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Background: Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs. Aim: The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate sudden death of camels through microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as Pasteurella multicida, and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Results: The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to C. perfringens enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All C. perfringens toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camels age, and feeding habits as risk factors (P = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camelss aged over two years were higher than those less than two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093-4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ratio of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039-5.296). Conclusion: C. perfringens enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels and the alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, which leads to C. perfringens proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the awareness of the farmers of the importance of risk factors. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(8.000): 1942-1951]

Background: Azathioprine is one of the earliest immunosuppressants prescriped for several autoimmune diseases. Yet there is a lack of research on the impact of azathioprine on pulp healing following pulp capping procedure. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of azathioprine on the healing ability of mechanically exposed dogs' dental pulps following direct pulp capping with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Bio-Aggregates (BA), and Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Methods: Four mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (2 dogs/30 teeth in each group): immunosuppressed (group I) and control (group II). Group I received azathioprine for two months before surgical treatments and until the dogs were euthanized. Fifteen class V buccal cavities were performed in each dog. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (10 teeth each) based on the pulp capping substance. The pulps in subgroups A, B, and C were immediately capped with MTA, BA, and Ca(OH)2, respectively. Inflammation and dentine bridge development were histopathologically evaluated and scored at one and two months. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The immunosuppressed group exhibited statistically greater inflammatory cell count and decreased dentine bridge thickness, compared to the control group in all subgroups (P [Open Vet J 2024; 14(7.000): 1614-1624]

Abstract Objective To evaluate histologically and radiographically the potential of dog’s immature roots with apical periodontitis to regenerate after regenerative endodontic treatment using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with/without bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2) as scaffolds. Methods In 4 mongrel dogs, 56 immature teeth with 96 roots were infected, resulting in necrotic pulps and periapical pathosis. According to the evaluation time (Group I = 30 days and Group II = 90 days), 90 roots were divided into two equal groups (45 roots each) and 6 roots used to replace any lost root during the procedure. The two main groups were further divided according to treatment protocol into 5 subgroups (9 roots each): blood clot (BC subgroup), mesoporous silica nanoparticles scaffold only (MSNs subgroup), mesoporous silica nanoparticles impregnated with BMP2 (MSNs + BMP2 subgroup), infected teeth without treatment (+ ve control subgroup) and normal untouched teeth (-ve control subgroup). All teeth surfaces were coated with Tincture iodine and calcium hydroxide was applied prior to treatment protocols. Then, teeth were restored with glass ionomer filling to seal the remaining part of the access cavity. Radiography evaluation of the increase in root length, root thickness and occurrence of apical closure were performed. Following the sacrifice of the two dogs at each time of evaluation, histopathological analysis was performed and included the inflammatory cells count, bone resorption, tissue ingrowth, deposition of hard tissue, and closure of the apical part. All data were statistically analyzed. Results Compared to BC subgroup, MSNs and MSNs + BMP-2 subgroups exhibited significant higher increase in root length and thickness as well as higher vital tissue in-growth and new hard tissue formation in group II (P 0.05). Conclusion MSNs with/without BMP-2 scaffolds enabled the continuing growth of roots in immature teeth with necrotic pulps and periapical pathosis. Addition of BMP-2 to MSNs scaffold improved its outcome in regenerative endodontics. Clinical relevance MSNs with/without BMP-2 scaffolds may alternate blood clot for regenerative endodontic treatment of immature teeth with necrotic pulps.

