Search

Background: The entrance of the fetal buttocks or lower extremities into the maternal pelvic inlet is defined as breech presentation. It complicates 3-4% of all pregnancies. The occurrence of breech presentation decreases with advancing gestational age. Both myometrial and fetal lesions have been linked with persistence of breech presentation. Methodology: It was a prospective study conducted at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital ethics committee. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was sought and obtained on a questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Obstetric sonograms were obtained using 3.5 MHz linear transducer connected to Mindray Digital Ultrasound Imaging System (Model DC6; Shenzhen Mindray Biomed Electronics, Shenzhen, China). Obstetric correlates that were determined and recorded on the questionnaire were the lie, presentation, estimated gestational age, myometrial and fetal lesions. The data were analyzed using SPSS Electronic Software Version 19 (SPSS Inc, IL, Chicago, USA). Chi-squared test was used for categorical data and P Value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 300 pregnant women were recruited for the study. The mean age± SD was 27.3±5.20. The incidence of breech presentation was highest below the gestational age of 28 weeks (14.3%); the least (1.6%) was above the gestational age of 36 weeks. There was no statistically significant association between breech presentation and myometrial or fetal lesion (P=0.213; P=0.787 respectively). Conclusion: There was low incidence of breech presentation at term (1.6%). The incidence of breech presentation has an inverse relation with an increasing gestational age. Myometrial and fetal lesions were not statistically associated with occurrence of breech presentation.

Abstract Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, and the essential foods for Nigerians are cereal crops, including maize, rice, sorghum, millet, and wheat. However, their productivity is significantly affected by population pressure, poor cropland utilization, and high fertilizer costs. Against this backdrop, this study examines the relationship between cereal production, cereal cropland area, fertilizer usage, and the rural population (farm labor). The study utilizes the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation (DYARDLS) model and analyzes annual time series data for Nigeria from 1980 to 2021. The unit root test results suggest that the chosen variables are stationary. Furthermore, the bound test affirms that all variables are cointegrated, with a significance level of 1%. The results from the DYARDLS show that in the long run, a percentage change in rural population and cereal cropland area boosts cereal food production by 0.018% and 0.51%, respectively. Meanwhile, a 1% change in the food production index exacerbates cereal output by 0.25% in the long run and 1.06% in the short run. We also find that fertilizer consumption could improve cereal production in the short and long run, but the results are insignificant. In conclusion, we demonstrate that our study variables are the decisive determining factors of cereal productivity and cannot be disregarded in the mission to attain food security.

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), Soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad), and Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase-2 in predicting prostate cancer aggressiveness by determining their correlations with Gleason score and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Groups. Methods This was a hospital-based descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study whereby we enrolled 48 newly diagnosed prostate adenocarcinoma patients in the study. Their serum was analysed for PSA, sE-cad, and IMPDH-2. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the correlation between the serum sE-cad and Gleason score while Spearman rho correlation coefficient was used for PSA and IMPDH-2. The correlation coefficient (r) was graded as very weak (

Many researchers have differed on the optimum values of Daylighting and Passive Indoor Thermal Comfort (DPITC) determinants in tropical climates. The study is aimed at developing a framework for optimising DPITC in singled-banked office buildings, during the activity period (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.), in the temperate dry climate of Nigeria. It was achieved by evaluating the effects of orientation, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), R-values of external wall insulation material, and shading devices on DPITC. A quantitative research design using an explorative design approach was employed in the study as well as an experimental research strategy through simulation method to optimise DPITC. The study used the Federal Secretariat building of Nigeria as a prototype of a single-banked office building. The Google SketchUp Pro 2022 and OpenStudio 3.3.0 simulation tools were used to evaluate the prototype building from January to December 2023. The data generated was analysed using relevant statistical tools (MANOVA, ANOVA, column charts, graphs, and tables). The findings revealed that the best WWR for daylighting and passive indoor thermal comfort are 20% and 15% respectively, while the compromise value was 20%. It was also noted that the R-value of the external wall insulation material does not affect the daylighting of an office building but affects the passive indoor thermal comfort, where the optimum R-value was of 3.26 m2·K/W. The mathematical model was developed as A=224.58-1254.84WWR+102.87PF-4.11R…….1 where A is orientation, WWR window-to-wall ratio, PF projection factor, and R is the R-value of the external wall materials.

The principal objective of this paper was to assess the physical properties and weight or structural implications of some potential green roof growth media compositions practicable for use in the Nigerian built environment. The study carried out an essential selection of material constituents of growth media blends mixed in a 3:1:1 ratio of natural stone-based gravels, soil and compost respectively. Six substrate blends based on laterite stones, ory and empirical field evaluation methods. The results revealed that the granite-based blend is the heaviest sample with 1,713.30 kg/m3 in its saturated state, while the lightest in weight is the pumice blend with 869.30 kg/m3 which is 50.7% less than the granite blend. The heaviest and the lightest outlined models were subsequently subjected to a weight analysis on a proposed reinforced concrete flat-roofed structure. The results showed that all the extensive green roof samples fall within the IBC stipulated range. The heaviest granite substrate obtained a design load of 0.951 kN/m2, while the lightest pumice blend recorded a design load of 0.576 kN/m2. Hence, it stands to offer an optimum alternative in green roof retrofitting projects for existing flat-roofed buildings. The study, therefore, submits that all samples evaluated involve readily available materials in the studied area and can be used with respect to their characteristic properties as presented in this study. It also serves as a reference point for all stakeholders in the research and building construction industry in Nigeria and beyond.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a stealthy ailment, and most people are unaware they have it in the early stages. Insilco modeling was used to develop a model with high predictive power for N-(4-(dimethyl amino) phenyl)-4-methoxy-3-propionamidobenzamide inhibitors. The inhibitors were optimized using Density Functional Theory (DFT) based on a notion of B3LYP/6–31 G* levels. The genetic function algorithm (GFA) was utilized to create the QSAR models. The best model was chosen based on its statistical fitness using the subsequent measurement parameters: R2trng = 0.828181, R2adj = 0.800468, Q2cv = 0.734795, R2test = 0.7028, and LOF = 0.613985, led to its selection and publication. The model underwent additional assessments, including the Y-scrambling test, and applicability domain, and was considered to have statistical significance. The docking results demonstrate that compound 17 has the greatest inhibitory effect on NS5B-polymerase of any drug in the dataset. Using this compound as a template, novel anti-hepatitis C compounds were developed by including a few beneficial substituents. The docking results of the proposed compounds yielded a high MolDock score (−152.12), indicating effective binding to the target's active sites. Two comparable compounds (SBD4 and SBD3) were shown to be superior to the food drug administration (FDA) approved medication, revibirin/pegylated interferon. The chemicals were determined to be orally accessible after passing Lipinski's criteria, a drug similarity test. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were found to have favorable pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties. In conclusion, using the QSAR model, a model with excellent prediction power for certain Biaryl amide inhibitors was constructed. The model was validated and determined to have good internal and external assessment criteria. According to the docking results, compound 17 inhibits NS5B-polymerase the most out of the compounds in the dataset. Furthermore, the compounds' oral bioavailability met drug-like standards. The ultimate goal of this research is to contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of HCV infections, addressing the pressing need for effective antiviral medications.

