, saponins and tannins, with alkaloids and flavonoids having the highest concentrations (4.3.13±0.05 mg/100 g and 4.5±0.02 mg/100 g respectively) in the methanol leaf extract of G. senegalensis and quinone with the lowest concentration (0.1±0.07 mg/100 g). The methanol leaf extracts of G. senegalensis were found to have the most in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities (MIC of 3.93±2.88 ug/ml), possibly due to the high content of alkaloids and flavonoids. The results of this study revealed the potential of G. senegalensis for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. Consequently, further studies are needed with this plant to evaluate its in vivo anti-trypanosomal potential, the structures of the bioactive compounds responsible for its activity, and its other medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNP) used to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This article addresses the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) based on Acacia nilotica plant extract, as well as their antibacterial efficacy against human illnesses. The information of homogeneous, spherical shaped AgNP with an average size of 23.65 nm was confirmed by XRD, SEM, EDAX, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR analysis. The effectiveness of the produced AgNP against various bacteria was tested using MIC and zone of inhibition experiments, showing impressive inhibitory effects. These findings imply that the environmentally friendly production method and potent antibacterial properties of the biosynthesized AgNP hold promise for upcoming bio-related uses.

Acacia nilotica, (Fabaceae), is valued for its medicinal properties. We examine the antiproliferative properties of the aqueous fruit extract of A. nilotica. Aqueous extract from Acacia has been associated with potential anticancer effects in fruits and vegetables through screening, antiproliferative, and molecular docking evaluation. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and carbohydrates. The extracts showed significant antiproliferative effects at eight concentrations (8–50 mg mL–1) examined in comparison to the standard (methotrexate). When compared to Sorghum bicolor seed radicles treated with methotrexate at 48, 72, and 96 h, 50 mg mL–1 extract significantly inhibited the generation of seed radicals, with potent inhibitions of 87.06, 83.48, and 81.45%. Analysis of molecular docking results showed that [(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-7-yl]3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (D21), (5R,9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-[(2S,4R)-4-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-4-hydroxybutan-2-yl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (D28) and [(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (D29) have strong tendency to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (1VDR), capase-9 (6J15) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (6J17) better than methotrexate and azacitidine, known antiproliferative drugs. These findings support the use of A. nilotica in traditional medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis and cancer.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous and acetone extracts of pods of Acacia nilotica on the eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus. Eggs and worms were exposed to five increasing concentrations of Acacia nilotica pod extracts (1.25; 2.5; 5.0; 10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL). The results showed dose-dependent ovicidal (p<0.001) and vermicide (p<0.05) activity against H. contortus. For the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA), the rate of inhibition ranged from 31 to 70% for aqueous extract and from 41 to 81% for acetone extract, while Benzal (positive control) showed the highest inhibition rate of 91%. For adult nematode mortality test (AMT), no mortality was recorded between 0-h and 2-h in any of the treatment groups as well as the two controls. Mortalities were recorded from the 4th and 6th hour of incubation. Concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/mL recorded the highest mortality rate (>80%) after 4-h of incubation. These results suggest that A. nilotica pods can be used in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has become a major socio-economic activity and one of the fastest-growing sectors of Ghana. However, this rapid expansion has contributed to detrimental effects environmentally and socio-culturally. This study was conducted to assess the impacts of human activities on the water quality and the plant species in and around the Paga crocodile pond and their implications for the sustainability of tourism in the area. The pond was divided into five grids, and five samples (20 cm depth) were collected from each grid for bacteriological and physicochemical analyses. The woody plant and low herbaceous species were assessed using visual appraisal and 1 m2 quadrat, respectively. The results showed that except for the chemical parameters (pH, Cl−, SO42−, PO42−, NO3−, total hardness, Ca2+ and DO) and TDS, the enteric bacteria load and physical parameters (colour, turbidity and EC) were above standards. This was majorly attributed to anthropogenic activities. The tree species identified on the banks were mainly Azadirachta Indica (neem), Diospyrosmespiliformis (Ebony), Acacia nilotica (Acacia), Taminaliacatapa (Indian Almond) and Ficus sp. The study recommends that proper sanitation and hygiene practices are implemented and enforced, and ensure periodic assessment of the pond's quality. Also, the protection of the vegetation within the catchment area of the pond should be integral in the management of the tourist site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: With advances in scientific research and a better understanding of rabbit physiology, emphasis has shifted to optimizing feed nutritional composition and investigating novel nutritional supplements. These supplements are intended to improve performance, immunological function, and to mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress on rabbit production. The current study's findings reveal that rabbits fed diets containing nanoparticles of zinc oxide and Acacia nilotica fruit powder, either