This case report describes, for the first time, a simultaneous occurrence of open-cervix pyometra and gangrene of the tongue in a ten-year-old intact female Griffon dog. The bitch had a three-week history of grayish black thin purulent vulvar discharge, severe licking of the external genitalia, polyuria, polydipsia, inappetence and lethargy. The owner acknowledged of estrous cycle since two months. Blood work revealed severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis and elevated level of globulins. Urinalysis revealed low specific gravity of the urine. Abdominal radiography showed fluid-filled and slightly enlarged uterus. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed enlarged uterus with a thickened uterine wall. The diameter, wall thickness, and luminal thickness of the uterus were 2.32 cm, 0.38 cm, and 1.94 cm, respectively. Accumulation of anechoic-hypoechoic pus inside the uterus was also noticed. The case was confirmed as open-cervix pyometra therefore, ovariohysterectomy was carried out. After 48 hours post-operative, the bitch developed dry gangrene of the tongue. The cranial fourth of tongue became cold, insensitive, dry and grayish white. Moreover, there were diminished lingual function and a clear line of demarcation between the healthy and gangrenous parts of the tongue. Partial glossectomy was carried out and tolerated by the bitch. The animal had acceptable and functional outcomes. In conclusion, transmission of infection from open-cervix pyometra to the tongue is possible leading to dry gangrene in dogs.

Telehealth is a rapidly developing field of veterinary medicine, particularly during and after the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The world and animal owners' expectations are changing to the point where veterinary practice will need to adapt due to information technology advancements. This narrative review describes the status, benefits, technology basics, applications, limitations and legal aspects of veterinary telemedicine over the globe. Veterinary telemedicine is a service alongside other veterinary services that meets client needs, delivers quality medicine and improves animal welfare. The most frequently utilized veterinary telemedicine applications include; teleradiology, telesonography, teledentistry, telecardiology, telerehabilitation, anesthesia teleconsultation, telehospice and telepalliative care, telecytology, tele-endoscpy, teledermatology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-behavior therapy as well as veterinary education and training. Veterinary telemedicine has a bright near future and will impact veterinary medicine and animal welfare due to its numerous advantages. These advantages include; its low cost, availability, involvement in veterinary health care, online payment, and effectiveness in many clinical situations like follow-up after an in-person examination, inspection of surgical sites or mobility. Nevertheless, veterinary telemedicine should receive more attention by veterinary professional regulatory bodies in all countries. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct more studies to evaluate how telehealth is beginning to improve veterinary care, particularly for underserved regions. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(4.000): 952-961]

Abstract Background Radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management causes degeneration of the salivary glands (SG). This study was designed to determine the potential of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as a cell-based therapy to regenerate irradiated parotid SG tissues and restore their function using a murine model. Methods Cultured isolated cells from gingival tissues of 4 healthy guinea pigs at passage 3 were characterized as GMSCSs using flow cytometry for surface markers and multilineage differentiation capacity. Twenty-one Guinea pigs were equally divided into three groups: Group I/Test, received single local irradiation of 15 Gy to the head and neck field followed by intravenous injection of labeled GMSCs, Group II/Positive control, which received the same irradiation dose followed by injection of phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and Group III/Negative control, received (PBS) injection only. Body weight and salivary flow rate (SFR) were measured at baseline, 11 days, 8-, 13- and 16-weeks post-irradiation. At 16 weeks, parotid glands were harvested for assessment of gland weight and histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Results The injected GMSCs homed to degenerated glands, with subsequent restoration of the normal gland histological acinar and tubular structure associated with a significant increase in cell proliferation and reduction in apoptotic activity. Subsequently, a significant increase in body weight and SFR, as well as an increase in gland weight at 16 weeks in comparison with the irradiated non-treated group were observed. Conclusion The study provided a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of xerostomia by re-engineering radiated SG using GMSCs.

Abstract This study evaluated the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (BD) as root-end filling materials. Six mongrel dogs were divided into two equal groups according to the evaluation period; group A: one month and group B: three months. Three premolars of the same quadrant in each arch were used, summing up 36 teeth (6 teeth/dog). These teeth were randomly subdivided into three subgroups according to the root-end filling material used: MTA, BD and no root-end filling material (control). Endodontic access cavities were performed for induction of periapical pathosis. After the infection period, root canal instrumentation and obturation were accomplished. One day after root canal procedures, root-end surgery was performed. Surgical access was achieved and the root-end was resected approximately 3 mm above the apex. Root-end cavity was prepared ultrasonically and filled with the tested materials. All samples were evaluated by radiography and histopathology (Inflammation and new hard tissue formation). Data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. In group A, MTA subgroup exhibited significant higher mean inflammatory score than BD subgroup (P 0.05). Regarding mean mineralization score, there was no significant difference between all subgroups in both groups A and B (P > 0.05). Biodentine exhibited favorable biocompatibility in the initial stage of healing than MTA and comparable biomineralization. Clinical relevance: Biodentine could be considered as an acceptable alternative to MTA in peri-radicular surgeries.