Abstract Background Food taboos and cultural beliefs among pregnant and breast-feeding women influence their food consumption patterns and hence the health of women and unborn children. Cognizant of their neglect in programs aimed to ameliorate hidden hunger among pregnant and breast-feeding women in Buyende and other resource-poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa, we opted for a study to unravel them to inform program design. Methods We documented food taboos and beliefs amongst pregnant and breast-feeding women from six sub-counties of Buyende district in Eastern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was used, which was comprised of questionnaire interviews with 462 women, eight focus group discussions with 6–10 participants in each and a total of 15 key informant interviews. Results The present study revealed that 129 (27.9%) of the respondents practice food taboos and adhere to cultural beliefs related to their dietary habits during pregnancy and breast-feeding that are fuelling the prevalence of hidden hunger. The most tabooed foods during pregnancy were sugarcane (17.8%), fishes which included lung fish, catfish and the Lake Victoria sardine (Rastrineobola argentea) (15.2%), oranges (6.6%), pineapples (5.9%), eggs (3.3%), chicken (3.3%) and cassava, mangoes and Cleome gynandra (each at 3%). Most foods were avoided for reasons associated with pregnancy and labour complications and undesirable effects on the baby. Most women learnt of the taboos and beliefs from the elders, their own mother, grandparents or mother-in-law, but there was also knowledge transmission in social groups within the community. Conclusions The taboos and cultural beliefs in the study area render pregnant and breast-feeding women prone to micronutrient deficiency since they are denied consumption of a diversity of nutritious foods. There is a need to educate such women about consumption of nutrient-rich foods like fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables in order to improve their health, that of the unborn and children being breast fed. Additionally, culturally appropriate nutrition education may be a good strategy to eliminate inappropriate food taboos and beliefs with negative impact on the health of pregnant and breast-feeding women.

Background: Malaria is a major cause of mortality among children. Objective: This study determines the clinical profile, outcome (discharge and death), and factors associated with poor outcome in children with severe malaria in a tertiary health facility in Northern Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study of all children (≤14 years) admitted with severe malaria based on positive malaria parasite on thick film and or rapid diagnostic test and the World Health Organization guideline for severe malaria. We extracted relevant data from patients’ case files and departmental records and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 20.0. (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results: A total of 483 children with severe malaria were admitted with median age interquartile range of 4.0 (2.5–8.0) years. Males were 261 (54.0%). Underfives were 258 (53.4%). Common forms of presentation were cerebral malaria 169 (35.0%), prostration (102; 21.1%), and multiple convulsion (86; 17.8%). Cerebral malaria and prostration were significantly higher among children aged 5 years and older. The mortality rate was 4.3% (21). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that impaired consciousness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.345, 30.484), hypoglycemia (aOR: 21.4, 95% CI: 2.766, 165.410), presence of two or more components (aOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.630, 12.522), and duration of hospitalization of 24 h or less (aOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.621, 12.782) were independent predictors of poor outcome. Conclusion: Our study showed that cerebral malaria was the most common form of severe malaria with a significant burden in children above 5 years. The presence of impaired consciousness, hypoglycemia, multiple components, and duration of

The stainless-steel orthopaedic implants used for the management of various types of fracture internal fixations are very expensive; this makes their utilization in food animals relatively noneconomical. There is a need to have an improvised implant that is cheaper and available for use in food animals to manage complicated fractures requiring open reduction and internal fixation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the haematological and biochemical changes following the reduction of stable femoral fractures in goats using conventional (Kirschner pin) and improvised chrome vanadium-coated long crews. Twelve apparently healthy Red Sokoto bucks were randomly divided into two groups of six (n=6) were used for this study. A transverse femoral diaphyseal fracture was created using orthopaedic wire in both groups. In group A, a conventional Kirschner pin size 4.0x125 mm2, single trocar, non-threaded, was used to immobilize the fracture, while in group B, an improvised test chrome vanadium (long screw) size 2.3 mm was used for the fracture immobilizations. Blood samples were collected before fracture induction at the base line, serving as a control. The haematological and biochemical assessments were performed at 0 weeks (immediate postoperative) and subsequently at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Packed cell volume (PCV%), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell count (RBCs), white blood cell count (WBCs) and differential leukocytic count (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) were evaluated. Also, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was detected. Besides, serum calcium, phosphorous and creatinine levels were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the two groups in PCV, haemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs and neutrophils, and the values were within the normal range. However, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) different at weeks 2 and 6, respectively. Biochemical parameters revealed significant (p < 0.05) changes in serum ALT (weeks 0, 2, 4), ALP (week 6), creatinine (weeks 10 and 12), and calcium (week 2) at some postoperative intervals. However, no variations were observed in serum AST and phosphorous, which were within the normal range. The improvised chrome vanadium (Long screw) can be used safely in goats for the management of stable femoral fractures without significant adverse changes to hemato-biochemical profiles within twelve weeks.