alone or in combination, improved growth performance, liver and kidney functions, and zinc retention in tissues. This study aims to examine the effects of supplementing male rabbit diets with nanoparticles of zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and Acacia nilotica fruit powder (ANFP) on production sustainability under hot climatic conditions. Eighty Californian male rabbits aged 40 days old (average body weight 738.5 ± 11 g) were divided into four treatment groups and administered one of the following diets: control diet, Nano-ZnO (50 mg/kg), ANFP (5 g/kg), or a combination of Nano-ZnO (50 mg/kg) and ANFP (5 g/kg) for a period of 60 days. Each of the 20 rabbits used in a treatment was regarded as a replicate. The results showed that adding Nano-ZnO and ANFP individually or in combination to rabbits' diets improved (p < 0.05) growth performance in comparison to control. In addition, zinc contents in serum or the testis tissues in the Nano-ZnO- and ANFP-treated rabbits were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those in the control group. In addition, serum levels of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased (p < 0.05) by supplementation of Nano-ZnO, ANFP, or their combination. Carcass criteria did not differ among the treatments. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that rabbits fed diets containing Nano-ZnO and ANFP, as well as their combination, showed improvements in growth performance, kidney and liver functions, as well as zinc retention in tissues under hot climatic conditions. The combination of Nano-ZnO and ANFP exhibited the best performance in the rabbits. More research on the synergistic effects of Nano-ZnO and ANFP in the sustainable production of rabbit meat is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of babool (Acacia nilotica) and karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) gums. The study found significant differences in properties such as protein and nitrogen content, water holding capacity, and viscosity. However, there were no significant differences in values such as true density, bulk density, angle of repose, refractive index, coefficient of friction, and fat content. The article discusses the moisture content, physico-chemical properties, and functional properties of both gums, highlighting their suitability for various applications in industries such as food, medicine, and therapeutics. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica), a tree that thrives in tropical regions, has been reported to have various medicinal uses and various pharmacological properties. Potential anti-cancer effects are one of the medical properties of parts of this tree. Objectives: To explore and evaluate the cytotoxic effect of A. nilotica, we used Acacia nilotica's pod extract on U937 cell lines as an acute myeloid leukemia model. Materials and Methods: Microscopic analysis, flow cytometry, and WST-1 tests were performed on the U937 cell line after 72 hr of treatment with different concentrations of ethanol pod extract from Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) to test for DNA cell cycle, cell viability and apoptosis, and to determine the IC50 of the drug. Results: Treatment with A. nilotica pod extract significantly induced cell death in U937-treated cells compared with untreated control cells. Microscopic analysis revealed morphological changes in dead and fragmented cells associated with a reduction in cell number. A reduction in cell viability with an increase of cells in the late apoptosis stage by flow cytometry indicated the cytotoxic effect of A. nilotica and accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the DNA cell cycle analysis. The IC50 was identified by the WST-1 assay. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that A. nilotica may be employed as a natural anti-cancer agent in research on acute myeloid leukemia in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-arid forests of the Aravalli hills are rich in tree diversity, but plant invasions during the last several decades, especially by Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. have affected the vegetation structure and biogeochemical cycles of these forests. We compared carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) concentrations in the fine root, leaf, and soil physicochemical properties under the invasive tree species, P. juliflora, and native, Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, to evaluate the effect of invasive tree species on total soil C, N concentrations, and C:N ratios. We also analyzed the soil samples for soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), soil microbial biomass C (MBC), and soil microbial biomass N (MBN) and stocks. Soil physical and chemical properties under the invasive P. juliflora and native A. nilotica trees varied significantly (p < 0.05). The C and N concentrations in the fine root, leaf, soil SOC, TN and MBC, and MBN concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in P. juliflora than A. nilotica while C:N ratio, and bulk density, exhibited the opposite trends. The C concentrations followed the order fine root > leaf > soil > microbial biomass while for N concentration and C:N ratios, it was leaf > fine root > soil > microbial biomass. The invasive P. juliflora had a lower C:N ratio in leaf, fine root, and soil than the native A. nilotica. The average rhizosphere soil, fine root, and leaf C concentration for P. juliflora were 36.72 ± 0.84 g kg−1, 547.84 ± 18.56 g kg−1, and 534.77 ± 5.12 g kg−1, respectively and were 1.42, 1.16 and 1.04 times higher than for A. nilotica. Similarly, P. juliflora average rhizosphere soil, fine root, and leaf N concentrations were 4.37 ± 0.11 g kg−1, 19.96 ± 0.94 g kg−1, and 23.18 ± 0.84 g kg−1, respectively, and 2.0, 1.27, and 1.85 times, respectively, higher than for A. nilotica. Further, the MBC:SOC or MBN:TN ratios were higher in native A. nilotica, likely indicating higher efficiency of microbes in soil C decomposition. Together, our results indicate that invasive P. juliflora altered the ecosystem processes and increased the soil and microbial C, and N stocks compared to native A. nilotica in the semi-arid forests of the Aravalli hills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]