ABSTRACT Aim: To compare the physicochemical properties (solubility, pH, radiopacity and crown discoloration) of Pulpine mineral (PMIN) and Pulpine NE (PNE) with the conventional material, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Methodology: Specimens of the tested materials were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions using split Teflon ring molds. Solubility was evaluated by the percentage of material mass loss over 24 h and one week. The alkalinity was measured after each evaluation period using a pH meter. Other specimens were digitally radiographed on a size 2 sensor plate along with an aluminum step wedge to analyze the radiopacity by the Image J software. Finally, crown discoloration was assessed after applying the tested materials in the pulp chamber of sound human premolars using spectrophotometer. All data were statistically analyzed. Results: Compared to MTA, both materials had significantly higher solubility and lower radiopacity (P

Background: Ultrasonography had diagnostic importance in the evaluation of different diseases in buffaloes, including cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The current work describes the normal echocardiographic findings in healthy buffaloes, along with establishing reference values for echocardiographic dimensions for both sides of the heart i.e. left and right ones. Methods: About 30 healthy adult buffaloes that belonged to private farms in Assiut, Egypt, were included in this study. Each animal underwent a complete clinical evaluation as well as haematological analyses, lipid profile indices, liver functions, cardio-thoracic radiography and echocardiography to confirm no diseased conditions were detected. The study was conducted on healthy buffaloes (n = 30) in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Results: The obtained results reported healthy buffaloes with normal clinical findings as well as indices of blood pictures and serum biochemicals that were within the reference intervals. Radiography revealed free reticulum and a well-defined diaphragm. The heart was seen as a typical radio-opaque organ. Ultrasonographically, using gray scale B-mode and M-mode, the heart was commonly imaged from the left 4th intercostal space. Different echocardiographic views were described, including the 4 chamber view, i.e., right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), tricuspid valve (TCV), left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), mitral valve (MV), and interventricular septum (IVS), and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), i.e., Right atrium (RA), tricuspid valve (TCV), right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA), and pulmonary valve (PV). Cross sections in each of the apex and base of the heart were described. Echocardiographic dimensions during cardiac diastole and systole included diameters and wall thickness of each of atria and ventricles were demonstrated. Interventricular septal thickness wall thickness as well as diameters of aorta and pulmonary artery were stated. Conclusion: The work tried to put reference values on the normal echocardiographic dimensions using two-dimensional B mode gray scale ultrasonography in healthy adult buffaloes. These echocardiographic reference dimensions with normal echocardiographic imaging will be very helpful in enhancing the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasounds for recognizing the abnormal findings related to cardiac disorders. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(10.000): 1239-1250]

A bowel obstruction is a common canine problem. This study records acute small intestinal obstruction caused by the ingestion of mango seeds in three dogs. Three adult dogs were admitted to the surgery clinic with a one-day history of colicky abdominal pain, sudden episodes of vomiting, lack of appetite, no defecation, and lethargy. A swollen abdomen and widespread pain, increased bowel sounds, abdominal pain and no fever were discovered during the physical examination. Complete blood count, electrolytes and creatinine were normal. Abdominal radiography revealed many dilated small intestinal loops filled with gases and an intraluminal radio-opaque foreign body. Based upon the clinical and radiological examinations, the dogs underwent exploratory laparotomies. During laparotomy, the duodenum in all dogs was collapsed up to the jejunum, where a firm intraluminal mass was sensed. The proximal small bowel was distended. There were no obvious bowel perforations, ischemia or necrosis. The attempt to break the mass using digital compression was futile. As a result, an enterotomy was performed. Mango seeds were extracted from all dogs. The dogs recovered without compliations and were released three days following the operation. In conclusion, fresh mango seed can become lodged and create a possibly fatal intestinal obstruction in dogs. Early detection and treatment of these dogs can prevent fatal complications. This problem in dogs can be avoided by properly disposing of fallen and rotting mangoes and mango seeds in a rubbish bin rather than throwing them out in the open.