Understanding forest health is of great importance for the conservation of the integrity of forest ecosystems. The monitoring of forest health is, therefore, indispensable for the long-term conservation of forests and their sustainable management. In this regard, evaluating the amount and quality of dead wood is of utmost interest as they are favorable indicators of biodiversity. Apparently, remote sensing-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have proven to be more efficient and sustainable with unprecedented accuracy in forest inventory. However, the application of these techniques is still in its infancy with respect to dead wood mapping. This study, for the first time, automatically categorizing individual coniferous trees (Norway spruce) into five decay stages (live, declining, dead, loose bark, and clean) from combined Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds and color infrared (CIR) images using three different ML methods − 3D point cloud-based deep learning (KPConv), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Random Forest (RF). First, CIR colorized point clouds are created by fusing the ALS point clouds and color infrared images. Then, individual tree segmentation is conducted, after which the results are further projected onto four orthogonal planes. Finally, the classification is conducted on the two datasets (3D multispectral point clouds and 2D projected images) based on the three ML algorithms. All models achieved promising results, reaching overall accuracy (OA) of up to 88.8%, 88.4% and 85.9% for KPConv, CNN and RF, respectively. The experimental results reveal that color information, 3D coordinates, and intensity of point clouds have significant impact on the promising classification performance. The performance of our models, therefore, shows the significance of machine/deep learning for individual tree decay stages classification and landscape-wide assessment of the dead wood amount and quality by using modern airborne remote sensing techniques. The proposed method can contribute as an important and reliable tool for monitoring biodiversity in forest ecosystems.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field, but the conventional synthesis methods for nanoparticles (NPs) often involve toxic chemicals. Consequently, this has driven interest in green, eco-friendly biosynthesis approaches using biological entities like mushrooms. Mushrooms are rich in proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules that can facilitate the bioreduction of metal ions into NPs. This review summarizes the mechanisms of mushroom-mediated biosynthesis of metallic NPs, including silver, gold, palladium, titanium, zinc, copper, and iron oxides. The unique properties of these biogenic NPs make them potential candidates for diverse applications, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial activities against various pathogens. The antimicrobial mechanisms involving cell damage, oxidative stress, and metal ion release are discussed. While highly promising, challenges remain regarding size/shape control, cytotoxicity, and optimization for large-scale production. However, mushroom-based green nanosynthesis offers a sustainable approach to developing effective antimicrobial agents by leveraging the reduction capabilities of fungal biomolecules. Biosynthesized NPs, especially silver NPs, have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial efficacy varies depending on the type of NPs, the mushroom species used, and the target microorganisms. The review highlights current progress and prospects in this rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field that combines biology and nanotechnology.

Purification of saline water through desalination has become paramount important to solve global water scarcity. Thus, prompting the need to critically evaluate the quality of desalinated water. The novelty of this study focuses on critically evaluating the quality of distillate from solar desalination systems when they are operated using solar radiation only, the use of only temperature, and the combined use of temperature and solar radiation. To achieve this a novel hybrid solar desalination system (HSDS) was designed and fabricated to operate in the mentioned three modes of operation. Ten water quality parameters (salinity, turbidity, TDS, TSS, ammonia, nitrate, COD, BOD, faecal coliform, and total coliform) were investigated under the three operation modes. The maximum daily distillate quantity when solar radiation only, the temperature only, and their combination were used are 4.7 L/m2.day, 19.7 L/m2.day, and 20.3 L/m2.day respectively. The results were compared with other similar research to check how operation conditions, feedwater source, and modifications in the solar still can affect distillate quality. The results revealed that the distillate obtained from the use of only temperature without sunshine has the best distillate quality with a total pollutant removal efficiency of 88.14 %, followed by the combined mode of 80.03 % and lastly the solar irradiance only of 74.63 %. The results further showed that the effect of high temperature has more impact in desalinating saline water contrary to the belief that solar radiation is more effective. From the results, certain parameters are not fully treated, for example, BOD, ammonia, and nitrate. Hence, it is recommended to have a pre-treatment system incorporated into solar desalination systems.

This objective of the study is to investigate the impact of economic growth on unemployment in Nigeria, with a view to uncovering the validity or otherwise of the Okun’s law. Both linear and non-linear specifications were considered, using quarterly data spanning 1991Q1 to 2019Q1. The study deploys a battery of cointegration techniques that account for structural breaks. The empirical result indicates that unemployment and growth are cointegrated. The estimated coefficients in both the linear and non-linear specifications show that growth is positively related to unemployment and that the impact of the latter on the former is not statistically significant. Thus, the growth experienced in the country under the period of investigation is not accompanied by reduced unemployment. Thus, whether it is the linear or the non-linear frameworks, the Okun’s law is invalid under the period of study in Nigeria. The study recommends that policies should be aimed at not merely growing the economy but deliberately targeted at sectors capable of absorbing many people such as agriculture, mining, construction and services sectors.

Background: Antibiotic resistant infections were responsible for the deaths of 1.27 million people, with an overall 4.95 million deaths associated with complications from resistant bacterial infections globally. Aim: This study determined the antibiotics; aztreonam (ATM), meropenem (MEM) and imipenem (IMP) resistant Gram negative bacteria from inpatient department in FMC, Birnin Kebbi. Methods: Thirty (30) samples from different fomites in the inpatient department were aseptically collected using swab sticks. Streak plate technique was used to characterize and identify the bacterial isolates, then disc diffusion technique was employed to check the resistance pattern of the isolates to the antibiotics as in EUCAST guidelines version 12.0. Results: The biochemical technique further confirmed the occurrence of; Escherichia coli (E. coli) (35%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%), Klebseilla pneumonia (20%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (15%). On the antibiotic resistance screening, E. coli and A. baumannii were found multi-drug resistant (MDR) to the antibiotics. The remaining isolates show resistance to the antibiotics except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia were found sensitive to MEM and IPM respectively. Conclusion: Bacteria isolated are highly drug resistant to the antibiotics. The need for routine environmental sanitation, proper personal hygiene among the hospital participants, drug repositioning and molecular assay for rapid detection of MDR bacteria.

Asthma exacerbations pose a significant global health concern, necessitating effective predictive models to anticipate and manage these events. This systematic literature review examined the optimization techniques employed in asthma exacerbation prediction models, spanning machine learning algorithms and computational optimization methods. The objective was to synthesize existing evidence, identify trends, and delineate future research directions in predictive modeling for asthma exacerbations to enhance predictive accuracy and clinical utility. A comprehensive search strategy was devised, yielding 27 eligible articles for analysis. The result revealed various optimization techniques, including feature selection, model optimization, and environmental factor integration. The result also revealed that machine learning algorithms’ effectiveness in predicting asthma exacerbations varied depending on various factors (such as dataset quality and model complexity), with various optimization techniques (such as feature selection and ensemble learning) used for improving predictive accuracy. Integrating environmental and spatial factors enhanced prediction models, enabling tailored interventions. In addition, personalized asthma management strategies informed by predictive models led to better control and reduced healthcare utilization. The review also highlighted the implications for personalized asthma management, as well as methodological limitations, and proposed future research directions to improve model reliability and advance personalized healthcare understanding, thereby contributing to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals related to health, innovation, and sustainability. Thus, progress made in asthma exacerbation prediction and the identification of challenges and areas for improvement were covered, providing valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers aiming to enhance asthma care through predictive modeling.

Four miniaturized four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designs are proposed, designed, and fabricated with dimensions of 26 mm x 26 mm x 0.8 mm each. The first MIMO design operates at 3.5 GHz, while the second operates at 5.2 GHz. The first and second designs are combined into a third design that can be reconfigured to operate at either 3.5 GHz or 5.2 GHz. A new concept of balance is introduced to address the issue of small ground faced by the previous designs. This concept is applied to the third antenna design, resulting in a fourth design of reconfigurable MIMO operating at 5.2 GHz or 3.5 GHz. The antenna demonstrates good impedance matching at both operating frequencies, with isolation levels of approximately 25 dB and 21 dB, envelope correlation coefficients (ECC) less than 0.0001, diversity gain (DG) of around 10 dB at both frequencies, and peak realized gains of 3.5 dBi at 3.5 GHz and 4 dBi at 5.2 GHz. The radiation efficiency of the fourth compact antenna design is approximately 88% at 3.5 GHz and 91% at 5.2 GHz. The measured results show excellent agreement with the simulated results for all four antenna designs.

IntroductionBy implementing small-scale and efficient fertilization techniques, it is possible to enhance the activity of microorganisms, thereby improving soil carbon sequestration and ecological value in agriculture.MethodsIn this study, field experiments were conducted using various types of fertilizers: organic fertilizer, microbial fungal fertilizer, composite fertilizer, and an unfertilized control (CK). Additionally, different dosages of compound fertilizers were applied, including 0.5 times compound fertilizers, constant compound fertilizers, 1.5 times compound fertilizers and CK. Using advanced technologies such as Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, PICRUSt2 prediction, Anosim analysis, redundancy analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and correlation matrix, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and components, bacterial diversity, metabolic functions, and interaction mechanisms were examined in different fields.Results and DiscussionThe results showed pronounced effects of various fertilization modes on SOC and the bacterial community, particularly in the topsoil layer (0–20 cm). Organic fertilizer treatments increased the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in the soil. However, conventional doses and excessive application of compound fertilizers reduced the diversity of soil bacterial communities and SOC content. Additionally, different fertilization treatments led to an increase in easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) contents. Interestingly, the relationship between SOC components and soil bacteria exhibited inconsistency. EOC was positively correlated with the bacterial diversity index. Additionally, Chloroflexi exhibited a negative correlation with both SOC and its components. The influence of metabolismon primary metabolic functions on the content of SOC components in the soil was more notable. It included seven types of tertiary functional metabolic pathways significantly correlated with SOC components (p < 0.05).Purpose and SignificanceThese findings enhance the understanding of the relative abundance of bacterial communities, particularly those related to the carbon cycle, by adjusting agricultural fertilization patterns. This adjustment serves as a reference for enhancing carbon sinks and reducing emissions in agricultural soils.

This paper estimated a monetary policy rule for Nigeria by augmenting the traditional Taylor rule model, using data spanning 2010Q1 to 2023Q2 in a Dynamic Ordinary Least Square regression. The results from competing models – the Taylor rule and extended Taylor rule (exchange rate augmented) – were subjected to forecast evaluation to ascertain their relative predictive power. Same models were estimated for South Africa for the purposes of comparison, and the results were consistent with Nigeria's. The findings indicate the predictors of the policy rate – monetary policy inertia, inflation, output gap and exchange rate – to be significant and with the expected signs. Forecast evaluation of the estimated extended Taylor rule model produced lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Theil statistics, compared with the traditional Taylor rule model, reflecting the higher predictive power of the former. The baseline and unequally-weighted two-quarter-ahead forecast of the extended model predicts a maximum inflation rate of 20.77 % and 21.04 % in 2023Q3 and 2023Q4, respectively, suggesting lower inflationary episode for Nigeria. The implication of the finding is that the extant monetary policy rule based on the traditional Taylor rule is inadequate in setting the nominal interest rate by the Central Bank of Nigeria, and recommends the adoption of the extended Taylor rule to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy in Nigeria.