Ectopic pregnancies are common in human medicine, while they are rarely recorded in animals. This report describes a case of 2.5-year-old ectopic primary abdominal pregnancy in a 7-year-old Persian cat. The cat was admitted to the surgery clinic for routine ovariohysterectomy with no characteristic clinical symptoms. During surgery, ovaries, uterus and ligaments were normal, like in a non-pregnant cat. Four intra-abdominal fetuses of different developmental stages were found and carefully removed. Three fetuses were found free in the abdomen inside their gestational sacs. The fourth fetus was covered with omentum and had no gestational sac. The gestational sacs had different sizes (2-8 cm in diameter). Two of the fetuses were fully-haired with normal position of limbs. No complications were recorded during the surgery and 10 months post-operative. This case report adds to the database of ectopic pregnancies in cats and further illustrates their incidental nature.

Abstract Objective This study compared the effect of diode laser (DL) 980 nm and double antibiotic paste (DAP) on response of mature teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis to regenerative endodontic therapy in a dog model. Methods Pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis were induced in 40 mature double rooted premolars in four 2-year-old mongrel dogs. These teeth were randomly divided according to disinfection protocol into four equal groups (10 teeth each/20 roots), group I: DAP; group II: DL980 nm; group III: positive control (without treatment) and group IV: negative control (untouched teeth). These groups were further subdivided into 2 subgroups (5 teeth each/10 roots) according to evaluation period, subgroup (A): one month and subgroup (B): three months. Revascularization techniques were performed using bleeding induction and application of platelet rich fibrin (PRF). The coronal cavities were sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and glass ionomer cement. The inflammatory response, vital tissue in-growth, new hard tissue formation and bone resorption were assessed. Statistical analysis was done utilizing ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc and paired t tests. Results In both subgroups, there were no significant differences between DAP and DL980 in terms of inflammatory cell count, vital tissue in-growth, new hard tissue formation and bone resorption (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Diode laser 980 nm can alternate DAP as a disinfection method of the root canal during RET for mature necrotic teeth, therefore it may accelerate regenerative endodontic therapy for both the patient and dentist and allows for RET in a single appointment.

Nephrocutaneous fistula (NCF) is a very serious rare renal disorder that had not been recorded in cats. This case report describes  for the first time  the features and treatment of a nephrocutaneous fistula in a 3-year-old female intact Persian cat. The cat was referred with a history of lethargy, ano-rexia, vomiting and recurrent abscess discharging purulent material at the right flank region. More-over, the cat had a history of cystitis, urethritis and urethral obstruction since 12 months. Physical, laboratory, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were performed. The cat was treated with simple nephrectomy and excision of the fistulous tract. The animal showed dehydration, fever, painful abdominal palpation, right nephromegaly, anaemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and moderate azotae-mia. Abdominal radiographs revealed a large radiodense mass at the mid abdomen displacing the intestine caudally. Ultrasonography revealed a renal abscess with marked enlargement of the right kidney, hyperechoic purulent content and loss of parenchymal details of the right kidney. Complete recovery of the cat without any complications was seen after surgical treatment. In conclusion, nephrocutaneous fistula should be listed as one of renal diseases in cats. Nephrectomy as well as excision of the fistulous tract appear to be successful in the treatment of this disorder in cats.