In the context of ongoing banditry incidents in Zamfara State, Nigeria, this study aimed to assess the mental health status of lecturers in Federal University Gusau (FUGUS). The purpose was to examine whether banditry had affected psychological well-being of the university teachers. Employing a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 86 lecturers using a Self-Reporting Mental Health Inventory (SMHI). The inventory demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89) and comprised dimensions reflecting positive mental health attributes. Data analysis involved the use of mean scores, one-sample and Independent Sample T-Tests. The results of the analyses revealed that the mean scores for various dimensions of mental health were consistently below 3.0, suggesting a significant level of negative mental health experienced by the participants. Furthermore, an Independent Sample T-Test indicated that gender did not exert a significant influence on the observed negative mental health outcomes (t=-0.195, p>0.05). The findings underscore the need for targeted counselling interventions and support strategies to address negative mental health outcomes among lecturers, irrespective of gender, and to cultivate a conducive academic environment that promotes their psychological well-being.

The use of supplementary cementitious materials in the cement and construction industry is growing rapidly owing to the numerous benefits the application of these materials offers. In this study, the effects of metakaolin (MK) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) used to partially replace cement on concrete are investigated. The experimental plan was designed using a constant 5% MK and 0-20% SCBA contents by weight. The mix design of 1:2:3 and water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 was employed. Samples prepared were tested at the ages of 7, 14, 28, and 60 days respectively. Concrete workability, water absorption, and densities all showed a decrease with an increase in the percentage of SCBA. The compressive strengths at lower percentages of SCBA (5% and 10%) recorded higher values compared to that of 5% MK and 0% SCBA. An increase in the percentage of SCBA above 10% however led to a decrease in compressive strength. The maximum compressive strength of 22.17N/mm2 was obtained at 60 days in concrete containing 5% MK and 10% SCBA. Both the T-statistics and F-statistics values calculated were statistically significant and exceeded their critical values. This suggests that there is a good relationship between the compressive strength of SCBA and the curing period and that the variation in the curing period and SCBA also causes a variation in the concrete compressive strength. From the results obtained, it is concluded that 5% MK and 10% SCBA can be applied to replace cement for structural concrete production.

As the steep growth in mobile data traffic continues to gain lots of attention in recent years, discussions of the next generation of mobile networks - the fifth generation (5G), have gained significant traction both in the academia and industry. In addition to more capacity, stringent requirements for improving energy efficiency, decreasing delays, and increasing reliability have been envisioned in 5G. Many solutions have been put forward, one of them being Device-to-Device (D2D) communications where users in proximity can communicate directly with one another. Interference management between Cellular User Equipment (CUE) and D2D user Equipment (DUE) is one of the most critical issues when D2D is introduced to cellular network because D2D users share the same licensed spectrum with cellular users. This work considers an overlaying network scenario where an energy efficient D2D Power Control Scheme (DPCS) was developed for the mitigation of co-tier interference, which recorded a 14.81% energy conservation against the Power Control Scheme 1 (PCS1). The obtained results show the efficacy of the algorithm in significantly mitigating co-tier interference scenarios in the D2D network.

Abstract Background There has been a lot of debate on genetically modified (GM) crops both globally and locally in Uganda. Whereas some of the debates have been informed by scientific research, many are not. The level of acceptance and attitudes of people towards GM crops is a function of their knowledge. However, there is a paucity of studies on the knowledge and attitudes of Ugandans on GM crops. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of GM crops in Uganda. Methods We carried out a mixed methods study in September 2021 in Bushenyi, Jinja and Wakiso districts. We conducted 18 focus group discussions (FGDs), 13 key informant interviews (KIIs) and 698 quantitative interviews. The quantitative interviews were conducted using structured questionnaires. The FGD and KI interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The qualitative data were analyzed using framework analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using modified Poisson regression to identify factors associated with the level of knowledge of GM crops in STATA 15. Results Out of the 698 respondents interviewed, only 273 (39.1%) had ever heard of GM crops. About 204 (74.7%) of the 273 respondents reported having a moderate–high understanding of GM crops and 62.3% (170) of the respondents further reported that GM crops are harmful to their health and environment, despite some of their intrinsic benefits, such as high productivity, improved income and resilience to pests and diseases. In addition, Out of the 698 respondents interviewed, only 37.7% were wary of the possibility of the emergence of super pests due to the development of resistance to some GM crops. Conclusions Most of the community members do not have adequate knowledge about GM crops, hence, there is need for sensitization and legislation on GM crops before their release to the public.

Effective forest management is essential for mitigating climate change effects. This is why understanding forest growth dynamics is critical for its sustainable management. Thus, characterizing forest plot deadwood levels is vital for understanding forest dynamics, and for assessments of biomass, carbon stock, and biodiversity. For the first time, this study used the leaf area index (LAI) and L-moments to characterize and model forest plot deadwood levels in the Bavarian Forest National Park from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. This study proposes methods that can be tested for forests, especially those in temperate climates with frequent cloud coverage and limited access. The proposed method is practically significant for effective planning and management of forest resources. First, plot decay levels were characterized based on their canopy leaf area density (LAD). Then, the deadwood levels were modeled to assess the relationships between the vegetation area index (VAI), gap fraction (GF), and the third L-moment ratio (T3). Finally, we tested the rule-based methods for classifying plot decay levels based on their biophysical structures. Our results per the LAD vertical profiles clearly showed the declining levels of decay from Level 1 to 5. Our findings from the models indicate that at a 95% confidence interval, 96% of the variation in GF was explained by the VAI with a significant negative association (VAIslope = −0.047; R2 = 0.96; (p < 0.001)), while the VAI explained 92% of the variation in T3 with a significant negative association (VAIslope = −0.50; R2 = 0.92; (p < 0.001)). Testing the rule-based methods, we found that the first rule (Lcv = 0.5) classified Levels 1 and 2 at (Lcv < 0.5) against Levels 3 to 5 at (Lcv > 0.5). However, the second rule (Lskew = 0) classified Level 1 (healthy plots) as closed canopy areas (Lskew < 0) against Levels 2 to 5 (deadwood) as open canopy areas (Lskew > 0). This approach is simple and more convenient for forest managers to exploit for mapping large forest gap areas for planning and managing forest resources for improved and effective forest management.