Introduction: This work studied the synergistic effect of chitosan and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on mechanically exposed dental pulp following pulp capping in dogs' teeth. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared in 60 teeth of 3 mongrel dogs. These cavities were prepared approximately 1 mm coronal to the gingival margin by using a round carbide bur #2 with water cooling. These teeth were divided according to the pulp capping material into 2 groups (30 teeth each); Group I: MTA and Group II: a combination of MTA and chitosan compound. The cavities were restored by self-curing glass ionomer cement, followed by varnish application to provide the suitable conditions for pulpal repair. Both groups were further subdivided according to the evaluation period into 3 subgroups (10 teeth each); subgroup A: 7 days, subgroup B: 21 days, and subgroup C: 60 days. Histological evaluation of dentin bridge formation was performed after pulp capping in all subgroups. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U-tests. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between both groups at all evaluation times (P > 0.05). The combination of MTA and chitosan did not improve the quality of dentin bridge produced by the MTA alone. Conclusion: Mixing of chitosan and MTA as a direct pulp capping material has no synergistic odontogenic effect in dog's teeth.

Background and Aim: Intestinal disorders represented a large proportion of abdominal emergencies in bovine practice, and their definite diagnosis was a big challenge. The study described different intestinal disorders in cattle either in the small intestine (SI) or large intestine with their sequelae and peritonitis between SI loops. Materials and Methods: This study involved healthy (n=20) and diseased (n=40) cattle with intestinal disorders. All animals were undergoing clinical examination, laboratory analyses, and ultrasonographic examination. Results: Diseased cattle had monocytic leukocytosis as well as hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. The SI ileus of either proximal (n=12) or distal (n=15), intussusception (n=3), cecal, and/or colonal dilatation (n=10) were diagnosed by ultrasound and other diagnostic tools. Duodenum intussusception was imaged in cross-section as bull's eyes lesions. Animals with SI obstructions showed complete cessation (ileus with complete obstruction) or partial reduction of the peristaltic SI movement (ileus with partial obstruction), dilated duodenum (6.5-9.9 cm), and dilated jejunum and/or ileum (4.4-6.8 cm). Ultrasonography diagnosed SI ileus, due to either intestinal obstruction or peritonitis, and detected the ileus site, either proximal or distal. Cecal/colonal dilatation was detected using ultrasonography in which SI was not imaged and the peristaltic movements were completely reduced. The recorded intestinal disorders were associated with other disorders (e.g., liver cirrhosis or peritonitis). Conclusion: Ultrasonography played an important role in the differential diagnosis of intestinal disorders in cattle. Peritonitis between SI loops and cecal and/or colonal dilatation was also diagnosed.

Background: Parasitic infection is one of the main problems in equidae, particularly donkeys. Aim: This study evaluated the oxidative stress in donkeys infected with Strongylus spp by determining the correlation between antioxidants levels; malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the severity of parasitic infection. It also compared the therapeutic efficacy of piperazine citrate as an oral anthelmintic drug and Doramectin as an injectable one. Methods: The study was conducted on 40 donkeys naturally infected with Strongylus spp. These donkeys were divided into two groups (20 donkeys each) according to treatment; One group was treated with piperazine citrate [PipTG] and the other with doramectin [DoraTG]. Thorough clinical examination, hematological, biochemical, and parasitological assays were performed before (Day 0) and after treatment (Days 7, 14, 21, and 28). All data were statistically analyzed by independent-sample t-test or paired t-test. Results: In both groups, mean values of MDA were significantly reduced while those of TAC were significantly elevated after treatment on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. These significant changes were reported after treatment between PipTG and DoraTG in favor of DoraTG. Serum concentrations of MDA were significantly reduced while those of TAC were significantly elevated for DoraTG treatment group when their values were compared with those of PipTG either on days 7, 14, 21, or 28. Significant correlations were reported in PipTG and DoraTG. Negative significant correlations were reported between faecal egg count (FEC) and each of whole blood picture indices (RBCS, Hb and PCV), serum TAC and faecal egg count reduction percentage (FECR%). A positive correlation was seen between FEC and MDA. MDA exhibited a negative correlation with both blood picture and TAC; hence, TAC was positively correlated with these blood picture indices in both PipTG and DoraTG. In PipTG, anthelmintic resistance (R) was present on days 7 and 14, while it was suspected (S) at day 21 then it was absent (N) at day 28. In DoraTG, anthelmintic resistance was suspected (S) on day 7, then it became absent (N) on days 14, 21, and 28 post therapy. Conclusion: the immunological status of the infected donkeys had greatly improved after treatment. The therapeutic efficacy of injectable doramectin was more efficient than that of oral piperazine citrate in Strongylus spp. infected donkeys.