An oil spill is a leakage of pipelines, vessels, oil rigs, or tankers that leads to the release of petroleum products into the marine environment or on land that happened naturally or due to human action, which resulted in severe damages and financial loss. Satellite imagery is one of the powerful tools currently utilized for capturing and getting vital information from the Earth's surface. But the complexity and the vast amount of data make it challenging and time-consuming for humans to process. However, with the advancement of deep learning techniques, the processes are now computerized for finding vital information using real-time satellite images. This paper applied three deep-learning algorithms for satellite image classification, including ResNet50, VGG19, and InceptionV4; They were trained and tested on an open-source satellite image dataset to analyze the algorithms' efficiency and performance and correlated the classification accuracy, precisions, recall, and f1-score. The result shows that InceptionV4 gives the best classification accuracy of 97% for cloudy, desert, green areas, and water, followed by VGG19 with approximately 96% and ResNet50 with 93%. The findings proved that the InceptionV4 algorithm is suitable for classifying oil spills and no spill with satellite images on a validated dataset.

This study examined the relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and audit quality in Nigeria. With the growing adoption of IFRS, interest has risen about the efficiency of audits regarding accurate financial reporting. To actualize this, we investigated the impact of IFRS adoption on audit quality and identified challenges and opportunities for improvement. This study focused on companies quoted in the financial services sector of the Nigerian Exchange Group market between 2006 and 2022. A sample of twenty (20) financial institutions comprising of ten (10) banks and ten (10) insurance companies were selected, and data from audited annual reports was subjected to a static panel regression technique. Findings from the estimated regression revealed the existence of a positive connection between IFRS adoption and discretionary accruals based on the Modified Jones Model. Conversely, the regression coefficient revealed a significant negative relationship between the variables of this study when the discretionary expenses were considered. Based on the findings, audit quality has not improved after the adoption of IFRS. Equally, the adoption of IFRS has reduced discretionary expenses significantly. This study recommended among others that regulatory authorities should enforce appropriate application of accounting standard in order to reduce discretionary accruals and avoid manipulation of discretionary expense.

Objectives: To compare the mean post-operative pain score with ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block and wound infiltration with local anaesthetic agents in abdominal surgeries. Study design: Comparative prospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Oct 2018 to Apr 2019. Methodology: Sixty patients undergoing abdominal surgery aged 18-60 years were included. The patients in Group-A received transverses abdominis plane block with 20 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine bilaterally, while those in Group-B received 20 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine as local wound infiltration. Each patient was followed till 6 hours post-operatively. Results: Out of 60 patients, 35(58.33%) were male, and 25(41.67%) were females. In our study, the Visual analogue score was 1.63±0.85 in Group-A (ultrasound-guided TAP block) compared with 4.47±1.07 in patients with Group-B (wound infiltration with a local anaesthetic agent) with a p-value of 0.001, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that the mean pain score in patients with ultrasound-guided Transversus abdominis plane block is less compared to wound infiltration with local anaesthetic agents in abdominal surgeries.

Despite improvements in the design of mechanical prosthetic heart valves and regular use of anticoagulation, prosthetic heart valve thrombosis remain the most dreadful complication associated with high mortality. Surgical thrombectomy or valvereplacement is used as a conventional therapy. Medical thrombolysis, on the other hand, is a therapy choice. Present case is of a 26-year old female with Ebstein's irregularity who effectively endured tricuspid prosthetic valve thrombolysis usingintravenous Streptokinase (SK). The outcome of our patient supports that SK can be an adequate therapeutic option for thrombolysis of tricuspid Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis (PVT) in children and adolescents.

Mercury (Hg) has been used for millennia in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) to extract gold from ore as an amalgam that is heated to recover gold. Since there is hardly any sustainable technology that can be used to recover it, the vast percentage of released Hg finds its way into the environment. Currently, ASGM is the largest source of mercury pollution on Earth. Mercury (Hg) is listed among the top 10 most harmful metals by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it is known to cause several neurological disorders in humans. Thus, Hg levels in environmental systems surrounding pollution hotspots such as ASGM mines need to be monitored to ensure their proper management and protect vulnerable ecosystems and human health. This work was aimed to study the level of Hg pollution in soils and plants thriving around ASGM mines in Eastern Uganda and to evaluate the Hg phytoremediation potential of the plants. The total Hg contents were determined for soils, food crops and wild plants growing around ASGM mines. The results for the pH, organic carbon (OC) and electric conductivity (EC) of the soils in the study area were comparable to those of the control soils. The soils in the studied ASGM areas exhibited high Hg concentrations ranging between 723 and 2067 folds more than those of the control soils. All soils were moderately to heavily contaminated according to geoaccumulation (Igeo) index values that ranged between 1.16 and 3.31. The results of this study also showed that the food crops and wild plants accumulated Hg levels that were above the 20 ng/g (0.02 ppm) permissible limit. This study revealed relatively higher levels of Hg in the aerial parts of the plants compared with the underground organs, which can be attributed to Hg deposition, entry through stomata and foliar adsorption. Mercury levels in 47% of the food crop samples were above the FAO/WHO permissible mercury limit of 0.5 µg/g. Similarly, medicinal plants accumulated Hg to levels that were several folds higher than the 0.2 ppm permissible limit of mercury in herbal materials of Canada. Interestingly, this study showed that some wild plant species, especially sedges, exhibited relatively higher levels of mercury accumulation than others thriving in the same environment, an indication that such plants could be utilized in the phytoremediation of Hg-contaminated sites.