Abstract Background The biocompatibility of NeoMTA Plus® (Avlon BioMed Inc., Bradenton, Fl) as a furcal perforation repair material is not fully understood. This study compares the biocompatibility of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA Angelus) and NeoMTA Plus® as delayed furcation perforation repair materials. Methods Pulpotomy and root canal obturation were performed in 72 premolars in six mongrel dogs and then a standardized furcal perforation was performed. The coronal access was left open for three weeks. After curetting, cleaning and drying of the perforations, these teeth were divided into three equal groups (N = 24 teeth/ 2 dogs each) according to the material used for perforation repair; group I: NeoMTA Plus®, group II: MTA Angelus and group III: no material (positive control). The coronal access cavities were sealed with a filling material. The inflammatory cell count and qualitative pathology (presence of calcific bridge, configuration of fibrous tissue formed, examination of tissue surrounding the furcation area, histology of intraradicular bone and the inflammatory nature of tissues) were carried out after one week (subgroup A, N = 8 teeth), one month (subgroup B, N = 8 teeth) and three months (subgroup C, N = 8 teeth). The inflammatory cell count was expressed as mean ± SD and statistically analyzed. P-value 0.05). In contrast to group II, there was no significant differences in inflammatory cell count between the subgroups in groups I and III (P > 0.05). NeoMTA Plus® exhibited better qualitative pathological features than MTA Angelus after one week and nearly similar features after one month and three months of repair. Conclusion NeoMTA Plus® has a better early biocompatibility than MTA Angelus after one week of delayed furcation perforation repair and a similar late biocompatibility after one month and three months.

Background: Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs. Aim: The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate the sudden death of camels through microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as Pasteurella multicida, and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Results: The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to C. perfringens enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All C. perfringens toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camels age, and feeding habits as risk factors (p = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camels aged over two years were higher than those less than two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093–4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ration of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039–5.296). Conclusion: Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels and the alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, which leads to C. perfringens proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the awareness of the farmers of the importance of risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Azathioprine is one of the earliest immunosuppressants prescribed for several autoimmune diseases. Yet there is a lack of research on the impact of azathioprine on pulp healing following the pulp capping procedure. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of azathioprine on the healing ability of mechanically exposed dogs' dental pulps following direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bio-aggregates (BA), and Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Methods: Four mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (two dogs/30 teeth in each group): immunosuppressed (group I) and control (group II). Group I received azathioprine for two months before surgical treatments and until the dogs were euthanized. Fifteen class V buccal cavities were performed in each dog. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (10 teeth each) based on the pulp capping substance. The pulps in subgroups A, B, and C were immediately capped with MTA, BA, and Ca(OH)2, respectively. Inflammation and dentine bridge development were histopathologically evaluated and scored at one and two months. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The immunosuppressed group exhibited statistically greater inflammatory cell count and decreased dentine bridge thickness, compared to the control group in all subgroups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Azathioprine has an adverse effect on the healing of exposed dogs' dental pulp following direct pulp capping with MTA, BA, and Ca(OH)2. Therefore, patients using azathioprine as an immunosuppressive medication may experience delayed healing of mechanically exposed pulps following capping with MTA, BA, or Ca(OH)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An apicectomy is traditionally a surgical endodontic procedure that deals with the local excision of the root tip and periapical pathosis of failed conventional root canal treatment. The proper healing of the intrabony defects plays a crucial role in the success of endodontic surgery. This study evaluates the role of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in conjunction with synthetic bone graft on the healing of intrabony defects after apicectomy in dogs with induced periapical lesion. Materials and Methods: Induced periapical pathosis and root canal obturation were carried out in 36 mandibular premolar dogs, teeth, then treated with either apicectomy (Group I) or apicectomy followed by application of PRF and synthetic bone graft (Group II). The periapical healing of both groups was evaluated by radiography and histopathology after 1 month (subgroup A) and 3 months (subgroup B). The periapical bone density, percentage of difference in radiodensity, inflammatory cell count, and percentage of new bone formation were measured. The quantitative data of both groups were statistically analyzed. The P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were significant differences between both groups in periapical radiodensity, percentage of difference in radiodensity, mean inflammatory cell count, and percentage of new bone formation in both subgroups (P < 0.05). In contrast to Group I, Group II exhibited high significant differences between both subgroups in the mean radiodensity, percentage of difference in radiodensity, and new bone formation (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Using of PRF in conjuction with the synthetic bone graft enhances the healing of periapical intrabony defects after apicectomy in dogs' teeth.

Abstract Background This study evaluated the marginal adaptation, solubility and biocompatibility of TheraCal LC compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Angelus) and Biodentine when used as a furcation perforation repair material. Methods The marginal adaptation was assessed by scanning electronic microscope and presence of any gap between the dentin surface and filling material in each quadrant of the sample was analyzed at 1000 X magnification. The solubility was measured after one week by the ISO standard method. Biocompatibility was evaluated by the inflammatory response and radiography after one month and three months of repair of experimental furcation perforations in dog's teeth. Results There were significant differences in the marginal adaptation, solubility and biocompatibility of the tested materials (P

Background: Feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE) is a fatal disease where a blood clot gets lodged into the aortic trifurcation. Aim: This study describes the diagnosis and treatment outcome of FATE in 15 clinical cases. Methods: Fifteen cats with sudden onset of hindlimb paresis/paralysis, vocalization and pain were admitted to the surgery clinic. A full case history was obtained and clinical, orthopedic, neurologic, radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations were performed for each cat. Treatment protocol included; daily administration of multiple anticoagulant drugs with different mode of actions and meloxicam for 7 successive days. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy (Clopidogrel and Acetyle salicylic acid) was continued for six months. All data were statistically analyzed and the correlation between time of admission and treatment outcome was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The case history and clinical, orthopedic, and neurologic examinations revealed sudden onset of hindlimb paralysis (n=12) or paresis (n=3) associated with vocalization and pain, absence of trauma, cold and pale foot paws of hindlimbs (n=13, 86.7%) or cyanosed hind paws (n=2, 13.3 %), absence of femoral pulsation, shallow and rapid open-mouth respiration (61±8 breaths/min), hypothermia (37.9±0.6°C) and tachycardia (155±12 beats/min) with muffled heart sound in four cats (26.7%). Radiography revealed no abnormalities in the hindlimbs, pelvis and spines, cardiomegaly in 5 cats (33.3%), mild pleural effusion and vascular pattern of the lung in six cats (40%) and Valentine’s heart shape in 4 cats (26.7%). Electrocardiography revealed R-wave< 0.9 mV, prolongation of QRS interval in 5 cats (33.3%) and conduction disturbance in 4 cats (26.7%). Echocardiography was consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 5 cats (33.3%). A statistically significant (P=0.023) strong negative correlation (r=-0.6) was reported between time of admission with subsequent early treatment and recovery from the clinical signs. The treatment was successful in nine cats (60%) while four cats (26.7) were euthanized and two cats (13.3%) were subjected to hindlimb amputation, at the owners' requests. Conclusion: Clinical signs, radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography are valuable for diagnosis of FATE. The outcome of multiple anticoagulants therapy depends mainly upon early diagnosis and treatment within the first 6 h from the onset of clinical signs.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the radiographic and histopathologic outcomes of immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis after revascularization using propolis. Materials and Methods: Periapical pathosis was induced in 48 double-rooted premolars in six dogs aged 6–9 months. The root canals were irrigated with 10 mL of 2.25% NaOCl per tooth. The teeth were divided into two groups (24 teeth each) according to the disinfection of root canals as follows: Group I (propolis group): disinfected with propolis paste and Group II (control group): without disinfectant. After 3 weeks, bleeding was induced to fill the canal spaces, the pulp chamber of the teeth was plugged with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the access cavities were sealed with glass ionomer cement. Samples were classified into three subgroups depending on the evaluation