Abstract Background Azolla is an important aquatic fern whose agronomic potential has not been fully exploited in Uganda. This study aimed at determining the genetic variation in the Azolla species existing in Uganda and the factors influencing their distribution in the different agro-ecological zones of Uganda. Molecular characterization was preferred in this study because of its efficiency in detecting variations among closely related species. Results Four species of Azolla were identified in Uganda with 100, 93.36, 99.22 and 99.39% sequence identities to the reference database sequences of; Azolla mexicana, Azolla microphylla, Azolla filiculoides and Azolla cristata, respectively. These different species were distributed in four out of the ten agro-ecological zones of Uganda which are situated in close vicinity to large water masses. The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that maximum rainfall and altitude significantly accounted for the variations in the distribution of Azolla with factor loadings of 0.921 and 0.922, respectively. Conclusion Massive destruction coupled with prolonged disturbance of Azolla’s habitat negatively affected its growth, survival and distribution in the country. Therefore, there is a need to develop standard methods that can preserve the various species of Azolla, so as to salvage them for future use, research and reference.

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP). Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha−1) applications. The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application. The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting). The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha−1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing. Split N application significantly (P

This study was designed to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of cattle handlers (cattle owners, cattle attendants and veterinarians) concerning giardiasis in Jere Local Government Area (LGA) of Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. Using a pre-validated questionnaire, 278 cattle handlers from six wards of Jere were interviewed, with a 84% (n = 252) response rate. The majority of the respondents were aged 27–38 years (62.3%), male (93.7%) and Muslim (96%). Regarding the control and prevention of giardiasis, 31.3%, 44.8% and 31.3% of the cattle handlers had good knowledge, attitudes and practices, respectively. The overall mean scores of 59.5%, 64.8% and 64.1% for knowledge, attitudes and practices were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the ≥ 75% cut-off mark set for a good KAP score on giardiasis. Furthermore, there was a moderate, positive and significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the knowledge score and the attitudes and practices scores. The handlers’ knowledge and attitudes had significant associations (p < 0.05) with their levels of education and years of experience, signifying that high levels of education and years of experience were associated with improved awareness of giardiasis among cattle handlers. The study concluded that there is a potential risk of cattle handlers being infected with Giardia lamblia based on their overall suboptimal levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices toward giardiasis observed in the study area. Raising awareness among cattle handlers about the public health implications of giardiasis in the study area was recommended.

Abstract Background Caprine species satisfy the conditions of an ideal donor animal when compared to bovine species that has been extensively studied and commercialized for bone xenograft. Histopathological and radiological evaluations of caprine demineralized bone matrix (CDBM) were therefore carried out for fracture healing properties for its possible use in bone grafting procedures. Materials and methods Twenty-four rabbits were used for this study and were divided randomly into three groups of eight (n = 8) rabbits each. Critical bone defect was created on the ulnar diaphysis under xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia for autogenous bone graft (ABG) group, CDBM group and the last group was left unfilled as negative control (NC). Immediate post-grafting radiograph was taken and repeated on days 14, 28, 42 and 56 to monitor the evidence of radiographic healing. The animals were euthanized on day 56 and defect sites were harvested for histopathology. Results There was a progressive evidence of radiographic healing and bone formation in all the groups with significance difference (P = 0.0064). When compared with ABG, NC differ significantly (P

This study was designed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia lamblia infection among cattle in Jere local government area (LGA) of Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 279 faecal samples were randomly collected from 12 cattle herds of the six wards of Jere LGA. The samples were screened for Giardia lamblia antigens with Copro-antigen Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Risk factors were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate, and multivariable logistic regression. The overall prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among cattle was 5.7% (95% CI = 3.20, 8.60). Location-specific prevalence of 5.4% (95% CI = 1.1, 9.8), 4.3% (95% CI = 0.0, 10.6), 4.3% (95% CI = 0.0, 10.6), 8.7% (95% CI = 0.0, 21.7), 6.4% (95% CI = 0.0, 14.9) and 8.7% (95% CI = 0.0, 21.7) for Old Maiduguri, Khaddamari, Bale Galtimari, Mashamari, Maimusari and Dusuman wards were respectively detected among the cattle herds. Multivariable logistic regression model revealed that Giardia lamblia positivity among cattle could be strongly predicted by age (Young cattle ≤ 1 year; OR = 32.0; 95% CI = 8.40, 120.13; p < 0.0001). The even spread of the infection among cattle throughout the wards could be described as endemic in Jere LGA suggesting high risk potential for infection of cattle handlers from calves. Therefore, further studies on genetic characterization to determine the incriminating assemblage as well as public enlightenment of cattle handlers on the public health significance of giardiasis in the study area was recommended.