period as follows: subgroup i: 2 weeks, subgroup ii: 4 weeks, and subgroup iii: 8 weeks. Increase in the root length and root thickness and decease of apical diameter were assessed by radiography, and new hard tissue, vital tissue, and apical closure scores were assessed by histology. All data were statistically analyzed. Results: There were statistically significant differences between both groups regarding the increase in root length, increase in root thickness, decrease in apical diameter, new hard tissue, and vital tissue in all subgroups (P ≤ 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the apical closure at 8 weeks only (P < 0.05). Propolis group showed formation of cementum-like tissue along the inner aspect of root dentin and newly formed dentin layer along the inner aspect of the root with pulp-like tissue and odontoblasts. Conclusion: Propolis is capable of inducing hard-tissue deposition and soft-tissue formation inside the necrotic pulp after revascularization of immature permanent teeth.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulpal response after pulp capping using either biodentine (BD) or tech biosealer capping (TBC) in the dog model. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were carried out on 45 teeth in three mongrel dogs. The dental pulp was exposed in 30 teeth (2 experimental groups) and left unexposed in 15 teeth (control group). The cavities of the experimental groups were capped with either BD (n = 15 teeth) or TBC (n = 15 teeth). All cavities in the experimental and control groups were restored with resin-modified glass ionomer. Dentin bridge formation, architecture of the odontoblastic layers, and signs of inflammation were assessed after 1, 2, and 3 months using the computer image analyzer. Results: The BD group exhibited a thick newly formed reparative dentin bridge completely closing the exposure site with cell inclusions and mineralization, variable numbers of odontoblast-like cells, preserved pulp tissue, marked numerous collagen fibers, and blood vessels. While the TBC group exhibited an incomplete newly formed reparative dentin bridge with tunnel defect, vacuolated odontoblasts, complete pulp degeneration with multiple edematous spaces, hyperemic blood vessels, extravasated red blood cells, multiple calcified structures scattered just beneath the dentin bridge and through the pulp tissue, and newly ill-defined odontoblasts. Conclusion: For pulp capping, BD has a better dentin bridge formation and pulp preservation than TBC in the dog model.

Telehealth is a rapidly developing field of veterinary medicine, particularly during and after the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The world and animal owners' expectations are changing to the point where veterinary practice will need to adapt due to information technology advancements. This narrative review describes the status, benefits, technology basics, applications, limitations, and legal aspects of veterinary telemedicine over the globe. Veterinary telemedicine is a service alongside other veterinary services that meets client needs, delivers quality medicine, and improves animal welfare. The most frequently utilized veterinary telemedicine applications include teleradiology, telesonography, teledentistry, telecardiology, telerehabilitation, anesthesia teleconsultation, telehospice and telepalliative care, telecytology, tele-endoscpy, teledermatology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-behavior therapy, and veterinary education and training. Veterinary telemedicine has a bright near future and will impact veterinary medicine and animal welfare due to its numerous advantages. These advantages include its low cost, availability, involvement in veterinary health care, online payment, and effectiveness in many clinical situations such as follow-up after an in-person examination, inspection of surgical sites, or mobility. Nevertheless, veterinary telemedicine should receive more attention from veterinary professional regulatory bodies in all countries. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct more studies to evaluate how telehealth is beginning to improve veterinary care, particularly for underserved regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]