Baitul-Mal was an Islamic financial institution established during the classical period of Islam to manage financial resources for welfare transformation, which was adopted by Sokoto Jihadists and subsequently Emir of Katsina Muhammadu Dikko (1906-1944 C. E) institutionalized (Baitul-Mal), where Zakat, Jizyah, Kharaj, and Ghanimah, among others, were collected and managed for the well-being of the people. The paper explores the history and impacts of this institution, which remain unknown to many, as little of its activities appeared in some historical literature before the interruption of the colonial masters, which finally crippled its efficiency. The work was done on a qualitative method through interview and assessment of the earliest records to establish its relevance within the Islamic principles of financial management. The study observes huge wealth with Muslims that needs to be protected and made accessible to the common people to ensure growth and development among Muslims. The paper recommends its revival as traditional officers (Sa’i, etc.) of the institution remain administrative titles in the emirate system, there should be laws from the Judiciary to govern their activities, etc. Additionally, the conventional present Islamic financial institutions shall emulate the trends of Baitul-Mal towards community development services to enhance the lives of the people.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) bacteria cause banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), the most destructive disease of bananas in East and Central Africa. During early stages of infection in susceptible banana cultivars, incomplete systemic movement of Xcm limits bacterial colonization in the upper organs. The mechanistic basis of this delayed movement is unknown. We hypothesized that Xcm infection triggers basal pattern-triggered immune (PTI) responses whose spatial and temporal variability along the banana's anatomical structure accounts for initially limiting Xcm in upper organs. Hence, we examined PTI responses such as callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in different organs in response to Xcm infection in BXW-susceptible Kayinja and Mbwazirume banana cultivars and wild resistant progenitor Musa balbisiana. Xcm-induced callose increased and peaked at 14 days postinoculation (dpi) and 28 dpi as assessed by fluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. The levels of Xcm-induced H2O2 and callose were highest in the pseudostems and corms, respectively, and were independent of host susceptibility or resistance to BXW. H2O2 production showed a biphasic transient pattern with an initial increase at 1-hour post Xcm inoculation (hpi), followed by a decline 3 to 6 hpi and then a second increase by 12 hpi. Our findings point to organ-specific responses to Xcm infection in bananas. The corm, which doubles as a subterranean perennating organ and interface between mother plants and lateral shoots, was the most responsive organ in callose production, whereas the pseudostem was the most responsive organ in H2O2 production, suggesting the significance of these organs in banana response to BXW. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Abstract Background The plant Laggera aurita (Asteraceae) is a commonly utilized medicinal plant growing as a weed in African countries used in the treatment of many diseases. Besides, several phytochemical and pharmacological studies were conducted to check its phytocompounds and therapeutic potentials. However, there is unavailable information on the plant documenting its ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal properties. Therefore, the current article aims to provide updated information on the ethnomedicinal values, phytochemical compounds, and therapeutic potentials of Laggera aurita for further studies to develop noble bioactive molecules. Main text Studies regarding the plant Laggera aurita were sourced from online academic databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. The search terms used include Laggera aurita, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicology. The plant has ethnomedicinal applications against epilepsy, cancer, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, malaria, fever, pain, stomatitis, asthma, bronchitis, nasal congestion, infections, rheumatism, dyspepsia, indigestion, constipation, dysentery, and many more. Several phytochemical agents were isolated from various plant parts. Besides, pharmacological studies have shown that the plant has antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antioxidant effects. Conclusions Various pharmacological evaluations conducted on the plant have validated the traditional values of the plant Laggera aurita. However, more research is paramount to validate many of the reported traditional uses. Also, the phytochemical molecules need to be screened for biological properties to develop potential therapeutic agents. The plant is relatively safe on sub-chronic administration and slightly toxic in acute studies. Hence, further toxicological studies on the plant are required to establish its safety. There is a need to also standardize doses to establish safety and efficacy.

Sorghum stalks and other agricultural residues in excess of farmers animal feed requirements are often burnt, contributing to environmental pollution. On the other hand, such residues could serve as useful sources of fibre with different applications. The aim of this study was to investigate agricultural residue-based fibres (ARFs), using sorghum stalks as a model, for use as reinforcements in recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) for the manufacture of agricultural residue-based fibre reinforced polymer composites (ARFRPCs). Thermo-alkali and thermo-laccase fibre modification treatments were employed to improve the properties of the ARFRPCs. The thermal conductivity values of the ARFRPCs at 0.23 – 0.3 W/m‧k are higher than some commercially available insulators. Moreover, thermo-alkali reinforced ARFRPCs exhibited a tensile strength of 28.57 Mpa and improved microstructure/interfacial adhesion relative to intreated and thermo-laccase treated samples. The conclusion is that thermo-alkali reinforced ARFRPCs, which was treated for 10 days, be used for non-structural applications in buildings.

Free trade and environmental sustainability are currently top economic and environmental research priorities. While numerous theories connect trade openness with environmental quality, empirical evidence often fails to support these claims. Using data spanning from 1980 to 2020, our study examines the effect of trade openness on CO _2 emissions in South Africa. By employing a novel ARDL modeling framework, our analysis confirms the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in South Africa. Our findings reveal that while GDP square enhances environmental quality, trade openness and economic growth have a degrading effect over time. Additionally, the study identifies that energy consumption, FDI, and value-added activities all contribute to environmental degradation. Findings also highlights the influence of institutional quality on the environment, demonstrating that political stability and control of corruption lead to increased CO _2 emissions, while the rule of law reduces CO _2 emissions. The research suggested that the potential of green economies should be leveraged in developing renewable energy, sustainable development, the recycling industry, and green financing sectors. A shift in economic activity in this direction will thus foster long-term economic growth and sustainable development.

This study aimed to delineate the intrusion body that controls the structural setting and formation around the river Niger-Benue confluence zone with particular attention to its solid mineral potentials, this is achieved in mapping subsurface structural features through the analysis of recent high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data-sets with the purpose of examining their effects on geological structures that characterize the confluence zones from the study area. To obtain the necessary reduction in geomagnetic variation, measurements of regional gradients and time variation were used. After applying the reduction to the magnetic equator (RTE) to the corrected magnetic data that was obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency, NGSA, it was possible to determine the regional expansions of subsurface structural units for both qualitative and quantitative interpretations. In addition, the edge detection method is used to depict the structures and buried subsurface anomalies. Different handling processes were applied to the (HRAM) data, such as local wavenumber (SPI), power spectrum analysis, and Euler and Werner deconvolution analysis. The RTE magnetic anomaly caused by local structures and anomalous body delineated six sub-basins with low amplitude response, which agrees with the total gradient anomaly (analytic signal) and tilt of angle derivative that clearly outlined and characterize edges of lithostratigraphic of Niger-Benue river confluence zones. The sub-basin delineated are the southern Bida basin and northern Anambra basin. The source parameter imagings as well as the Euler and Werner deconvolution were used to delineate major subsurface structures and determine their source depth. Results showed that the area was affected by different lineament trending NE-SW, E-W, and S-E trends. Directional analysis indicates that the dominant trend agrees with the regional fault orientations. The estimated depth to the top of the lineaments on average varies from 0.3 km to 4.6 km and it is relatively deeper in the basins compared to the surrounding areas giving clues to the amount of sediment infill. A 2D forward model showed a sedimentary thickness ranging from 1 to 7 km, and this estimated depth is consistent with the average of 3.5 km proposed by previous researchers.